“数字黄河”工程的应用及其完善

1、“数字黄河”工程的应用及其完善徐雁飞* 徐雁飞，历城黄河河务局。1983年出生，2008年7月毕业于南京农业大学园林植物与观赏园艺专业。现在历城黄河河务局工程管理科。（历城黄河河务局）摘要：数字黄河是一个基于网络环境的黄河信息特别是空间信息服务体系。它的应用内容主要包括：防汛减灾、水量调度、水质监控、水土流失治理与监测、水利工程运行与管理及电子政务。“数字黄河”工程建设已经得到长足发展，但其中仍存在的一些问题，为解决这些问题，各单位和部门必须密切配合，共同努力，针对当前建设管理现状、存在的问题和面临的形势，做好相应工作。关键词：“数字黄河”工程；应用；相关问题；工作重点国家工程院院士王家耀教授

2、这样定义“数字黄河”：借助全数字摄影测量、遥测、遥感（RS）、地理信息系统（GIS）、全球定位系统（GPS）等现代化手段及传统手段采集基础数据，通过微波、超短波、光缆、卫星等快捷传输方式，对黄河流域及其相关地区的自然、经济、社会等要素构建一体化的数字集成平台和虚拟环境。在这一平台和环境中，以功能强大的系统软件与数学模型对黄河治理开发和管理的各种方案进行模拟、分析和研究，并在可视化的条件下提供决策支持，增强决策的科学性和预见性。从哲学上理解，数字黄河是实现现实（物质）黄河在数字网络空间的再现和反映。从技术上理解，数字黄河是以空间信息为核心的黄河信息系统体系。通俗地理解，数字黄河是一个基于网络环境

3、的黄河信息特别是空间信息服务体系。1、“数字黄河”工程建设的应用内容     “数字黄河”工程建设的最终目的是为了应用，根据黄河治理开发和管理的具体情况，“数字黄河”工程建设的应用内容主要包括以下几个方面：     1.1 防汛减灾      防汛减灾是“数字黄河”工程建设的首要目标。     1.1.1 降雨预报：遥测、遥感与卫星技术可以大量提供过去不可能获得的水文信息，使得我们有条件提高降雨预报的精度和延长降雨的预见期；1.1.2

4、洪水预报：通过卫星获取高质量的影像，配合遥感（RS）、地理信息系统（GIS）、全球定位系统（GPS）平台，对黄河主要暴雨洪水来源区的下垫面数据进行立体管理；1.1.3 防洪工程联合调度：根据洪水预报结果，可对水库在计算机上进行多方案模拟调度运用，从中选择最优方案，科学地确定各水库对某种洪水的防洪运用次序及蓄洪量在各水库之间的分配；1.1.4 洪水演进：应用3S和数字高程模型（DEM）技术直接建立二、三维数字模型，综合地表达流域水文要素和各种地理实体的空间分布。使与防汛有关的重要信息都可以非常直观地反映在计算机的显示器上；1.1.5 制订防汛预案：根据洪水演进结果，可变被动防洪为主动防洪，从而可

5、大大降低黄河下游滩区的洪水损失及防洪工程出险的几率。1.2 水量调度       1.2.1 枯水期径流预报：枯水期径流预报是水量分配的重要依据；1.2.2 建立河口地区生态模拟系统：黄河河口地区是极其珍贵的原始“底本”，应将河口地区的生态系统实现数字化，通过分析主体生物的繁殖率及群体生物的新陈代谢等生态指标对黄河淡水补给量的要求，提出不同时段黄河入海应保持的最小流量和最小径流量；1.2.3 水资源实时调配；1.2.4 引水口门的自动监控系统： 流量的测量可采用超声波技术，对重要的引水口门采用视频监控并逐步推广到所有的引水口

6、。将摄像头摄录的图像信号通过数据通信网络传输到中央控制室，通过软件自动扫描现场不同位置摄像头的图像，实现自动触发报警；1.2.5 地下水观测系统。        1.3 水质监控     在黄河干流省（区）际断面和主要支流入黄口设置水质监测断面，对各断面水质状况进行实时监测，并建立实时监测数据库。通过构造河流中污染物的扩散输移模型，对污染物的扩散及输移进行模拟分析，进而对河流水质状况及其变化作出预测，为用水户特别是为城市居民用水的引水口作出水质预警预报。1.4 水土流失治理与监测

7、60;    黄河流域的水土流失主要分布在黄土高原。“数字黄河”工程建设运用3S技术，通过GPS的准确定位，借助RS及时获取水土流失及治理信息，可以对某一小流域或某一区域的水土流失状况及治理程度进行动态了解和掌握，同时借助GIS对水土流失治理的经济、社会及生态效益作出宏观评价。     1.5 水利工程运行与管理     通过远程视频技术的应用，实时了解和掌握黄河干流上重要的水利枢纽工程的运行状况，为防洪调度及全河水资源的统一调度提供准确的实时依据。堤防安全的监测仅靠大洪水发生后发动群

8、众进行徒步拉网检查险情已远远不能适应现代防汛的需要，要研究光缆变形的方法，即堤防发生渗水、沉陷变形后，通过光缆传感器将某一段已发生变形的堤防其准确位置及时传至管理中心，从而及时发出指令使之迅速得到处理。     1.6 电子政务     电子政务的建设目标，主要是实现办公自动化，信息资源化，以大大提高办公效率和准确率，同时降低办公成本。 2、“数字黄河”工程建设的目标及建设中存在的主要问题“数字黄河”工程建设的目标为：以“数字黄河”工程规划为指导，以数学模型研发和应用为重点，带动基础设施的同步进行；通过体

9、制创新和机制创新，加大管理力度，提高管理水平，实现“数字黄河”工程已建系统的良性运行。通过“十一五”期间的不断努力，初步实现黄河治理开发与管理的信息化。山东局自“数字黄河”工程建设以来，在应用系统建设、基础设施建设等方面都取得了很大的进步，在建设管理上，也取得了不少经验。但在其建设和管理上，与黄委的目标要求，还有一些差距。这些差距主要表现在：(1) 缺乏统一规划的指导，信息化建设的系统性不够；(2) 数学模型研发相对滞后，应用核心尚未形成；(3) 基础设施仍然薄弱，建设范围有待进一步扩展；(4) 应用系统不完善，应用水平不高；(5) 条块分割现象依然存在，资源整合和信息共享困难较大；(6) 部

10、分项目建设程序不够规范，政策法规执行不力(7) 运行维护机制没有建立，正常运行难以为继；(8) 专业人才缺乏，队伍培养滞后。因此，在了解“数字黄河”工程具有点多线长面广的特点下，各单位和部门必须密切配合，共同努力，针对当前建设管理现状、存在的问题和面临的形势，做好以下几个方面的有关工作。(1) 加强数学模型研发，建立数学模型体系：数学模型是“数字黄河”工程的核心和灵魂。我们山东局要重点抓好两大模型，一是东平湖防汛调度数学模型，二是黄河口数学模型。(2) 提高思想认识，促进资源共享：以防汛、水调、建管系统为重点，以综合信息服务平台系统、电子政务系统为纽带，加强应用系统建设、推进资源共享和信息整合

11、。(3) 抓重点，寻求建设突破：首先，是防汛指挥系统、水量调度系统等应用系统，直接服务于山东治黄工作。其次，是综合决策支撑平台，为领导决策提供一个综合服务系统，各系统的信息都集成在一起，各类信息在局内实现共享。再次，是政务办公，逐步实现无纸化办公。(4) 完善管理体制，加强建设管理：根据“数字黄河”工程建设管理办法，“数字黄河”工程建设管理督查和责任追究办法以及其它的管理规定，进行有针对性的检查和督查，搞好山东“数字黄河”工程的建设和管理工作。(5) 建立运行维护机制，保障系统正常运行：各单位明确职责，加强系统运行管理，保证系统的安全运行，并及时总结年度“数字黄河”工程运行维护经费的使用情况。

12、“数字黄河”工程主管部门同时应建立起运行维护机制及相应的制度和管理措施。(6) 拓宽投资渠道，合理安排资金：各单位不仅要积极自筹资金，还要积极寻求国际合作，争取国际组织和国外政府的资金。同时，要充分发挥地方和水电行业的积极性，搞联合共建。同时，应加强信息化建设资金使用的管理力度，避免资金分散投入、分散使用、分散管理，确保“数字黄河”工程建设资金的统筹安排及合理使用。(7) 加强对外合作，提高技术水平：进一步提高信息化技术水平，加强对外技术交流与合作，组织涵盖各类治黄业务和信息技术等方面的专家从宏观、全局、战略的高度，深入探讨黄河信息科技发展的战略问题、发展方向、重点及关键技术。各应用系统开发单

13、位要根据业务需求，跟踪信息化发展的新动向，采用成熟有效的新技术，与高水平有实力的科研单位、院校和公司合作，提高建设水平。"Digital Yellow River" project and its application to improveXu Yanfei* Xu Yanfei: Li Cheng Yellow River Bureau. Born in 1983, and graduated from Nanjing Agricultural University ornamental in July 2008. Now, she is in project mana

14、gement office of Li Cheng Yellow River Bureau.(Li Cheng Yellow River Bureau)Abstract: Digital Yellow River is a web-based information environment of the Yellow River in particular spatial information service system. Its applications include: flood control mitigation, water management, and monitoring

15、 water quality, soil erosion control and monitoring, management and operation of water and e-government. "Digital Yellow River" project had a great development, but there are still some problems. To solve these problems, all units and departments must closely cooperate and work together, i

16、n view of the current status of the construction and management, problems and the situation, do work accordingly.Key words: "Digital Yellow River" project; application; related issues; work focusNational Academy of Engineering Professor Wang Jiayao defined "Digital Yellow River"

17、like this: With all-digital photogrammetry, remote telemetry, remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), and other means of modern and traditional means of collecting basic data, and Microwave, FM, cable, satellite transmission, Yellow River Basin and

18、 its related areas of natural, economic, social, and other elements have been built an integrated platform for integrated digital and virtual environment. In this platform and environment to a powerful software system, with the mathematical model for the development of the Yellow River control and m

19、anagement of a variety of programs for simulation, analysis and research, and visual conditions to provide support for the decision-making, enhance the scientific decision-making and predictability. From a philosophical understanding of the digital Yellow River is to achieve real (material) of the Y

20、ellow River in the digital network space to reflect and reproduce. From a technical understanding of digital information space of the Yellow River is at the core of the Yellow River Information System. Popular understanding of the digital Yellow River is a web-based information environment of the Ye

21、llow River in particular spatial information service system.1. Content of the application of "Digital Yellow River" project The "Digital Yellow River" project is aimed at the ultimate application of the Yellow River. Under the management of the development and management of speci

22、fic conditions, "Digital Yellow River" project application includes the following:1.1 Flood Control and Disaster Mitigation Flood Control and Disaster Reduction is the primary objective of "Digital Yellow River" project.1.1.1 Rainfall forecast: Telemetry, remote sensing and satel

23、lite technology can not be the last to provide a large number of hydrological information, allow us to improve the conditions of rainfall forecast accuracy of rainfall and the extension of the period foreseen; 1.1.2 Flood forecasting: Accessing high-quality satellite images, with remote sensing (RS)

24、, geographic information systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS) platform, we can manage the storm flood of the Yellow River main source of surface are; 1.1.3 A joint flood control project scheduling: According to the results of the flood forecasting, reservoir on the computer simulation prog

25、ram for more dispatching use, and select the best programs, scientifically determine the reservoir for a flood of flood control and flood storage volume of the order of use in the reservoir between the distribution; 1.1.4 The evolution of the flood: 3S and digital elevation model (DEM) technology to

26、 establish a direct two, three-dimensional digital model of integrated express elements of the hydrological and geographical entity of the spatial distribution. So that the flood prevention and related information can be very important to reflect directly in the computer's display; 1.1.5 To form

27、ulate plans for flood prevention: According to the results of the evolution of the flood, flood control variable passive to active flood control, which can greatly reduce the beach area of the lower reaches of the Yellow River flood damage and flood control projects peril chance.1.2 Water Regulation

28、 1.2.1 Dry season runoff prediction: The dry season runoff forecast is an important basis for the allocation of water; 1.2.2 Establish the Hekou regional eco-system simulation: the Hekou of the Yellow River region is a very valuable source of "Documentary", the Hekou should be the region&#

29、39;s eco-system Digital, by analyzing the subject of biological reproduction rate and metabolism of biological groups, such as ecological indicators of the Yellow River supplies fresh water volume of requests, made in different time slots of the Yellow River into the sea to keep the minimum flow and

30、 flow path; 1.2.3 Real-time allocation of water resources; 1.2.4 Automatic monitoring systems for irrigating gate: The use of ultrasonic flow measurement technology, In the case of major water diversion gate I used video surveillance and gradually extended to all irrigating gate. The video camera im

31、age signal through the data communications network to a central control room through the software automatically scans the scene in different locations of the camera image, automatically triggering alarm; 1.2.5 Ground water observation system.1.3 Water quality monitoringYellow River in the provinces

32、(autonomous regions) of the main inter-section and I got into yellow set up water quality monitoring section, the section on water quality in real-time monitoring, real-time monitoring and the establishment of the database. By constructing the spread of pollutants in the river transport model for th

33、e spread of pollutants and transport simulation analysis, and then on river water quality and its changes in the forecast for water users in particular, the diversion of water for urban residents to make the mouth water warning Forecast.1.4 To monitor soil erosion and soil erosionIn the Yellow River

34、, basin mainly located in the Loess Plateau. "Digital Yellow River" projects to use 3S technology through GPS positioning accuracy, the RS with timely access to information and control soil erosion, can be a small valley or a region of the state of soil erosion control and dynamic level of

35、 understanding and at the same time GIS with soil erosion on the economic, social and ecological benefits to the macro evaluation.1.5 The operation and management of waterThrough remote video technology, real-time understanding and knowledge of the Yellow River Water Control Project on the important

36、 work of the operation for flood control and water resources of the entire reunification of the movement to provide accurate real-time basis. Safety monitoring of embankments alone after the flood to mobilize the masses to carry out inspections on foot net dangerous situation has been far behind the

37、 needs of modern flood control, it is necessary to study the deformation of the cable method, that is, the levee seepage occurred, the deformation of subsidence, through fiber optic cable to a sensor Deformation has occurred in a section of dike can be spread to its exact location in time management

38、 center, which issued a directive in a timely manner so that it be dealt with quickly.1.6 E-government E-government building objectives, mainly to achieve office automation, information resources, in order to greatly enhance office efficiency and accuracy while reducing the cost of office.2. The &qu

39、ot;Digital Yellow River" projects objectives and the building of the main problems In the "Digital Yellow River" project has the following objectives: <"Digital Yellow River" project> as the guide, the mathematical model and applied research and development focusing on

40、 the basis of lead, the facilities at the same time; through institutional innovation and mechanism innovation, and increase management, improve the management level, the realization of "Digital Yellow River" project to build the system has a benign operation. Through the "115 Plan&qu

41、ot; period of continuous efforts, we achieve the initial management of the Yellow River development and management of information technology.Since the "Digital Yellow River" project, in the application of the system construction and infrastructure construction, Shandong have made great pro

42、gress in building management, also made a lot of experience. However, in its construction and management, and Yellow River Conservancy Commissions goals, there are still some gaps. These gaps are the main problems:(1) Lack of unified planning guidance and information technology systematic enough; (2

43、) The research and development of Mathematic Model is lagging behind, has not yet formed the core of the application; (3) Infrastructure is still weak, and the building of the scope for further expansion; (4) Applications is incomplete and application level is not high; (5) Phenomenon of fragmentati

44、on still exists, resources and information-sharing is difficult;(6) Part of the project is a lack of norms, policies and regulations to carry out enforcement actions (7) No mechanism for operation and maintenance, to sustain the normal operation; (8) Lack of professionals, the training team behind.A

45、s a result, in the understanding of the "Digital Yellow River" project has a characteristic of long line of multi-point wide range, the various units and departments must closely cooperate and work together. To solve these problems, all units and departments must closely cooperate and work

46、 together, in view of the current status of the construction and management, problems and the situation, do the following aspects of the work.(1) Strengthen the research and development of the mathematical model, establish mathematical model system: The mathematical model is the heart and soul of th

47、e "Digital Yellow River" project. Shandong Bureau, we have to focus on the two models, one is flood control scheduling mathematical model of Dongping Lake, and the other is mathematical model of the mouth of the Yellow River. (2) Raise awareness of ideas and promote the sharing of resource

48、s: Flood control, water transfer, construction and management system focusing on an integrated information service platform, E-government system as a link to strengthen the system construction, promote resource sharing and information integration.(3) Focus efforts to seek breakthroughs in building:

49、First of all, it is the application systems including flood control systems, water regulation systems, which services directly to the work of the Yellow River in Shandong. Second, it is an integrated platform to support decision-making, leading to the decision-making to provide a comprehensive syste

50、m. Information systems are integrated with all kinds of inside information sharing to achieve. Third, it is an administrative office, the progressive realization of the paperless office.(4) Improve the management system, strengthen the management of the building: According to the <"Digital Y

51、ellow River" project management>, <"Digital Yellow River" project management supervision and accountability> and other regulations to carry out targeted inspections and supervision and do a good job of Shandong "Digital Yellow River" project construction and management.(5) Operation and maintenance the establishment of a mechanism to protect the normal operation of the system: Clear duty units, to strengthen the mana