常见化学官能团

1、含氧官能团而sp3则有给电子效应分类官能团名称化学式结构式英文前缀央义后缀酰卤卤代甲酰基RCOXAhaloformyl-oylhalide醇迩其ROHrq_Hhydroxy-ol酮践基RCOR'Aketo-,oxo-one醛醛基RCHOAaldo-al不同的碳氧键会因其中原子杂化程度的不同而有性质上的差异。sp2杂化的氧原子有吸电子效应例子甲醇乙醉碳酸酯碳酸酯ROCOOR0alkylcarbonate竣酸盐竣酸根RCO-Ocarboxy-oateFT竣酸基RCOOH1R0Hcarboxy-oicacid嵯醛ROR'RR(alkoxy-alkylalkylether酯酯RCOOR

2、'Ialkylalkanoate氢过氧化物氢过氧基ROOHfOdr,RH/00hydroperoxy-alkylhydroperoxideoI+CTW乙酸钠乙酸八Q八乙醴丁酸乙酯HOQ00H过氧化甲乙酮编辑含氮官能团分类名称化学式结构式央乂刖缀央乂后缀酰胺酰胺RCON2Rbdcarboxamido-amide伯胺RNH7amino-amineH仲胺RNHRNkamino-amine例子nh2乙酰胺HCH3ch3二甲胺级酮亚二级酮亚亚胺 胺R3NRC("NH)R'RC(=NRR'RC(=NH)Hamino-ammonio-imino-imino-imino-季俊

3、盐季俊阳离胺一级醛亚-amine-ammonium-imine-imine-imine三甲胺二级醛业VRC(=NR')HIIFT'Himino-酰亚胺酰亚胺RC(=O)NC(=O)R'imido-imine-imideN叠氮化物叠氮根RNR，azido-Walkylazide叠氮苯偶氮化合物偶氮基5RNR'NNazo-diazene酸酯ROCNcyanato-alkylcyanate氟酸酯异月青RNCR-N=C-isocyano-alkylisocyanide异氟酸酯异氟酸酯RNCOisocyanato-alkylisocyanate甲基黄异氨酸甲酯异硫氟酸酯R

4、NCSisothiocyanato-硝酸酉旨硝酸酯RONOnitrooxy-,nitroxy-曜基RCNcyano-亚硝酸酯亚硝酸酯RONORSUNSnitrosooxy-硝基化合物硝基RNOtnitro-亚硝基化合物亚硝基RNOR，"onitroso-alkylisothiocyanatealkylnitratealkanenitrilealkylcyanidealkylnitrite异硫氟酸烯丙酯oii硝酸正戊酯a"苯甲月青人八0，%亚硝酸异戊酯硝基甲烷亚硝基苯4-pyridyl口比噬及衍生物口比呢基RGH4N编辑含磷、硫官能团与同族的氮和氧相比,官能分类团名称(pyr

5、idin-4-yl)3-pyridyl(pyridin-3-yl)2-pyridyl(pyridin-2-yl)有机磷化合物和有机硫化合物中的杂原子倾向于成更多的键。化学式结构式英文前缀-pyridine英文后缀尼古丁例子R3Pphosphino-phosphaneH甲基丙基瞬磷酸二酯磷酸酯HOPO(OR)di(phosphoricacidsubstituent)ester亚磷酸酯亚磷酸酯RP(=O)(OH»phosphono-di(substituent)hydrogenphosphatesubstituentphosphonicacid磷酸酯磷酸酯ROP(=O)(OH)OHpho

6、spho-硫醴硫醴RSR'RR,di(substituent)sulfide磺酰基RSGR'RR,sulfonyl-di(substituent)sulfoneDNAC0IOH亚磷酸苇酯OHndbn3-磷酸甘油醛二甲基硫醴殿磺酸基RSOIsulfo-substituentsulfonicacid二甲基碉亚碉亚秋酰基RSOR'sulfinyl-di(substituent)sulfoxide苯磺酸二苯基亚碉硫醇琉基RSHmercapto-,sulfanyl-thiol/SH乙硫醇硫鼠硫鼠酸酯酸酯RSCNthiocyanato-alkylthiocyanate煌基RSSR&

7、#39;alkylalkyldisulfide二苯基二硫化物根据所含汽键的不同，不同的煌基官能团具有不同的性质。注意：烷煌基（如甲基、亚甲基）不算官能团，而苯基是官能团。分类官能团名称化学式结构式烷一烷基RHR彳烯/烯基RC=CR鼻一快基ROCR'R-Q11苯及衍生物苯基RCH5RPhD甲苯及衍牛物工RCH5RBnQ英文前缀英文后缀例子HIalkyl-aneH甲烷HH/C=Calkenyl-eneHN乙烯H-C=C-Halkynyl-yne乙快phenyl-benzene异丙苯rv5rbenzyl-1-(substituent)toluene澳甲苯编辑含卤素取代基分类取代基名称化学式卤代烧卤代RX卤代烧中含有碳-卤素键，键能随卤素不同而有变化结构式央乂刖缀央乂后缀例子RXhalo-alkylhalide般除氟代煌外,卤代煌都可发生亲核取代反应和消去反应氟代烷氟代RFR-Fflu