独立主格重点讲座及针对练习题-

1、 所以在语法上不是句子,独立主格结构有两部分组成,前一部份是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。独立主格之所以不叫独立主语,就是因为该名词或代词与后面的其它部分有逻辑上的句子关系,但无论长短,都不能构成句子,当后面是非谓语动词时,前面与后面能够构成逻辑上的偶尔作定语,使用时,注意要用逗号与句子的主体部分分隔开来。 1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是逻辑主谓关系。如:The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him, he didn't know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他,他不

2、知道说什么好。Time permitting (= If time permits, we will go for an outing tomorrow.如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是逻辑动宾关系(逻辑谓宾关系。可以理解为被动句结构中删掉了“be”部分。如:The problems solved (= As the problems were solved, the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了。Her glasses broken (= Because her glasse

3、s were broken, she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。注意:以上两种结构的功能相似于分词或分词短语作状语,只是分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语,而独立主格结构中非谓语动词的逻辑主语是它前面的名词或主格代词。3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是逻辑主谓关系,多表示将来的行为,表示“企图”“约定”等,指的是按计划安排要做的事,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如:He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.

4、借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。形容词在独立主格结构中表伴随或对细节起补充作用,形容词与名词或代词之间逻辑上有主表关系。如:An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还。So many people absent, the meeting had to be call

5、ed off. 这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如:The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束,他们就都回家了。6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。此结构有两种习惯用法,一种是在“名词/主格代词+介词短语”的独立主格结构中,有his, her, my, their, a, an, the等词分别修饰前后两个名词或名词本身为复数,有时有with引导。另一种习惯用法是:在“名词/主格代词+介词短语”的独立主格结构中,名词或代词和介词后面的名词没有任何冠词或所有格修饰,也不用with引导。如:如:Miss Smith entered

6、the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。7. There being +名词(代词,独立主格结构中的being(或having been不能省略。通常可以理解为后面句子动作发生的前提条件或理由。如:There being nothing else to d

7、o, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会。There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。8. It being +名词(代词独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时,独立主格结构中的being(或having been不能省略。如:It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由

8、于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。9、独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。即with+名词(主格代词+其它。With the new term to begin soon, well be very busy again.新学期很快就要开始了,我们又要忙起来了。Dont sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。他和衣躺在床上。 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句或并列句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如:1. 表示

9、时间(状语The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。2. 表示条件(状语The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。Weather permitting (=If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨

10、小游。3. 表示原因(状语There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表

11、一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 表示伴随情况(状语Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head.他躺在草

12、地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。5. 表示补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold. 一个猎人走了进来,他的脸冻得通红。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。注意:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。6. 独立主格住定语:做定语时放在所修饰的名词之后,通常是带有with结构的独立

13、主格。此时与做状语不同,不需要用逗号隔开。The team with a boy leading the way got to the village at 10 p.m.由一个男孩带路的那个小分队晚上10点到达那个村庄。The woman with her hand burnt badly was sent immediately to the hospital.那位一只手严重烧伤的妇女被马上送到了医院。只穿着一件衬衫的那个孩子冻得直发抖。 现在分词表示主动的含义,它的逻辑主语是这个动作的发出者。现在分词有时可换成现在分词的完成式(having done, 表示该动作发生在谓语之前。过去分词

14、表示被动的含义,它的逻辑主语是这个动作的承受者。过去分词有时可换成现在分词完成式的被动形式(having been done. 也表示该动作发生在谓语之前。Spring having been here, they still havent got ready for sewing. 春天已到,但他们还未做好春播的准备。The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后,音乐会开始了。the students will benefit a lot from it. 那本书已经出版,学生们会从中受益匪浅。 当状语从句的主

15、语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。含有独立主格结构的句子通常是个简单句。独立主格结构做状语,常常能够换成相应的状语从句。但表示伴随情况的独立主格结构只能换成与主句并列的句子。独立主格结构作定语时,通常能转换成定语从句。这时整个句子就由原来的简单句变成了复合句。After class was over , the students soon left the classroom. (复合句Class being over / Class over, the students soon left the classroom. (简单句下课后,学生很快离

16、开了课室。John being away, Henry had to do the work. (简单句Because John was away, Henry had to do the work.(复合句 因为约翰不在,亨利只好做这项工作。There being no buses, we had to go on foot. (简单句Because there were no buses, we had to go on foot. (复合句 因为没有公共汽车,我们只得步去行。The book with its front cover missing is a textbook. (简单句

17、,独立主格做定语The book whose front cover is missing is a textbook. (复合句,变成定语从句 封皮不见了的那本书是教科书。The house with its window broken is now a stable. (简单句复合句 窗户破了的那栋房子现在是马厩。 1. 独立主格中的名词或代词与主句中的主语不一致。而非谓语动词做状语时,其逻辑主语和句中主语一致。2. 独立主格使用名词或代词主格,没有所有格形式,而非谓语动词里,动名词做主语时,如果是泛指的行为就不需要出现逻辑主语,如果是特指某个人的某一次行为,必须在动名词前加上逻辑主语,其

18、构成是名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。动名词做宾语时,如果其逻辑主语不是句中主语时,需要在其前加上其逻辑主语,其构成是名词所有格或形容词性物主代词和人称代词宾格(对独立主格的代词主格。The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了,我们开始开会。(独立主格The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised. 主编的到来使我们大家非常吃惊。(动名词做主语I am considering PetersPeter going abroad.我正在考虑彼得出国的事。(动名词做宾语我坚决主张(他被派

19、去派他去。(动名词做宾语 【】1. Not far from the school there was a garden, _ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.A. itsB. whoseC. whichD. that【分析】此题很容易误选B,许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句,whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词owner。此分析从表面上看,似乎天衣无缝,但实质上是错的,原因是空格后根本不是一个句子,因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词,但它们都是非谓语动词

20、。也许有的同学认为,其中的seated 可视为谓语动词,但是注意,seat 用作动词时,它总是及物的,其后要么接宾语,要么它就用于被动语态,所以若在seated 前加上助动词is,则可以选择B(当然若将seated 改为sitting,也应选择B。所以此题最佳答案选A。请再看一个类似的例子:(1 He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages.A. itB. themC. whichD. that(2 He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated

21、 into foreign languages.A. itB. themC. whichD. that第(1应选B,而不能选C,是因为句中的translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词,若选C,则该从句无谓语;第(2应选C,因为句中有谓语were translated。再请看下面一例:(3 He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. itB. themC. whichD. that【分析】此题与上面的第(2题不同,两句间多了一个并列连词and,说明这是一个并列句,故应选B,则

22、不能选C。请做做以下三题(答案均为B:(1 There I met several people, two of _ being foreigners.A. whichB. themC. whomD. that(2 There I met several people, two of _ were foreigners.A. whichB. whomC. whoD. that(3 There I met several people, and two of _ were foreigners.A. whichB. themC. whomD. that【】2. All her time _ ex

23、periments, she has no time for films.A. devoted to doB. devoted to doingC. devoting to doingD. is devoted to doing【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【分析】此题最佳答案为B。现分析如下:(1 devote 意为“致力于,献身于”,主要用devoteto或be devoted to,其中的to 是介词,不是不定式符号,故后接动词时要用动名词,不用不定式。(2选A错误:若将do 改为doing 则可以。(3选B正确:all her time devoted to doing experi

24、ments为独立主格结构,用作状语。(4选C错误:因为all her time 与devote 为被动关系,故应将devoting改为devoted。(5选D错误:若单独看All her time is devoted to doing experiments,此句并没有错,但问题是逗号前后两个简单句没有必要的连接方式,所以从整体上看仍不对,假若在后一句的句首加上and或so,则可选D,或将D将中的is 改为being也可选它。请做以下类似题(答案均选A:(1All the preparations for the project _, were ready to start.A. compl

25、etedB. have been completedC. had been completedD. been completed(2Such _ the case, I couldnt help but_ him.A. being, supportB. was, supportC. has been, supportingD. is, to support比较以下各题,答案选B,因为句中使用了并列连词and:(1All the preparations for the project _, and were ready to start.A. completedB. have been com

26、pletedC. had been completedD. been completed(2 Such _ the case, and I couldnt help but_ him.A. being, supportB. was, supportC. has been, supportingD. is, to support 【】3.Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.Sorry. With so much work _ my mind, I almost break down. (福建卷A. filledB. filli

27、ngC. to fillD. being filled【】4. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _, he gladly accepted it. (安徽卷A. finishedB. finishingC. having finishedD. was finished解析:以上两题答案分别为B和A,均考查“with+宾语+非谓语动词”结构。该结果中的“非谓语动词”可以是不定式、现在分词、过去分词,它们在用法上的区别如下:1. 用不定式:通常指不定式所表示的动作尚未发生或在当时看来尚未发生。如:With all t

28、his work to do, I wont have time to go out. 有这么多工作要做,我就没有时间出去了。2. 用现在分词:指动作正在进行或在当时看来已是一种在持续的状态。如:He soon fell asleep with the light still burning. 灯还亮着他很快就睡着了。3. 用过去分词:指与其前的名词或代词为被动关系。如:He painted her sitting with her hands folded. 他画她坐着手叉在胸前。1. The weather _ fine, they decided to go out for a walk

29、.A. wereB. wasC. isD. being2.The composition given by the teacher_ , Alice went to watch TV.A. being done wellB. has been done wellC. having done wellD. done well3. The last plane_ , they had to stay in the hotel for another night.A. leftB. having leftC. having been leftD. be leaving4. It is a beaut

30、iful village with a mountain_ it. A. Surrounded B. surrounding C. having surro unded D. having been surrounded5. Everything_ into consideration, his work is well done.A. takingB. takenC. has been takenD. being taken6. All his work_, he left his office at ease.A. finishedB. had been finishedC. finish

31、ingD. to finish7. The power station was built on the river with our village and some others_ with electricity.A. to supplyB. suppliedC. supplyingD. having supplied8. _five minutes_ before the last train left, we arrived at the station.A. There being; to goB. It was; leftC. It had; leftD. There was;

32、to go9. Christmas_, the family was full of excitement.A. was then only days awayB. were then only days awayC. then only days awayD. having been then only days away10. They first reach an agreement on the basic principle, the details _ later.A. to work it outB. having been worked outC. to be worked o

33、utD. being worked out11. The purse_, they went to the police. A. not yet found B. hasnt been found C. being not found D. not having yet found12. They sat in the room with the curtains_.A. drawingB. having been drawnC. drawnD. being drawn13. Cars_, they were punished by the police.A. parking illegall

34、yB. parked illegallyC. being parked illegallyD. having parked illegally14. Mr. Smith stood beside the window, his attention _ the car outside.A. focus onB. focusing uponC. focused onD. been focused on15. There_, we left.A. being nothing else to doB. is nothing else to doC. was nothing else to doD. h

35、aving nothing else to do1.(1Smoking means _ yourself with your own hands.A. to killB. killedC. killingD. kill(2Im sorry? but I didnt mean _ you.A. to hurtB. hurtC. hurtingD. having hurt2.(1I regret _ you that your mother is absent in Beijing.I dont regret _ her what I thought even if it might have u

36、pset her.A. to tellB. to tellingC. having toldD. tell3. We dont allow _ in the reading room.We dont allow them _ in the reading room.A. to smokeB. smokingC. smokeD. smoked4.(1_ hard and youll make rapid progress in your English learning._ hard, youll make rapid progress in your English learning.A. W

37、orkingB. To workC. WorkD. Worked5. _ , we went for a swim in the river._, so we went for a swim in the river.A. Being hotB. It being hotC. As it hotD. It was hot6. The flower needs _ right now.A. waterB. wateringC. to waterD. being wateredThe warm-blooded animals dont need_.A. hibernateB. to hiberna

38、teC. hibernatingD. being hibernated7.I cant help _ when I hear that terrible noise.He said he couldnt help but _ when he heard that terrible noise.A. laughingB. laughedC. laughD. being laughedI cant help _ the room, for I am very busy now.A. cleanB. cleaningC. have cleanD. cleaned8. In the _ week we

39、ll have another exam.In the week _,well have another exam.A. comingB. to comeC. comeD. came9._from the tower, our Tianjin city looks more beautiful._ from the tower, we can see our beautiful Tianjin city .A. SeeingB. SeenC. To seeD. Having seen10.The sport meet _ next week is of great importance.The

40、 sports meet _ now is very importantThe sports meet _ last week is of great importance.A. holdingB. being heldC. to be heldD. held11.He raised his voice in order to make us _ him.He raised his voice in order to make himself _.A. heardB. hearingC. hearD. to be heard12.(1He stood there with his eyes _

41、 his mother.(2He stood there, _his mother.A. staring atB. stared onC. fixing uponD. fixed upon13.Most of us went to see her, _ some girls.Most of us went to see her, some girls _.A. includeB. includingC. includedD. to include14.He was surprised to see some villagers _ there.To his surprise, he saw s

42、ome villagers _ themselves.A. seatB. seatedC. seatingD. to seat15.The man _ Zhaosan used to live here.The man _ himself Zhaosan used to lived here.A. calledB. callingC. to callD. call16.He had no choice but _ at the bus-stop in the rain.He had nothing to do but _ at the bus-stop in the rain.A. to wa

43、itB. waitingC. waitD. should wait17.The book is used in English _ countries.To improve his _ English, he practices speaking every day.A. spokenB. speakingC. to speakD. spoke18.(1 Im not free this evening because I have a lot of things _.(2 He was so lazy that he had all of his washing _.A. to doB. t

44、o be doneC. doingD. done(3 I wont have you _ to your mother like that.A. to speakB. spokenC. speakingD. speak19.(1He often see them _ football on the playground.The missing boys were last seen _ near the river.A. playingB. playedC. playD. to play20.(1 We are considering _up a new factory here in thi

45、s town.(2 We are considering how _ up a new factory here in this town.(3 The boy is considered _ a good example to his classmates.A. settingB. to setC. to have setD. having set21.Id like _ you for advice on how to learn English.Id rather _ my teacher for help with my English.A. to askB. askingC. ask

46、edD. ask22.Soon he has got used to _ in such a climate.He used to _ in such a climate when he was in the army.A .living B. lived C. having lived D. live23.(1 Mr. Li is said _ abroad? but I dont know which country he studied in.(2 Mr. Li is said _ abroad? but I dont know which country he is studying

47、in.A. to studyB. to have studiedC. to be studyingD. having studied24.He did what he could _ down the weeping woman.He said he could _ down the weeping woman.A. to calmB. calmC. calmingD. calmed25.(1I insist that you _ me my money back.(2I insisted on your _me my money back.A. giveB. to giveC. giving

48、D. would give(3The old man insisted that I _ his wallet.A. has takenB. tookC. should takeD. had taken26.(1I dont enjoy _ fun of others.(2I dont enjoy _ fun of by others.A. to makeB. to be madeC. makingD. being made27.(1If time _, Ill go to see my friends tomorrow.(2Time _, Ill go to see my friends t

49、omorrow.A. permittedB. permitsC. permittingD. permit28.(1He had no choice but _ aloud the text in the classroom.(2He did nothing but _ aloud the text in the classroom.A. readingB. to readC. readD. to be reading29.(1Would you mind my _ her to the party?(2Would you mind not _to the party?A. invitingB.

50、 to be invitedC. being invitedD. invited30.(1This is an important letter. Dont forget _ it this afternoon.(2Dont look for the letter. You must have forgotten_ it this afternoon.A. to postB. postedC. postingD. post1. The lecture _, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving d

51、isturbed the speaker.A. beganB. beginningC. having begunD. being beginning2. Such _ the case, I have no other choices.A. beingB. isC. wasD. to be3. Darkness _ in, the young people strolled on the streets.A. setB. settingC. has setD. was set4. With all factors _ ,we think this program may be better t

52、han all the others in achieving the goal.A. being consideredB. consideringC. consideredD. are considered5. A new technique _, the production increased by 20 percent.A. to have been worked outB. having worked outC. working outD. having been worked out6. On the top was the clear outline of a great wol

53、f sitting still, ears _, alert, listening.A. pointedB. pointingC. are pointedD. are pointing7. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work _, w e didnt accept the offer.A. not being finishedB. not having finishedC. had not been finishedD. was not finished8. There are variou

54、s kinds of metals, each _ its own properties (特性.A. hasB. hadC. to haveD. having9. The old man stood under a big tree, _.A. a pipe in mouthB. with a pipe in mouthC. pipe in mouthD. pipe in his mouth10. The production _ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material (原料.A. has gone upB. is going upC. having gone upD. being gone up1. Ford tried dividing the labor,each worker _ a separate task.A. assigningB. assignedC. was assigne