名词及练习题复习课程

1、一.名词的意义从英语语法角度来讲，表示人物、时间、地点、事物或抽象概念的词， 我们通常称为名词。例如：teacher, desk, Japanese milk , physics 等。二.名词的种类英语中的名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两类。1 .专有名词：表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等专有名称的名词。具体说来，它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等，专有名词的第一个字母要大写。专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语，必须使用the,如：the United States姓氏如果采用复数形式，表示该姓氏一家人，如： the Greens (格林一家人)worker, b

2、oy, machine等。普通名词可分2 .普通名词：表示某一类人或事物或个抽象概念的名词。例如:为以下四类:A.个体名词(Individual Nouns ):表示个体的人或事物的名词。如： man , pencil, chair等。B.集体名词(Collective Nouns ):表示一群人或一些事物的总称的名词。如：class, police , army,family 等。C.物质名词(Material Nouns ):表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词。如： rice , glass, water, gasD.抽象名词(Abstract Nouns ):表示状态、品质、动作、情感等

3、抽象概念的名词。如： life , love,law, happiness 等。三.名词的数名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns )和不可数名词(UncountableNouns )两种。表示可以计算数目的人或物的名词称为可数名词，一般有单数和复数两种形式，个体名词 和大多数集体名词一般是可数名词；表示不可以计数的人或事物的名词叫不可数名词，一般不分单数和复 数，前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数名词。初中阶段学过的不可数名词有：news, paper, milk , orange (桔子7f) , bread, chalk, tr

4、uth, water, rice, work , housework, homework , luck , ink, meat, money , sugar, grass, ice 等等，如下图。类别意 义例 词专有名词表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、 机构、团体等的专有名称Jim, China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall名可数个体名词个体的人或事物的名词girl, student, factory, desk, cat country普通 名词名 词集合名词一群人或一些事物的总称的名词people, police, team, clothes, gro

5、up, crew不物质名词water, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli词可无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词数 名抽象名词状态、品质、动作、情感等抽象概念的fun, healthy, happiness, courage,词名词love, care四.名词的复数可数名词有单、复数两种形式，可数名词的单数形式要在前加“或an”；复数形式在名词后加-s或-es”。可数名词由单数变为复数形式，其构成方法分为规则和不规则两种。1.规则变化(可依照下表)当名词为词尾变化读音例 词一般情况加s清辅首后读/s/浊辅首、兀首后读/z/chips, jeeps, pats ,

6、 clocks boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾加es/iz/watches, boxes, classes, brushes以字母o结尾加es/z/tomatoes, potatoes, heroes加szoos, radios , photos, bamboos, pianos, kiloszerozeros/ zeroes以辅音字母+y结尾去y变i加es/z/dictionaries, strawberries以f或fe结尾加s/z/beliefs, roofs, gulfs , chefs, proofs去f或fe变v加es/

7、vz/leaves, wives, halves, knives, thieves, loaves均可handkerchiefs / handkerchieves的只有以下词，wife-wives; calf-calves; knife-knives; thief-thieves; wolf-wolves shelf-shelves; self-selves; life-lives leafleaves halfhalves注意：在中学英语范围内，要改f / fe为ves妻子骑牛拿起刀， 追得贼狼满街跑， 碰倒架子丧己命， 手帕树叶半空飘.2.不规则变化A.B.单复数同形，如：deer, sh

8、eep, fish , people改变单数名词中的元音字母Chinese, Japanese Portuguese, Swiss, aircraft如： manmen , womanwomen, foot feet, tooth teeth, goose geeseC.含有 man, woman的复合名词的变化与man, woman的变化形式相同，但是 human, German不是合成词，其复数要按一般规则变化如： Englishman Englishmen , policewoman policewomen , Frenchwoman FrenchwomenD.由man和woman构成的

9、合成词，其复数形式需要前后同时变化如： men workers , women teachers, gentlemen officialsE.F.其他变化，如： child children有些词只有复数形式某些由两个部分构成的物体的名词。词pair（对,双）；suit（套）等,如:mouse mice, ox oxen如:trousers, glasses, clothes等。若表达具体数目，要借助数量某些通常以复数形式出现的名词。如:a pair of glasses, two pairs of trousers arms, clothes, goods, stairs 等。G.H.3.4

10、.5.除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式如：a dollar, two dollars; a yuan, two yuan以s结尾仍为单数的名词，包括以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数如：maths, politics , physics等学科名词，The Arabian Nights等，谓语动词用三单集合名词的单复数：集合名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：people, police, cattle等本身就是复数不可数名词没有单复数之分，如：news, information , advice, furniture等不可数名词一般没有复数形式，它的“

11、量”的表示方式如下 ：A.表示不定数量时，一般用 much, （a） little , a lot of/lots of, some, any 等词修饰B.表确定数量时，一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”，即two/three/+量词复数十of+不可数名词，如： a glass of water, a piece of advice, two pieces of paper有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词，但词义有所不同，如下：food食物一foods各种食物fish鱼fishes鱼的种类time时间一times时代sand 沙sands 沙滩paper纸 a paper试卷、论文c

12、loth布 a cloth桌布、抹布glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯，glasses眼镜 fruit水果-chicken 鸡肉 a chicken 小鸡 orange 橘汁 an orange 橘子green绿色 greens青菜tea 茶a tea 一杯茶wood 木头a wood 小森林room 空间、余地a room 房间fruits表示不同种类的水果drink饮料、酒a drink 一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒补充：不同国家的人的单复数，见下表。名称总称（谓语用复数）一个人两个人中国人the Chinesea Chinesetwo Chinese日本人the Japanesea Japan

13、esetwo Japanese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians法国人the Frencha French

14、mantwo Frenchmen英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans五.可数名词与不可数名词的修饰语1.修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有these, those, few, a few, many, a great many等2.修饰不可数名词的常用修饰语有much, little, a little等3.有些修饰语即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词，如 allsome

15、enougha lot oflots of等4. 一般不可数名词不可以用数目来计数，若要计数，要借助单位词，如 piecebottlepair等。piece其意为“张” “块” “条”等pair主要用来指由两者组成的“一双”或“一对” ，或有两半合成的“一条”“一副”等注："a piecepair+名词”之类的结构作主语是，其谓语通常与" piecepair”的数保持一致。六.名词所有格1.名词格的种类有三个格，即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同。名词所有格表示名词之间的所属关 系，相当于屋主代词，分为 -'斯有格和of所有格两种形式。2.-'就

16、有格有些名词可以加's来表示所有关系、所属关系、动作执行者、动作承受者等意义，带这种词尾的名词形 式称为该名词的所有格。如： Where is the teacher's office ?中的teacher&名词词尾变化举例一般词直接在词尾+' SMr. Mott ' s robot单数名词词尾加sthe boy's bag复数名词词尾没有s加smen's room, children's books复数名词词尾有-s加the workers' struggle , girls ' school不能加s的名词名词+

17、of +名词the title of the song复合名词或短语's加在取后,个诃尾a month or two's rest-'斫有格的用法：A.主要用于有生命的人或物，有些表时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词后也可以加来构成所有格，如： today's paper, two hours'rest, America's policyB.在表示店铺、教堂或某人家时，名词所有格可以表示地点，如： the barber's理发店C. and连接的并列名词的所有格分两种情况，分别带有-'表示“分别有”；若一个 -'表示“两

18、者共有“，如： Jim's and JackJs rooms （两间）,Jim and Jack's room （间）D.用所有格表示节日的方法Teachers' Day （教师节） Children ;s Day （儿童节）Mother's Day （父亲节）Father;s Day （母亲节）2 . of所有格A.表示无生命的东西的名词或不能加's的名词，通常都采用“of名词”的结构表示所有关系。如：thegate of the school, the windows of that houseB.名词较长或其定语较长时，有生命的事物也可用of短语表

19、示所有关系。如：the story of Mr. Smith ,the dog of the eight-year-old girlC.表示有生命的和无生命的名词，一般都可用介词of短语来表示所有关心，有些情况下，of所有格有时可以与-'所有格互换如：the boy ' s name=the nanoethe boy （男孩的名字）the dog ' slegs=thelegsofthedog的腿）China' s population=the population OfChinai （中国的人口）China' s capital=the capital

20、 of China （中国的首都）D.表示同位关系时，通常只用of所有格，如：the city of Beijing3 .双重所有格（of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词）同时使用s 和 of 的所有格，如：a friend of his, the big nose ofTom ' s七.名词的用法1 .用作主语，要求谓语动词必须在人称和数两方面和其主语一致， 如： One day, a little monkey was playing in a tree by the river .2 .作表语，如：The largest city of China is Shanghai .3 .作

21、宾语，如：The students love their teachers.4 .作宾语补足语，如： They choose the boy monitor .5 .作同位语，如： We are waiting for Miss Yan , the English teacher.6 .作定语，如： The school gate was built last year.八.部分词义辨析1、sport、game match、racesport常指"户外运动"，以锻炼为主，概念较大，如： People all around the world enjoy sports.gam

22、e意思是“运动、比赛”，不管户内户外还是脑力体力，指以胜负为主的运动如：The 2008 Olympic Games was held in Beijing.match意为“竞赛、比赛”，多指正式比赛，如： Our team won the league match.race 主要表示 “赛跑、赛马、赛车”, 如： They were strong and won the boat race.2、festival、holiday、vacationfestival "节日"，指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动，如： the Spring Festivalholiday（假日

23、、i息日），指法定假日或风俗习惯，复数可以表示一个较长的假期，如： What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?vacation “假期”，指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息如：Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.3、journey、tour、trip、traveljourney指在陆地上（或海上或空中）进行的长途旅行，不知终点，含有辛苦的意思如： He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.tour指

24、途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行，强调游览多处，常用来指观光等如：He has gone on a walking tour.trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行，如出差度假等，如： He took several trips to S多指长期或长途的观光旅行，尤其指到国外，没有明确目的地，也作不可数名词，多指旅行这一行为，如：Did you go to Santiago（圣地亚哥）during your travels?4、sound、noise、voicesound 指各种声音，如： All of a sudden there was the sound of shots.

25、noise 主要指 "噪音", 如： The noise ofthe street kept me awake in the night.voice 指人的 "嗓音" 如： The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.5、fish的问题指许多条鱼且不管种类时，用 fish,单复数相同fishes 指许多种类的鱼， 如： There are many kinds offishes in the pool.Rsh指"鱼肉"时是不可数名词，如： I pref

26、er fish to meat.6. question指“需要回答的问题”problem指“需要解决的问题”、“难题”，常至社会问题，比如说污染问题7. between指"在（两者）之间”among指"在（三者以上）之间”，也可指在三者以上诸物体的“两者之间”8. too和also用于肯定句和疑问句，too多用于句尾，also多用于句中，即用在动词be、助动词之后，实义动词之前either主要用于否定句。9. lend意为“借（出）"，常连 toborrow 意为"借（入）"，常连 from10. say 强调“说"的内容，如： Wh

27、at did he say at the meeting ?speak意为“说”某种语言，“发言、演讲”talk意为"谈论、交谈"，强调"说"的连续性，如： They talked until it got darktell意为“告诉”，强调“叙述、讲述”，多带双宾语，如： tell sb. sth.11. look强调“看”的动作see强调“看”的结果，即“看见”read则指“看书（报纸）”，即“阅读”12. interesting意为“（物）有趣的"；interested指“（人）感兴趣的“13. have to意为“必须、不得不”，强调客

28、观需要must意为“必须、应该"，强调主观愿望14. whether和if这两个词都可做“是否"讲，引导宾语从句，但在" whether or not. 结构中，一般用 whether,不用if15. cross意思与across相近，都是“横越、穿过“，但cross是动词along 是 "沿着" 之意，可以说 along the street, along the river16. work作“工作”讲，是不可数名词job侧重于“职业”，是可数名词17.person 与 people者B有"人" 的意思，''

29、;一个人"用a person,“两个人”用two personspeople泛指"人们”,是集合名词，表示复数the people 指"人民",a people指“一个民族”九专项练习I写出下列名词的复数形式。1.bag2. orange3. family4. wish5.leaf6. knife7. key8. baby9.tooth10. foot11. woman12. sheep13Indian14. Japanese15. potato16. radio17child18. fish19. Frenchman20. man doctorII.将

30、下列短语译成英语。（名词所有格的用法）1.吉姆的自行车2.王叔叔的自行车3.教师节4.吉姆和凯特的父亲5.我父亲的一个朋友6.五分钟的路程7.儿童_8.中国地图9.床头10.今天的作业 11.孩子们的故事书12.在我姑姑家13.在医务室14.几年的时间 15.我姐姐的朋友的书III.选择填空。1.The day before yesterday she told me_ news.A . a goodB.such a goodC. so good aD. a piece of good2.I won't go there with you,for I have a lot ofto d

31、o.A . worksB.jobC. workD. working3.will conquer（征服）nature.A . The manB .A manC. The menD. Man4.Li Lei is a friend ofA . I sisterB.my sister'sC. me sisterD. my sister of56Have you read A today'sThere are lots of_ ？B today paperC the today's paperin the basket on the tableD today's pap

32、er7A tomatosB tomatoWhose are these？C tomatossD tomatoes8910A photoThe cat caught two _A mousesThere are many _A sheepsThere are sixB photoes last nightB mice on the hillB sheep and fifteenC photosC mouseC sheepesin this w workshopD photossD micesD sheep's4.15.A mans womans B men women

33、C men womansThe children had in the park.A. good timesB. good timeC. the good timeI am busy with my work these days. I don t get .A. many sleepB. much sleepC. more sleepThis is an interesting .A. newsB. informationC. workHer parents are .A. EnglishB. AmericaC. FrenchmanRoom 110 on the second floor i

34、s the office. I know some of them.D man womenD. a good timeD. most sleepD. jobD. two English16.17.A. doctorsB. doctor sThe room is . They are brothers.A. Tom and Mike s B. Tom s and MikeThe box is made of a kind of hard .C. doctors s C. Tom s and MikeD. doctors sD. Tom and MikeA. woodenB. woodC. woo

35、dsD. word18. Can you see some on the hill?A. sheeps and deers B. sheeps and deerC. sheep and deersD. sheep and deer19. How many shall we pay for the special service?A. moneyB. yuansC. dollarsD. pound20. I have many friends here. Lily is .A. mine friendB. a friend of myC. one of myD. one of them21. -

36、 Would you like some ?- Thank you, but I am not hungry.A. breadsB. cakesC. orangesD. orange juice22. Don t make any , the boy is sleeping.A. voiceB. noiseC. musicD. laugh23. She was born in Xiangfan, but now she works in Taiyuan. So we cannot say Taiyuan is her A. hometownB. second homeC. familyD. h

37、ouse24. Is this your for making so many mistakes?A. ideaB. mindC. excuseD. result25. There are few for supper. Would you please buy some carrots and cabbages on yourway home?A. meatB. eggsC. fruitD. vegetables26. - Would you like some ?- Oh, yes, just a little please.A. pearsB. applesC. bananasD. mi

38、lk27. - Can you finish the work in a week?- No .A. problem 28. Is there a littleB. matter _ left for me?C. troubleD. questionA. roomB. placeC. groundD. house29. The sign “ ! ” is often seen on the box.A. NO PHOTOS B. NO SMOKING C. BUSINESS HOURS 30. Help yourselves to some , children.A. fishB. fishe

39、sC. a piece of fish31. - Here is the , please.- Oh. Fried meat with some green peppers and two eggs.A. billB. list32. is used to eat soup.A. KnifeB. Fork33. - What s the like today?- It s sunny.A. climateB. weather34. Two thirds are in our school.A. woman teachersB. women teachersC. bookC. SpoonC. s

40、kyC. woman doctor35. It s walk from my home to our school.A. two minutesB. two minute s C. two minutes36. They got much from those new books.A. ideasB. photosC. news37. I have twoand three bottles ofhere.A. orange, orangeB. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange38. An old wants to see you.A. peopleB. p

41、ersonC. the people39. Help yourself to .A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple 40. Oh, dear. I forgot the two .A. room s number B. rooms number C. room numbersD. THIS SIDE UPD. a fishD. menuD. ChopsticksD. spaceD. women doctorsD. two- minutes D. storiesD. orange, orangesD.

42、 the personD. chicken and applesD. rooms numbers41. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second A. familyB. houseC. homeD. room42. mothers couldn t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai .A. Mary and Peter s B. Mary and Peter C. Mary s and Peter D. Mary s and

43、Peter s43. Li Lei has been to many times this month.A. her uncleB. her uncle s C. her unclesD. aunt s44. He is a success as a leader but he hasnA. many experiences B. much experience45. A classmate ofA. youwas here ten minutes ago.B. yourC. your sister t in teaching.C. an experience D. a lot experie

44、nceD. your sister s46. A group of are talking with twoA. Frenchmen, GermansC. Frenchmans , Germen47. The team having a meeting .A. isB. are48. “ Would you like ?“ _”_A. drink, Three coffeesC. a drink, A coffee49. The Great Wall was made not only by _B. Germans ,FrenchmansD. Germen , FrenchmenC. amD.

45、 be, please. ”B. a cup of drink, CoffeesD. a drink, Three cups of coffees , but also the flesh and blood of men.A.earth and stone, millions ofC. the earth and stone, million ofB. earths and stones, millionsD. the earths and stones, millions50. Last night, there was a food accident. The were ill, but

46、 no were lost.A. child, livesB. children, lifeC. children, lives D. child, life51. -This is a photo of when they were young.-OK, how happy they both looked!A. my father and motherB. my mother and father'sC. my mother's and father'sD.my father's and my mother52. The new student is in,

47、 Grade Two.A. Class ThirdB. Third ClassC. Class ThreeD. Three class53. Today is September 10th. It's Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A. TeachersB. Teachers'C. the Teachers' D. Teacher's54. The market isn't far from here. It's only bicycle ride.A.half a

48、n hours'B. half an hour's C. half an hour D. an hour and a half55. - What would you like to drink, girls?-, please.A.Two cup of coffeeB. Two cups of coffeC. Two cups of coffeeD. Two cups of coffees56. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for. A. funB. wishesC. inter

49、estD. thanks57. Some are flying kites near the river.A. childB. boyC. boysD. childs58. After the exam, we'll have holiday.A. two weeksB. two-weeksC. two weeks'D. two week's59. They are those bags. Please put them on the bus.A. visitorB. visitorsC. visitor'sD. visitors'60. - How m

50、any workers are there in your factory?-There are two.A. hundredsB. hundredC. hundred ofD. hundreds of61. -What do you think of the, the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven?-It sounds really wonderful.A. subjectB. musicC. bookD. animal62. There is not enough in the corner for the fridge.A. placeB. roomC. f

51、ieldD. ground63. comes from sheep and some people like eating itA. WoolB. PorkC. MuttonD. Milk64. If you don't take more, you'll get fat.A. medicineB. lessonsC. photosD. exercise65. My school is about twentywalk from here.A. minuteB. minutes'C. minutes'sD. minutes66. Mum, I haveto te

52、ll you!A. a good newsB. some good newsC. some good newesD. much good news67. Which is theto the post office?A. streetB. wayC. roadD. address68. Mathsnot easy to learn.A. areB. isC. amD. were69.She was very happy. Shein the maths test.A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakeC. made few mistakesD.

53、makes few mistake70. We need some more. Can you go and get some,A. potatoB. potatosplease?C. potatoesD. potatoe71. Children should makefor old people in a bus.A. roomB. a roomC. roomsD. the room72. John bought for himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoeC. two pair of shoesD. two

54、pairs shoe73.are for cutting things. A. Knife/used B.Knives/used C. Knife/usingD. Knives/using74. They got much from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories75. _ face to the south. A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room C. The room's windows D. The windows in roo

55、m76. He gave us on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice77. What lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a78. -Would you like tea?-No, thanks. I have drunk two.A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges79. It really took him to draw the nice horse. A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time8