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1、翻译功能论对导游词汉英翻译的策略导向 论文关键词:功能论 导游词 中英 翻译策略论文摘要:随着成功举办第29奥林匹克运动会,中国作为新崛起的大国在世界舞台上扮演着更加重要的角色,使得来华旅游人数的不断攀升,中国的旅游业也在飞速发展着。导游,将肩负起比以往更加艰巨的职责,要把景点的奇美之所在,文化的精妙之处精准地传达介绍给来华游客。导游口译,作为专业领域的翻译,亟需有效的翻译理论指导并提供相应的汉英翻译策略以克服其翻译障碍。本文旨在引进德国的功能派翻译理论对导游词汉英翻译的策略导向进行
2、阐述, 以导游词翻译现状为切入点,涉及纽马克的文本功能分类说以及费米尔的翻译目的论, 简述导游词翻译的语言特征。继而从导游词翻译中所存在的翻译障碍出发,详释产生障碍的原因和中英语言在表现形式的不同点并引用一些导游口译中汉英翻译的实例,通过不同翻译方法的对比分析,提出在处理导游词汉英翻译过程中所需要运用的策略,以此实现在功能派翻译理论指导下进行导游词汉英翻译方面的无与伦比的意义。IntroductionWith the development of society and economy, tourism,
3、 a smokeless industry, has become an important industry with a rapidly growth rate on a global scale. After the success of holding the 29th Olympic games this a
4、utumn, thousands of millions of overseas visitors, who are eager to touch this old mysterious nation with a resplendent culture of more 5000 years , are thronging in
5、to our country. By the end of 2007,the number of the foreign tourists has reached 50 million, a rapid growth of 19 percent compared with the previous year.In a&
6、#160;word, tourist industry is now the backbone of Chinas economy growth. Currently, China has ranked as the 5th inbound tourist market following U.S, Spain , France and&
7、#160;Italy. It is estimated that China will win the priority of destination for tourism and sightseeing in the worldwide till 2020.China, a enormous land abundant in sigh
8、tseeing resources, has ranked high all over the word for its spectacular natural wonders and mysterious heritages. Tourists can climb the Great Wall ,look around the Impe
9、rial Palace in Beijing, wander over the bustling Bund and Nanjing Road in Shanghai, boat along the Qinghuai River in Nanjing, view the terracotta warriors and horses
10、;excavated from the Emperor Qinshihuang 's Mausoleum in Xian, enjoy Suzhou's gardens and the West Lake in Hangzhou. From everywhere in China can visitors be intoxicate
11、d with the beautiful sceneries.Tourism brings China a great deal of profits. First, it provides more opportunities for Chinese people to know the international world and
12、promote friendship and understanding. Second, it brings financially benefits and increase the income of government .Meanwhile ,it creates the need to communicate with different wit
13、h different tongues. Under such circumstances that guide-interpretation has grow up and been authorized as a profession.Guide-interpretation, the process of intercultural communications, hap
14、pens while guides introduce historical interests and scenic beauties to overseas visitors. The guides need to present the colorful and attractive image of interests of China
15、160;in the process of guide-interpretation. But for different cultural backgrounds and customs, it is very difficult for the guide to translate his interpretation into English
16、;literally owing to the negative effect exerted by different linguistic obstacles. Without veracious and accurate guide interpretation , overseas visitors may miss essence of cultu
17、re when they are traveling around China let alone enjoy their journeys.So, it really has been a serious problem that we must confront, and it is also a problem&
18、#160;of urgency how to introduce our unique Chinese sightseeing sceneries more properly and exactly and promote the inter-culture communication.As a result, a systematic and effect
19、ive guide theory is the imperious demand of guide interpretation. As we have always regarded “combing practice with theory”, the theory must provide appropriate strategies for
20、 successful guide-interpreting .So Id like to write such a dissertation to argue something about guide-guiding form the aspect of German functionalist translation theory, which
21、0;can help us to handle interpreting methodologically.This thesis will narrow down its scope merely on guide-interpreting on C-E, and most samples are gathered from authoritative
22、160;bilingual books,websites, newspapers ,which will be listed at the last page of my part . Functionalist Translation TheoryFunctionalist translation theory, a relatively systematic an
23、d consummate theory, is the crystallization of wisdom of scholars in long period of human history.Id like to present a more concentrate and detailed elucidation its
24、;features as follows27:2.1 Development of German Functionalist Translation TheoryGerman functionalist is the mainstream of the modern functionalist translation theory which sprung up in
25、;1970S in Germany. There have been four outstanding contributors to form this theory: Reiss (1971- Possibilities and Limitations in Translation Criticism), H.J.Vermeer (1986-Skopostheo
26、ry), Justa Holz Manttari (1988-Translatrional Action) and Nord (2001) .In 1971, in the book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism, Reiss put forward a model of
27、0;translation criticism which based on the functional relationship between source and target texts in he book Possibilities and Limits of Translation Criticism. She still held
28、;to the equivalence principle ,therefore her theory was based on the functional equivalence between source and target texts.Vermeer, the student of Reiss, defined translation as
29、60;a purposeful human activity that takes place in a given situation based on action theory. He put forward Skopostheorie which serves as the foundation of the functional
30、ist translation theory. Skopos is a Greek word for “purpose”, and Skopostheorie means the theory of purposeful action. Skopostheorie theory includes three principal rules: namely,&
31、#160;the Skopos rule, the coherence rule (intratextual coherence) and the fidelity rule (intertextual coherence).On the basis of Skopostheorie, Justa Holz Mnttri put forward the no
32、tion of “message transmitter” which is composed of textual materials combined with other media such as sounds ,pictures and body movements. Placing special emphasis on the
33、0;actional aspects of the translation process, she analyzed the roles of the participants (initiator, translator, user, message receiver) and the situational conditions (time, place,
34、60;motive) in which their activities take place.Nord then put forward his two principles about “skopos” and “loyalty”, which constitute the two basic principles of Skopostheory.2.2
35、 Skopos Theoryskopos theory, serving as the central theory of Germany functionalism, is an approach to translation which developed in Germany by Vermeer in the late 1970s
36、, and the word skopos, derived from Greek, is used as the technical term for the purpose of a translation.Skopos theory plays an important role in translation of
37、0;non-literary text types. In the translation of scientific and academic papers, instruction, contracts, tourist guides, etc., the contextual elements surrounding the translation cannot
38、;be neglected. These elements include the culture of the intended readers of the target text and the culture of the client who has authorized it, and particularly th
39、e function that the text is to represent in that culture for those readers.Skopos theory emphasize the interactional, pragmatic aspects of translation, advancing that the shap
40、e of the target text should be determined by the function chiefly or "skopos" that it is intended to fulfill in the target context. Vermeer assumes that as
41、 a general rule, Skopos theory intended purpose of the of the target text that determines methods and strategies of translation. From this hypothesis he conclude skopos
42、160;rule: Human (and its subdivision: translation) is determined by its purpose (skopos), and therefore it is a function of its purpose. The main point of this functional
43、 method is that the prospective function or skopos of the target text as determined by the initiators, i.e. Clients needs. Consequently, the skopos is largely restricted&
44、#160;by the target text reader and his/her place and cultural background.In the view of Vermeer, the source text is re-conceptualized and is also seen as an information
45、160;offer, which the translator must interpret through selecting those features that most closely cater for the requirements of the target situation.2.3 Text TypologyGrounded on Bu
46、hler's classification of language functions (i.e. presentation, expression and appeal) and Reiss's early text typology theory, Peter Newmark makes a further research and classif
47、ies all the texts into three textual functions: informative, expressive and vocative functions 3 40.(1) The Informative FunctionThe informative function texts mainly refer to non-l
48、iterary works including scientific papers, newspaper reports,textbooks, academic theses, and journal articles. The first purpose of translating these texts is to fully render the &
49、quot;extra-linguistic" information of the text. If the target text conveys all the necessary information of the source text correctly and masterly, it can get corresponding
50、60;effect. Consequently, sometimes it is necessary for us to have several different translated versions to express the same source text, and all these versions are worth
51、while to accept.(2) The Expressive FunctionThe expressive function texts generally includes authoritative statements, literary works, autobiography, personal correspondence, etc. Newmark argues t
52、hat a ideal translation of expressive function text is a resurgence of the author's writing style. This function is author-oriented, and the translator should stick by
53、0;the original author.” The author uses the verbalism to express his feelings unaware of any response.(3) The Vocative FunctionThe vocative function texts are different from t
54、he two texts above. This function concentrates on "calling on people to do, to think and to feel". It is reader-oriented and the effect of the translation
55、 must be evaluated by readers' response. Propaganda materials, notices, advertisements , instructions and other persuasive writings all belongs to this category. In view of
56、0;the linguistic and cultural barriers between languages, it is essential for the translator to recreate the persuasive translation to attract the target readers, and the recr
57、eation is one of the major objectives of tourist materials.2.4 Communicative TranslationApart from the other correspondent classification of textual functions, Newmark puts forward two&
58、#160;modes of translation semantic translation and communicative translation.Semantic translation is usually applied to technical, literary and scientific text, likewise other contexts where
59、;language of the source text is at least as significant as the text.Communicative translation is the one in which "the translator attempts to produce the same effect
60、 on the TL readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers". Examples of text-types for this mode of translation would be proper include textbooks,
61、60;journalist writing, public notices and most non-literary genres. Different from semantic translation, communicative translation is the reader-oriented translation strategy, and adjust well
62、0;to informative functions. Guide Interpretation3.1 Definition of Guide InterpretationThe occasion Interpretation carriesout on which people who do not share the same language and cultu
63、re communication. Interpreting is usually taking place in simultaneous modes. As for guide interpreting, it often takes place when foreign visitors are introduced by guide int
64、erpreters to a different cultural environment, especially to some new scenic spots or new cultural phenomenon 4. For example, when foreign visitors go to the Imperial Pal
65、ace, the tour guides should introduce the whole history of the Forbidden City in target language to the visitors to satisfy their curiosity, not only the construction
66、0;characteristics, but also the legends passed down generation by generation 5 .In short, Guide-interpreting is an interpreting services provided by the guide-interpreter to the fo
67、reign tourists including the oral introductions in target languages refer to travel services, tourist attractions, natural or man-made sceneries, catering culture in travel, and
68、160;also is an act of cross-cultural communication.3.2 Objective and Receptors of C-E Guide InterpretationWe can gain a conclusion through the definition which has been discussed
69、160;above that the objective of C-E guide interpretation is supplying tourists information, especially introduce the Chinese culture to overseas visitors. So guide-interpreting is desig
70、ned for the specific needs of the tourists, and all the factors in guide-interpreting are determined by the specific needs of tourists, that is to say, tourist-oriented
71、160;is the leading principle in guide-interpreting.So the overseas visitors whom we call them the target receptors are interested in Chinese sceneries and would like to know
72、160;more about the natural and man-made sceneries of China .So they came to China from different countries to have a journey. During their tour, the guide interpreter
73、0;should express the relevant legends or historical events about the terminus to those receptors. Actually, the interpreters final goal is to make those people get a full
74、 and clear understanding .3.3 Characters of C-E Guide Interpretation3.3.1 Function Characters of C-E Guide InterpretationFrom overview, the guide interpreters not only want to attr
75、act the tourists' attention but also intend to convince tourist of the goodliness of Chinese attractions. With such purposes, the good guide interpretation should be infor
76、mative, attractive and persuasive1). Informativeinformative effect ,the primary effect of interpretation, means guide interpretation should provide tourists enough information about their objects
77、, including the historical, cultural or natural value of the attraction which the tourists need. Such information could help visitors form a primary impression.2) AttractiveThere
78、160;is no denying that only informative introduction cannot attract peoples attention successfully. Consequently, guide interpretation should produce excitement, please people physically and
79、;psychologically in an attempt to capture visitors' attention .that is make attractive effect.3). PersuasiveAn appropriate and triumphant interpretation needs to stimulate visitor's
80、interest to act , as a result ,to be persuasive is a great important role played by a ideal guide interpretation .Visitor's interest and decision are promoted by
81、 what they heard from the guide interpreters.To be a matter of fact, all of these functions are closely related with and impact on each other. That is to s
82、ay, a prefect guide interpretation must be provided with informative function, attractive function and persuasive function .3.3.2 Language characters of C-E Guide InterpretationIn terms
83、 of the acceptability of the overseas visitors of various backgrounds, the language in guide interpretation should be neither colloquial nor too formal. The words used in
84、 it had better to be brief and vivid. Generally speaking, a prominent guide interpretation must be concise, appealing and often figurative 6 .1).ConcisenessEnglish stress conc
85、iseness and directness. So a qualified interpreter should bear this feature in mind in the process of interpreting and try to provide the concise and precise works f
86、or visitors.Example 1:Tiny islands are strung around the edge of the peninsula like a pearl necklace. Hunks of coral reed, coconut palms and fine
87、0;white sand.In English, the beauty was be descript by actual sceneries just as a photo taken by a camera. However, in Chinese we usually use abstract words to
88、descript the scenery. The relevant Chinese version is as follows座座岛屿玲珑小巧,紧密相连,像一串珍珠缀成的项链,环绕着半岛边缘。岛上珊瑚礁红,椰树成片,沙滩如银,景色如诗如画。(贾文波,2000:85)2). AppealingnessWithout appealing scenic description and historical introduction,
89、0;visitors' passion cannot be aroused easily. Without their excitement and interest, China would not leave a great impression in their minds. So appealingness serves as th
90、e hinge in guide interpretation since the vivid description of scenery and the fascinating narration of mysterious culture help to enchant the oversea visitors.3). Figurative
91、LanguageTourists imagination of Chinese landscape and culture is enriched by various rhetoric devices like simile, metaphor, alliteration, etc. The figure of speech could make the&
92、#160;scenic description particularly vivid and attractive 7 . Functionalist Translation Theory applied in Guide Interpretation4.1 Skopos Theory applied in Guide InterpretationSince the
93、;translation strategy is determined by purpose, Vermeer summarizes three possible kinds of purpose: the translator's general purpose (perhaps "to earn a living"); the comm
94、unicative purpose of the target text (perhaps "to instruct the reader"); the purpose aimed at by a particular translation strategy or procedure (for example, "to
95、0;translate literally in order to show the structural features of the source language"As far as the purpose of guide interpretation, it usually refers to the second
96、purpose, communicative purpose of the target text. The purpose of guide interpretation concerns introducing Chinese places of interest and Chinese unique culture to the outside
97、0;world and make oversea visitors' feel valuable to tour China, by which the interpretation strategies for guide interpretation are determined.Therefore, considering the acceptability
98、60;of the target readers, the purpose of guide interpretation demands intelligible and flexible translation strategies.4.2 Text Typology applied in Guide InterpretationWith Newmarks theory,&
99、#160;the text can be classified into three types: informative, expressive and vocative. However, Newmark also indicates that there are no strict boundaries between these three
100、;kinds of texts. So, before we look for the appropriate strategies for guide interpretation, let us look at which kind does it belong to. Firstly, guide-interpretation pr
101、ovide tourist information about travel, meanwhile, the vivid introduction is designed to arouse the curiosity of visitors, which is the essential purpose for tour guide. In this instance, the guide-interpretation is the&
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