传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译教学文案

1、Sen sor tech no logyA sen sor is a device which produces a sig nal in resp onse to its detect ing or measuring a property ,such as position , force , torque , pressure , temperature , humidity , speed , acceleration , or vibration .Traditionally ,sensors (such as actuators and switches )have bee n u

2、sed to set limits on the performa nee of machi nes .Com mon examples are (a) stops on mach ine tools to restrict work table moveme nts ,(b) pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features , and (c) gover nors on engines to preve nt excessive speed of operati on . Sen sor tech no log

3、y has become an importa nt aspect of manu facturi ng processes and systems .It is esse ntial for proper data acquisiti on and for the mon itori ng , com muni cati on , and computer con trol of mach ines and systems .Because they convert one qua ntity to ano ther , sen sorsofte n are referred to as t

4、ran sducers .An alog sen sors produce a sig nal , such as voltage ,which is proporti onal to the measured qua ntity .Digital sen sors have nu meric or digital outputs that can be tran sferred to computers directly .An alog-to-coverter(ADC) is available for in terfac ing an alog sen sors with compute

5、rs .Classificati ons of Sen sorsSen sors that are of in terest in manu facturi ng may be classified gen erally as follows:Macha ni cal sen sors measure such as qua ntities as positions ,shape ,velocity ,force ,torque , pressure , vibration , strain , and mass .Electrical sen sors measure voltage , c

6、urre nt , charge , and con ductivity .Magn etic sen sors measure magn etic field ,flux , and permeablity .Thermal sen sors measure temperature , flux ,con ductivity , and special heat .Other types are acoustic , ultras onic , chemical , optical , radiati on , laser ,and fiber-optic .Depending on its

7、 application , a sensor may consist of metallic , nonmetallic , orga nic , or inorganic materials , as well as fluids ,gases ,plasmas , or semic on ductors .Usi ng the special characteristics of these materials , sen sors covert the qua ntity or property measured to an alog or digital output. The op

8、eratio n of an ordinary mercury thermometer , for example , is based on the differe nee betwee n the thermal expa nsion of mercury and that of glass.Similarly , a machine part , a physical obstruction , or barrier in a space can be detected by break ing the beam of light whe n sen sed by a photoelec

9、tric cell . A proximity sen sor ( which sen ses and measures the dista nee betwee n it and an object or a moving member of a mach ine ) can be based on acoustics , magn etism , capacita nee , or optics . Other actuators con tact the object and take appropriate actio n ( usually by electromecha nical

10、 means ) . Sen sors are esse ntial to the con duct of in tellige nt robots , and are being developed with capabilities that resemble those of huma ns ( smart sen sors , see the followi ng ).This is America, the developme nt of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the scree n, through a remote

11、con trol operator to con trol ano ther man ipulator, through the realizati on of the right abdo minal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibiti on, the Un ited States has bee n successful in achiev ing the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused

12、 a great sen satio n, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, I n fact, it through some equipme nt to some of the lesi ons in specti ons, through a mani pulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the

13、robot un der surgery Robot doctor to in clude doctors with pliers, tweezers or a kn ife to replace the nu rses, while lighti ng automatically to the doctor's moveme nts lin ked, the doctor hands off, lighti ng went off, This is very good, a doctor's assista nt.Tactile sensing is the con ti n

14、u ous of variable con tact forces , com mon ly by an array of sen sors . Such a system is capable of perform ing within an arbitrary three-dime nsio nal space .has gradually shifted from manu facturi ng to non-manu facturi ng and service in dustries, we are talk ing about the car manu facturer bel o

15、nging to the manu facturi ng in dustry, However, the services sector in clud ing clea nin g, refueli ng, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These bel ong to the non-manu facturi ng in dustries and service in dustries, so here is compared with the in dustrial robot, it is a very importa nt differe nee. It

16、is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also in stalled some as a force sen sor and visual sen sors, ultras onic ranging sen sors, etc. It' s surro unding en vir onment for the con duct ofiden tificati on, to determ ine its campaig n to complete some w

17、ork, this is service robot ' s one of the basic characteristicsIn visual sensing (mach ine visi on , computer visi on ) , cameral optically sense the prese nee and shape of the object . A microprocessor the n processes the image (usually in less tha n one sec ond ) , the image is measured , and

18、the measureme nts are digitized ( image recog niti on ) .Machi ne visi on is suitable particularly for in accessible parts , in hostile manu facturi ng en vir onments , for measuri ng a large nu mber of small features , and in situatio ns where physics con tact with the part may cause damage .Small

19、sen sors have the capability to perform a logic fun ctio n , to con duct two-way com muni catio n , and to make a decisi ons and take appropriate actions . The n ecessary in put and the kno wledge required to make a decisi on can be built into a smart sen sor . For example , a computer chip with sen

20、 sors can be programmed to turn a mach ine tool off whe n a cutti ng tool fails . Likewise , a smart sen sor can stop a mobile robot or a robot arm from accide ntally coming in con tact with an object or people by using qua ntities such as dista nee , heat , and no ise .Sen sor fusi on . Sen sor fus

21、i on basically invo Ives the in tegrati on of multiple sen sors in such a manner where the in dividual data from each of the sen sors ( such as force , vibrati on , temperature , and dime nsions ) are comb ined to provide a higher level of in formati on and reliability . A com mon applicatio n of se

22、n sor fusi on occurs whe n some one drinks a cup of hot coffee . Although we take such a quotidia n eve nt for gran ted ,it readily can be see n that this process invo Ives data in put from the pers on's eyes , lips , ton gue , and hands .Through our basic sen ses of sight , heari ng , smell , t

23、aste , and touch , there is real-time mon itori ng of relative moveme nts , positi ons , and temperatures . Thus if the coffee is too hot , the hand moveme nt of the cup toward the lip is con trolled and adjusted accord in gly .The earliest applicati ons of sen sor fusi on were in robot moveme nt co

24、n trol , missile flight track ing , and similar military applicati ons . Primarily because these activities invo Ive moveme nts that mimic huma n behavior . Ano ther example of sen sor fusion is a machine operation in which a set of different but integrated sensors mo ni tors (a) the dime nsions and

25、 surface fin ish of workpiece , (b) tool forces , vibrati ons ,and wear ,(c) the temperature in various regi ons of the tool-workpiece system , and (d) the spin dle power .An importa nt aspect in sen sor fusi on is sen sor validati on : the failure of one particular sen sor is detected so that the c

26、on trol system mai ntai ns high reliability . For this applicatio n ,the recei ving of redu ndant data from differe nt sen sors is esse ntial . It can be see n that the recei ving , in tegrat ing of all data from various sen sors can be a complex problem .With adva nces in sen sor size , quality , a

27、nd tech no logy and con ti nued developme nts in computer-c on trol systems , artificial n eural n etworks , sen sor fusi on has become practical and available at low cost .Moveme nt is relatively in depe ndent of the nu mber of comp onen ts, the equivale nt of our body, waist is a rotary degree of

28、freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Mea nwhile there is a wrist posture adjustme nt to the use of the three aut onomy, the gen eral robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locati ons, three postures, the robot

29、fully achieved, and of course we have less tha n six degrees of freedomFiber-optic sen sors are being developed for gas-turb ine engines . These sen sors will be in stalled in critical locatio ns and will mon itor the con diti ons in side the engine , such as temperature , pressure , and flow of gas

30、 . Con ti nu ous mon itori ng of the sig nals from thes sen sors will help detect possible engine problems and also provide the n ecessary data for impro ving the efficie ncy of the engines .传感器技术传感器一种通过检测某一参数而产生信号的装置。 这一参数可以是位置、力、 力矩、压力、温度、湿度、速度、加速度或震动。从传统意义上来说，传感器（比 如执行器、开关）可用于限制机器参数的极限位置。常见的传感器有（

31、a）限制工作台运动的机床停止开关，（b）具有自动关闭功能的压力仪表和温度仪表，（c） 防止速度超限的调速器。传感器技术已成为制造过程和系统的重要方面。它对于 数据的正确采集、机器和系统的检测、通讯以及计算机控制是很必要的。传感器能够将一种物理量转换为另一种物理量， 因此，传感器通常（被看作） 指转换器。模拟传感器产生信号，比如电压信号，该信号与被测物理力量成一定 比例。数字传感器具有数字输出，该数字输出能够直接被传递到计算机上。 模数 转换器能够在模拟传感器和计算机之间起到接口作用。传感器的分类在制造业中，传感器可以分为以下几类：机械类传感器可以用来测量位置、 形状、速度、力、力矩、压力、震动

32、、应变和质量。电器类传感器可以用来测量 电压、电流、电荷、电传导率。磁传感器可以用来测量磁场、磁通量、磁导率。 热传感器可以用来测量温度、热流、热传导率以及特殊热量。其他类型的传感器 有声学传感器、超声波传感器、化学传感器、光学传感器、放射传感器、激光传 感器、光纤传感器。根据应用的不同，传感器可以由金属材料、非金属材料、有机材料、无机材 料以及流体、气体、等离子体和半导体构成。利用这些材料的不同特性，传感器 将被测的物理量或参数转换为模拟信号或数字信号输出。比如，普通的水银温度 计的工作原理就是根据水银和玻璃的热膨胀率的不同而工作的。类似地，当机器某一零件、物体障碍物、被测量与传感器空间中的障碍物遮 挡住光束时，就可被光电器件感知并检测到。接近开关（指感知并测量开关与物 体或机器的运动之间的距离）可根据声学、磁学、电容、光学原理工作。其他执 行器依靠接触物体来执行相应的操作（通常机电一体化的方法）。传感器对于智能机器人的控制是不可缺少的，并且通过模仿人类，传感器的特性得到了很大发 展。触觉传感技术通过一组传感器可以连续不断的测量接触力的变化。这样一个系统能够监控任意的三维空间。在视