低碳经济外文翻译

1、低碳经济外文翻译 外文翻译Low-carbon economyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA Low-Carbon Economy LCE or Low-Fossil-Fuel Economy LFFE1 is an economy which has a minimal output of greenhouse gas GHG emissions into the biosphere, but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. Recently, most of s

2、cientific and public opinion has come to the conclusion there is such an accumulation of GHGs especially CO2 in the atmosphere due to anthropogenic causes, that the climate is changing. The over-concentrations of these gases is producing global warming that affects long-term climate, with negative i

3、mpacts on humanity in the foreseeable future.2 Globally implemented LCE's therefore, are proposed as a means to avoid catastrophic climate change, and as a precursor to the more advanced, zero-carbon society and renewable-energy economy Rationale and aimsNations seek to become low-carbon economi

4、es as a part of a national global warming mitigation strategy. A comprehensive strategy to manage global warming is carbon neutrality, geoengineering and adaptation to global warming.The aim of a LCE is to integrate all aspects of itself from its manufacturing, agriculture, transportation and power-

5、generation etc. around technologies that produce energy and materials with little GHG emission; and thus, around populations, buildings, machines and devices which use those energies and materials efficiently, and, dispose of or recycle its wastes so as to have a minimal output of GHGs. Furthermore,

6、 it has been proposed that to make the transition to an LCE economically viable we would have to attribute a costper unit output to GHGs through means such as emissions trading and/or a carbon tax.Some nations are presently low carbon: societies which are not heavily industrialised or populated. In

7、order to avoid climate change on a global level, all nations considered carbon intensive societies and societies which are heavily populated might have to become zero-carbon societies and economies. Several of these countries have pledged to cut their emissions by 100% via offsetting emissions rathe

8、r than ceasing all emissions carbon neutrality; in other words, emitting will not cease but will continue and will be offset to a different geographical area Energy policyA country's energy policy will be immediately impacted by a transition toward a low-carbon economy. Advisory bodies and techn

9、o-economic modelling such as the POLES energy model can be used by governments and NGOs in order to study transition pathways.Nuclear power, or, the proposed strategies of carbon capture and storage CCS have been proposed as the primary means to achieve a LCE while continuing to exploit non-renewabl

10、e resources; there is concern, however, with the matter of spent-nuclear-fuel storage, security and the uncertainty of costs and time needed to successfully implement CCS worldwide and with guarantees that the stored emissions will not leak into the biosphere. Alternatively, many have proposed renew

11、able energy should be the main basis of a LCE, but, they have their associated problems of high-cost and inefficiency; this is changing, however, since investment and production have been growing significantly in recent times.3 Furthermore, regardless of the effect to the biosphere by GHG emissions,

12、 the growing issue of peak oil may also be reason enough for a transition to an LCE.See also: Low carbon dietFoodstuffs should be produced as close as possible to the final consumers preferably within walking/cycling distance. This will reduce the amount of carbon-based energy necessary to transport

13、 the foodstuffs. Consumers can also buy fresh food rather than processed food, since carbon-based energy might be used to process the food. Cooking presents another opportunity to conserve energy. Energy could be saved if farmers produced more foods that people would eat raw.weasel wordscitation nee

14、dedAlso, most of the agricultural facilities in the developed world are mechanized due to rural electrification. Rural electrification has produced significant productivity gains, but it also uses a lot of energy. For this and other reasons such as transport costs in a low-carbon society, rural area

15、s would need available supplies of renewably produced electricity.citation neededIrrigation can be one of the main components of an agricultural facility's energy consumption. In parts of California it can be up to 90%.4 In the low carbon economy, irrigation equipment will be maintained and cont

16、inually updated and farms will use less irrigation water CropsDifferent crops require different amounts of energy input. For example, glasshouse crops, irrigated crops, and orchards require a lot of energy to maintain, while row crops and field crops dont need as much maintenance. Those glasshouse a

17、nd irrigated crops that do exist will incorporate the following improvements:5LivestockLivestock operations can also use a lot of energy depending on how they are run. Feed lots use animal feed made from corn, soybeans, and other crops. Energy must be expended to produce these crops, process and tra

18、nsport them. Free-range animals find their own vegetation to feed on. The farmer may expend energy to take care of that vegetation, but not nearly as much as the farmer who grows cereal and oil-seed crops.Many livestock operations currently use a lot of energy to water their livestock. In the low-ca

19、rbon economy, such operations will use more water conservation methods such as rainwater collection, water cisterns, etc. and they will also pump/distribute that water with on-site renewable energy sources most likely wind and solar.Due to rural electrification, most agricultural facilities in the d

20、eveloped world use a lot of electricity. In a low-carbon economy, farms will be run and equipped to allow for greater energy efficiency. The dairy industry, for example, will incorporate the following changes:5Irrigated Dairychemical substitute for hot water wash Hunting and FishingFishing is quite

21、energy intensive. Improvements such as heat recovery on refrigeration and trawl net technology will be common in the low-carbon economy.5dead linkForestryMain article: Wood economyIn the low-carbon economy, forestry operations will be focused on low-impact practices and regrowth. Forest managers wil

22、l make sure that they do not disturb soil based carbon reserves too much. Specialized tree farms will be the main source of material for many products. Quick maturing tree varieties will be grown on short rotations in order to imize output.6MiningMain article: Gas flareFlaring and venting of natural

23、 gas in oil wells is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Its contribution to greenhouse gases has declined by three-quarters in absolute terms since a peak in the 1970s of approximately 110 million metric tons/year and now accounts for about 1/2 of one percent of all anthropogenic carb

24、on dioxide emissions.7 The World Bank estimates that 100 billion cubic meters of natural gas are flared or vented annually, an amount equivalent to the combined annual gas consumption of Germany and France, twice the annual gas consumption of Africa, three quarters of Russian gas exports, or enough

25、to supply the entire world with gas for 20 days. This flaring is highly concentrated: 10 countries account for 75% of emissions, and twenty for 90%.8 The largest flaring operations occur in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The leading contributors to gas flaring are in declining order: Nigeria, Ru

26、ssia, Iran, Algeria, Mexico, Venezuela, Indonesia, and the United States.9 RetailRetail operations in the low-carbon economy will have several new features. One will be high efficiency lighting such as compact fluorescent, halogen, and eventually LED light sources. Many retail stores will also featu

27、re roof-top solar panel arrays. These make sense because solar panels produce the most energy during the daytime and during the summer. These are the same times that electricity is the most expensive and also the same times that stores use the most electricity.10Transportation ServicesMore energy ef

28、ficiency and alternative propulsion: oIncreased focus on fuel efficient vehicle shapes and configurations, with more vehicle electrification, particularly through plug-in hybridsoMore alternative and flex-fuel vehicles based on local conditions and availability oDriver training for more fuel efficie

29、ncyoLow carbon-biofuels cellulosic biodiesel, bioethanol, biobutanol oPetroleum fuel surcharges will be a more significant part of consumer costs?Less international trade of physical objects, despite more overall trade as measure by value of goodsGreater use of marine and electric rail transport, le

30、ss use of air and truck transport?Increased bicycle and public transport usage, less reliance on private motor vehicles?More pipeline capacity for common fluid commodities such as water, ethanol, butanol, natural gas, petroleum, and hydrogen in addition to gasoline and dieselSee 111213Health Service

31、sThere have been some moves to investigate the ways and extent to which health systems contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and how they may need to change to become part of a low-carbon world. The Sustainable Development Unit14 of the NHS in the UK is one of the first official bodies to have been

32、 set up in this area, whilst organisations such as the Campaign for Greener Healthcare 15 are also producing influential changes at a clinical level. This work includesQuantification of where the health services emissions stem from?Information on the environmental impacts of alternative models of tr

33、eatment and service provision Some of the suggested changes needed are:Greater efficiency and lower ecological impact of energy, buildings, and procurement choices e.g. in-patient meals, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment?A shift from focusing solely on cure to prevention, through the promotion o

34、f healthier, lower carbon lifestyles, e.g. diets lower in red meat and dairy products, walking or cycling wherever possible, better town planning to encourage more outdoor lifestyles?Improving public transport and liftsharing options for transport to and from hospitals and clinics Initial stepsInter

35、nationally, the most prominent early step in the direction of a low-carbon economy was the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, which came into force on February 16, 2005, under which most industrialized countries committed to reduce their carbon emissions.1617 Importantly, all member nations of the Organ

36、ization for Economic Co-operation and Development except the United States have ratified the protocol CountriesCosta RicaCosta Rica sources much of its energy needs from renewables and is undertaking reforestation projects. In 2007 the Costa Rican government announced the commitment for Costa Rica t

37、o become the first carbon neutral country by 2021.181920IcelandMain article: Renewable energy in IcelandIceland began utilising renewable energy early in the 20th century and so since has been a low-carbon economy. However since dramatic economic growth, Iceland's emissions have increased signif

38、icantly per capita. As of 2021, Iceland energy is sourced from mostly geothermal energy and hydropower, renewable energy in Iceland, and since 1999, has provided over 70% of the nation's primary energy and 99.9% of Iceland's electricity.21 As a result of this, Iceland's carbon emissions

39、per capita are 62% lower than those of the United States22 despite using more primary energy per capita,23 due to the fact that it is renewable and thus limitless and costs Icelanders almost nothing. Iceland seeks carbon neutrality and expects to use 100% renewable energy by 2050 by generating hydro

40、gen fuel from renewable energy sources AustraliaMain article: Renewable energy in AustraliaAustralia has implemented schemes to start the transition to a low carbon economy but carbon neutrality has not been mentioned and since the introduction of such scheme emissions have increased. The current go

41、vernment has mentioned the concept but has done little and has pledged to lower emissions by 5-15%. In 2001, The Howard Government introduced a Mandatory Renewable Energy Target MRET scheme. In 2007, the Government revised the MRET - 20 per cent of Australia's electricity supply to come from ren

42、ewable energy sources by 2021. In 2021, the Rudd Government will legislate a short-term emissions reduction target, another revision to the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target as well as an emissions trading scheme. Renewable energy sources provide 8-10% of the nation's energy and this figure will

43、 increase significantly in the coming years. However coal dependence and exporting conflicts with the concept of Australia as a low-carbon economy. Carbon neutral businesses have received no incentive; they have voluntarily done so. Carbon offset companies offer assessments based on life cycle impac

44、ts to businesses that seek carbon neutrality. The Carbon Reduction Institute is one such offset provider, that has produced a Low Carbon Directory to promote a low carbon economy in Australia New ZealandChinaMain article: Renewable energy in ChinaIn China, the city of Dongtan is to be built to produ

45、ce zero net greenhouse gas emissions.24Chinese State Council has announced its aim to cut China's carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP by 40%-45% in 2021 from 2005 levels.25SwedenOil phase-out in SwedenUnited KingdomIn the United Kingdom, the Climate Change Act outlining a framework for the t

46、ransition to a low-carbon economy became law on November 26, 2021. This legislation requires a 80% cut in the UK's carbon emissions by 2050 compared to 1990 levels, with an intermediate target of between 26% and 32% by 2021.26 Thus, the UK became the first country to set such a long-range and si

47、gnificant carbon reduction target into law.A meeting at the Royal Society on 17?18 November 2021 concluded that an integrated approach, making best use of all available technologies is required to move towards a low carbon future. It was suggested by participants that it would be possible to move to

48、 a low carbon economy within a few decades, but that 'urgent and sustained action is needed on several fronts'.27United StatesLow Carbon Economy Act of 2007.28译文 低碳经济 从维基百科,免费的百科全书 一个低碳经济现状或Low-Fossil-Fuel经济LFFE1是一种经济具有最小输出的温室气体排放的温室气体进入生物圈,但具体指的温室气体二氧化碳。最近,大多数科学和舆论已得出的结论有这样一种累积的GHGs特别是在大气中二

49、氧化碳由于人为造成的气候变化,。这些气体的不得造成中国生产的全球变暖的影响,长期气候有负面影响人类在可预见的将来。2,因此全球实施现状提出的手段来防止灾难性的气候变化,并为先导,以更先进的技术、经济和社会renewable-energy zero-carbon。 原理和目标 国家寻求成为低碳经济作为全球变暖的一个组成局部缓解策略。一个全面的策略管理全球变暖是碳中和,geoengineering和适应全球变暖。 这个目的是整合各方面的现状,从其制造的农业生产、交通运输、发电等技术,生产能源,周围的小温室气体排放材料;因此,围绕人口、建筑、机械、设备和材料的使用这些能量效率、处分或回收的废物,以便

50、有一个最小输出的GHGs。再者,它已经提议做转变到经济可行的现状,我们将不得不属性的本钱每单位产出等方式GHGs通过排放交易和/或碳排放税。 一些国家目前低碳:社会不重工业化或居住。为了防止气候变化对全球水平上,所有的国家和社会的碳密集社会认为是人口密集的可能要成为zero-carbon社会和经济。这些国家的承诺减少温室气体的排放100%通过抵消排放的温室气体的排放,而不是终止一切碳中和;换句话说,散发出不会停止,但仍将继续,将抵消到不同的地理区域。 能源政策, 一个国家的能源政策将被立即受到了向低碳经济转型。咨询机构和经济技术开发区的造型如两极能量模式,可用于由政府和非政府组织为了研究转型路

51、径。 核能,或者,该策略的碳采集和存储技术CCS已经提议为主要手段,实现在继续开发现状是不可再生资源,值得关注的是,然而,spent-nuclear-fuel的存储、平安及不确定性的本钱和时间的成功实施CCS所需全球和保证存储的排放量将不会泄漏进入生物圈。另外,许多人提出的可再生能源应主要依据现状的,但是,他们有关联的高本钱和效率低下的问题,这是变化的,然而,从投资、生产已经日益明显,在最近的几次。3再者,不管效果由温室气体的排放,生物圈成长问题的“峰值石油也可能会有足够的理由为过渡到一个现状。 低碳饮食 食品应当尽可能靠近最终消费者最好步行或骑车的距离。这将减少碳能源的必要的运输食品。消费者

52、还可以买到新鲜的食物,而不是食品加工、自碳能源可以用来加工食品。烹饪礼物一次时机节省能源。如果农民能节省能源生产更多的食物,人们会吃生的。 同时,大局部的设施农业机械化兴旺国家是由于农村电气化。农村电气化建设产生了显著的生产率增长,但它也需要大量的能量。为了这一个,也为了别的原因如运输本钱在一个低,农村社会需要提供电力供给。引用可再生生物质生产所需 灌溉可以是一个组件的农业设施的能源消耗。在加利福尼亚的可高达90%。4在低碳经济、灌溉设备将保持与不断更新和农场使用较少的灌溉用水。 作物 不同的作物需要大量的能量输入。例如,温室作物的灌溉农作物,和果园,需要大量的能量来维持,而排农作物和农作物不

53、需要太多的维修费用。灌溉作物,这些温室,确实存在将以下改善 家畜 家畜操作也可以使用大量的精力取决于他们都跑了。使用动物饲料喂养很多是从玉米、大豆和其它作物。能量产生这些农作物、过程和运输。由动物找到自己的植物上。农夫会消耗精力照顾,植被,但不是几乎一样多的农夫,生长oil-seed谷类作物。 许多牲畜操作使用大量的精力去水饲养牲畜。在低碳经济,这些行动将会使用更多的水保育方法如雨水收集,水,等等,他们将贮水池的水也泵/分发和现场可再生能源最可能的风能和太阳能。 由于农村电气化,大多数兴旺国家农业设施的使用大量的电力。在一个低碳经济、农场才能运行和装备,以便更多的能源使用效率。乳品行业,例如,将下面的变化5。 狩猎、捕鱼为生。 钓鱼是相当能源密集的。例如热回收在制冷拖网科技深圳将在低碳经济。5链接 林业 主要内容:木经济 在低碳经济、林业业务将集中在低强度的实践和再生。森林经理将