不定式作定语的用法

1、不定式作定语的用法不定式及其短语作定语，与其他短语作定语一样，一般都放在被修饰的词之后，通常表示一个将来 的动作，有时也可以表示某一过去的特定动作。一些名词后常用不定式作定语，如：chance(机会)，way(方法)，time(时间)等；另外，the first,the seco nd,the last,the only等作名词或者它们作形容词用来修饰代词，它们或它们所修饰的代词后，也常用不定式作定语。不定式作定语时，不定式与被修饰词之间存在的关系复杂，有的是主谓关系；有的是动宾关系；有 的是动状关系，还有的不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系。1、主谓关系的(1)We must find a pers

2、on to do the work.(2) There is no one to take care of her.(3) In my family,my mother is always the first one to get up.(4) He is always the first to come and the last to leave.(5) We n eed some one to go and get a doctor.2、动宾关系的如果不定式与被修饰的词在逻辑上存在动宾关系，不定式里的动词必须是及物动词。注意：是及物动词的，后面不要再加宾语，因为前面的被修饰词是它的宾语；是

3、不及物动词的， 要加上适当的介词或副词让它变成及物动词，只有这样，它才能带上前面的宾语。(1) He has a lot of books to read.(2) I would like a magazine to look at.(3) Here is some advice for you to follow.(4) Do you have any thi ng else to say?(5) There is no one to take care of.(6) She has nothing to worry about.3、动状关系的 被修饰词如果是不定式里动词的状语，应多用介词短

4、语。由于被修饰词前没有介词，所以只能在不定式里的动词后加介词。(1) Please give me some paper to write on.(2) Lets find a room to put these thi ngs in (3) I have no house to live in.(4) He has no pen to write with.(5) There are five pairs to choose from.4、 不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的被修饰词与不定式里的动词不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的，被修饰词多是些抽象名词。(1) I have no time to g

5、o to the movie.(2)Theres no need to send for a doctor. (3) Wheres the best place to meet?(4) Is that the way to do it?(5) Im not sure about his ability to complete the task alone.现在分词作定语状语的用法现在分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。现在分词用定语时相当于一个定语从句； 作状语表示时间、原因、条件等时相当于一个状语从句。然而，我们在使用现在分词时 应注意两方面的问题。一、作定诅现在分词短语作定语逋常置所修馀的名词

6、或代词Z后，现在分词短语作方置定语 时，应注意下列三点：1. 现在分词表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作是一先一后发生而不是同时发生时， 不能用现在分词作定语，应使用定语从句表示。如：The teacher criticized the stude nt hav ing broke n the win dow.The teacher criticized the stude nt who had broke n the win dow.Do you know anyone hav ing lost a car ? Do you know anyone who have lost a car ?2.

7、 be ing可用状语或补语，但不可作定语。如：Anybody being outside after ten o clock will be criticized. T)Anybody who is outside after ten o clock will be criticized.3表示经常性或已完成的非进行动作的时候，不用现在分词作定语。例如：供） The boy bringing us milk everyday is my brother.T） The boy who brings us milk everyday is my brother.二、作状诅现在分词作状诅,我心必须

8、注意以下阿点:1现在分词作状语与谓语动词的时间关系。现在分词所表小-的动作与谓语动近表小的动作同时发生时，现在分词用一般式。女口：The secretary worked late into the ni ght, prepari ng a long speech for the preside nt. He sent me an E-mail, hoping to get further information.现在分词所表小的动作先:谓诅动词的动作时，现在分同要用完成式。如：Havi ng suffered from heart trouble for years, Professor W

9、hite has to take some medici ne with him whe never he goes.Having fini shed his homework, the boy went out to play football.2. 现在分词作状语与主语的关系。现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子主语必须 保持一致。如果不一致，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。如：Look ing out of the win dow of our hotel room, we could see lots of mountains around.They came into the

10、 classroom, talking and laughing.Mr. Smith being absent, the meeting had to be put off.It being a fine day, we all wan ted to go out ing.3. 现在分词作状语时，前面可用连词whe n, while, once等。如：Whe n talk ing to you, I always feel happy.Be careful while crossing the street.4. 现在分词作状语时与主语之间不能有并列连词or, and, but等,因为并列连词

11、连接 的是两个并列的成分，而分词短语只是全句的一个状语部分，但分词与主语之间可用逗号。如：Having been told many times, but he still couldn t understand it.-下 Having been told many times, he still couldn t understand it.过去分词的主要用法非谓语动词除了包括不定式、动名词和现在分词之外，还包括过去分词。过去分词又 称-ed分词，在句中可以构成句子的谓语和复合宾语，也可以用作句子的表语、定语和状 语。一、过去分词构成谓语和作表语的情况1. 和某些助动词一起构成句子的谓语：

12、I have n t bee n out much rece ntly我最近没太出门。分析:过去分词been和have的否定形式haven t 起构成句子的谓语（完成否定形 式）have n t bee n。It was said that he had bee n arrestee据 说他被捕了。分析:过去分词arrested和 be的完成形式had beer一起构成句子的谓语（用了被动语 态）。2. 在句中用作表语:I am awfully worried. Daddy is ill.我很着急，我爸爸病了。分析： 过去分词worried作表语，和am 一起构成系表结构。二、过去分词和它所补

13、充说明的名词一起构成复合宾语这种用法又可分为两种情况：1. 过去分词和名词一起构成复合宾语。 例如 :She didnt want her daughter taken out after dark.她不希望天黑后女儿被带出门。分析：过去分词短语taken out作名词短语her daughter的补语，并和该名词短语一起构成复合宾语。2. 介词 with 后有时也可以跟这类复合宾语。例如 ：He sat with his arms clasped round his knees. 他双手抱膝坐着。That year ended with nothing settled. 那一年什么事也没解决

14、就结束了。分析:在这两句话中,过去分词clasped和settled分别作his arms和nothing的补语， 并一起构成介词的复合宾语。三、过去分词用作定语修饰名词1. 表示情绪的过去分词可以作定语 ,这些过去分词主要有satisfied,frightened,worried,pleased,confused,embarrassed,surprised,astonished, agitated,puzzled等。例女口 :Marti n s con fused sorrows turned to optimism马 丁烦乱的悲哀情绪转而变成乐观情 绪。He did n t notice

15、the surprised look on her face他 没有注意到她脸上惊讶的表情。分析:在这两个例句中，过去分词confused和surprised均作定语,分别修饰名词 sorrows 和 look。2. 一些过去分词用作定语并与其修饰的名词构成固定搭配。例如:boiled water开水canned food 罐头食品 required courses必修课 united front 统一战线3. 过去分词和名词、形容词、副词等一起构成复合形容词。例如 :a simply-fur ni shed apartme nt套陈设简单的房间a cautiously-worded stat

16、eme nt措辞谨慎的声明stro ngly-motivated stude nts学习动力很强的学生4. 带有完成意义的一些过去分词也可以作定语。例如 :the rise n sun ( = the sun that has just rise初 升的太阳vani shed jewels消失了的珠宝an exploded bomb (a bomb that has explode爆 炸了的炸弹 returned stude nts归国留学生注:有些以-ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变来的形容词。例如：armored cars装 甲车a gifted boy有天赋的孩子 salari

17、ed class工薪阶层 a detailed account 详细的叙述 a bearded man留络腮胡子的男人5. 有些过去分词短语用在所修饰词后面作定语,作用相当于一个定语从句。例如 :Sudde nly there appeared a young woma n dressed in gree n 突然出现一个穿绿衣的女 子。分析:过去分词短语dressed in green放在名词短语a you ng woman后面作定语,相当 于一个定语从句 who was dressed in greenThe play put on by the teachers was a big su

18、cce老.师们上演的戏很成功。分析:过去分词短语put on by the teachers放在名词短语the play后面作定语,相当于 一个定语从句 that was put on by the teachers6. 单一的过去分词有时也可跟在名词后面作定语。例如 :The desig ners decided to cha nge the materials usd设计者决定改变所用的材料。分析:单一的过去分词used跟在名词短语the materials后面作定语，相当于一个定语 从句 that were used。7. 过去分词的进行形式作定语表示现在正在进行的动作 :We must

19、 keep a secret of the things being discussed he我们须对正在讨论的问题保密。分析:过去分词discussed的进行形式being discussec作名词短语the things的定语, 相当于一个定语从句 which are being discussed。I knew nothing about the experime nt being con ducted ther我 对在那里进行的实验一 无所知。分析:过去分词 con ducted的进行形式 being con ducted作名词短语 the experime nt的 定语 ,相当于一个

20、定语从句 which was being conducted。四、过去分词作状语1. 过去分词短语作状语 （多放在句首 , 也可放在句尾或句中 ）:Seen from the hill, thecity looks magn ifice nt.从山上看这座城市非常壮观。He soon felt asleep, exhausted by thejourney.由于旅途劳顿，他很快就睡着了。分析:过去分词短语seen from the hill和exhausted by the journey分别放在句首和句尾作状语，修饰相应的主句。2. 单独的过去分词有时也可用作状语 :Depressed, h

21、e went to see his elder sist他情 绪很低沉，于是便去看他的姐姐。He turned away, disappointed他失望地走开了。分析：单 个过去分词depressed和disappointed分别放在句首和句尾作状语，修饰主句。3. 过去分词短语和连词连用 ,作状语:I went on talking, though continually interrupted by George我继续讲我的，尽管一直被 乔治打断。They would never do this unless compellec除非受到强迫，否则他们决不会做这种事。 分析:上面两个句子中

22、，过去分词短语continually interrupted by George和过去分词 compelled分别和连词though和unless起作状语。4. 过去分词还可引导一个状语从句 :Provided （that） there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting there如果没有人反对, 我们将在那里开会。分析:过去分词provided引导出句子（that） there is no opposition并和该句子一起作状 语 , 修饰主句 we shall hold the meeting there。真题演练 请按要求将下列句子

23、翻译成英语：1. 下午四点半主席宣布闭会。（过去分词构成复合宾语）2. 她脸上的愁容加重了。（用过去分词作定语）3. 最后威尔逊提出的计划通过了。（过去分词短语放在所修饰名词后作定语）4. 你对正在维也纳召开的峰会有什么看法？（用过去分词的进行时形式）5. 连续的暴雨使桥身受损，这座桥已不再安全。（过去分词短语作状语）6. 当别人对他以友善相待时，他非常和蔼可亲。（过去分词和连词连用作状语）7. 如果你早上六点钟到达车站，你就会赶上最早的火车。（用过去分词引导状语从句）答案及解析1. At 4:30 p.m. the chairman declared the session closed.分

24、析:过去分词closed作名词短语the session的补语,并和该名词短语一起构成谓语 declared的复合宾语。2. The worried look deepened upon her face.分析:过去分词worried作定语，修饰主语look。3. In the end the program offered by Wilson was adopted.分析:过去分词短语offered by Wilson放在名词pro-gram后面作该名词的定语，相当于 一个定语从句 that was offered by Wilson。4. What do you think of the

25、summit meeting being held in Vienna?分析:过去分词held的进行时形式being held和介词短语in Vienna 起作名词短语 the summit meeting的定语，相当于一个定语从句 which are being held in Vienna。5. Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe.分析:过去分词短语weakened by successive storms放在句首作状语表示原因，修饰整个 主句。6. When treated with kindness,

26、 he was very amiable.分析:过去分词短语treated with kindness和连词when连用,一起作状语修饰整个主句。7. Provided （that） you arrive at the station at 6:00 a.m., you will catch the earliest train.分析:过去分词 provided （that）引导出分句you arrive at the station at 6:00 a.m.并和该分 句一起作状语修饰整个主句。定语从句即在复合句中充当定语的从句，定语从句修饰名词或者代词放在所修饰名词或代词之后， 这种名词或者

27、代词叫先行词。引导先行词的有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词： that， which ， who ， whom ， whose .that 指人、物，在从句中做主语（不可以省略）或宾语（可省略）which 指物，在从句中做主语（不可以省略）或宾语（可省略）who 指人，在从句中做主语（不可省略）或宾语（可省略）whom 指人，在从句中做宾语可省略，但在其之前有介词时不可以省略。 whose 通常指人也可指物，在从句中做定语。that 的用法1. 定语从句的先行词被 all，some，any，no，little ，few，much，very,only 等修饰时 You should hand in

28、 all that you have.2. 定语从句的先行词被序数修饰或在它前面有一个序数词时He is the last person（ that） I want to see.It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen.3. 定语从句的先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have ever seen.4. 定语从句的先行词是不定代词 everything ， anything ， nothing 等不定代词时 Is there anything else th

29、at I can do for you?5. 定语从句的先行词既有人又有物时They talked about the persons and the things that they remebered in the old days.6. 主句中已有一疑问词 who 或 which 时Which is the bike that you lost.Who is the woman that was was praised at the meetings?7. 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ，另外一个宜用 that.Edison built up a factory whi

30、ch produced things that had never been seen before.8. that 不可以用于非限定定语从句。which 的用法1. which 可以用于引导非限定定语从句2. 介词 +which ，其中的 which 不可以省略，有时候相当于 where，when， why 的用法 介词 + 关系代词：介词 +whom ，介词 +whichwho 的用法1. 先行词是 one,ones,anyone 时用 who。One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.2. 先行词为 t

31、hose 时，关系代词用 who 。Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.3. 先行词有较长的后置定语时用who 。I met a foreiner in the street yesterday who could ask me questions in Chinese.4. 一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用that,另一个定语从句 who。关系副词： where， when， whywhere 做地点状语This is the house I was born in the house.=This

32、is the house I was born there.=This is the house where I was born.=This is the house in which I was born.=This is the house that/which I was born in.where代替先行词the house在从句中地点状语， 代替there （副词）或in the house（介词短语）,where=in which.when 的用法He came at a time when we needed help.=He came at a time at which we neede