学术英语-社科Unit9五单元原文及翻译

1、精品文档1欢迎。下载Unit 9 Cultural globalization1. Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and other diverseaspects of world cultures resulted from the isolation of groups of people from oneanother. It is not surprising ,then ,that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurredas impro

2、ved transportation and communication have brought people of varioussocieties into ever-frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of culture differencesinevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball , rock music, and other suchaspects of pop culture , but such analysis dose not triviali

3、ze the subject.Instead，along-standing bottom-up line of political theory argues that the worlds people canbuild on commonplaceinteractions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with andconfidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a globa

4、lnation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional andeven global schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement orsupplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up progress oftransnational integration look for evidence in such factors

5、 as the flow ofcommunications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders ofwhat people wear, eat, and do for recreation.不同语言、 习惯以及世界文化的其他各个方面的早期发展， 源于人类群体之间的 隔离。然而， 不断改善的交通和通讯使得不同社会的人们更频繁地联系， 一定程 度的文化融合随之出现， 这并不令人惊讶。 分析文化差异的模糊性， 不可避免的 包括了大量关于快餐、 篮球、摇滚音乐以及流行文化其他相关方面内容， 但是这 种分析并没有使主题

6、变得简单。 相反，一种长期存在的自下而上的政治理论观点 认为，世界人民可以在普遍的交流和逐渐增加的文化共性的基础上存在， 文化共 性使人们彼此产生熟悉感和信任感， 从而建立一个可能发展成全球国家的全球公 民社会。在这个过程中， 如果跨国公民社会形成， 那么区域的甚至全球的治理方 案就有可能形成， 并且弥补或者取代领土国家。 研究跨国一体化自下而上进程的 学者们，正在国家之间通信和贸易的流通中，在人们吃、穿、娱乐方式的跨境影 响中寻找证据。2. While it is premature to talk of a world culture，and indeed that maynever co

7、me，there is significant evidence of cultural amalgamation in the world。Theleaders of China once woreChinese tunic suitsnow theywear Western-style business suits。Whendressing informally，people inshanghai，Lagos，and Mexico City are more apt to wear jeans，T-shirts，and sneakers than their countrys tradit

8、ional dress.Young people everywhere listen tothe same music,with,forexample”Disturbia”byRihanna on the Top-10 charts in manycountries in additional to the United States in2008.And whatever it means to our gastronomic futures ,Big精品文档2欢迎。下载Macs,fries,and milk shakes are consumed around the world.虽然现在

9、谈论世界文化为时尚早， 而且它事实上可能永远不会出现， 但确实存在 世界文化融合的重要证据。中国的领导人曾经一度穿中山装；现在他们穿西装。 当穿着随意时，在上海，拉各斯，墨西哥城的人们相对于他们国家的传统服饰， 更适应穿牛仔裤，T恤，和帆布胶底运动鞋。各地的年轻人听着相同的音乐，例 如蕾哈娜的“Disturbia”2008年出现在许多国家包括美国的十大排行榜上。同 时不论我们的美食烹饪前景如何，巨无霸、薯条和奶昔在世界各地都有消费。3. Before looking further at the evidence of cultural amalgamation,one caution is

10、inorder.You will see that a great deal of what is becoming world culture isWestern ,especially American, in its origins.That does not imply that Western culture issuperior;its impact is a function of the economic and political of Western Europe andthe United State.Nor does the preponderance of Weste

11、rn Europe in the integrationprocess meanthat the flow is one way.American culture, for example ,is influenced bymany foreign imports,ranging from fajitas and sushi,through soccer,to acupuncture.在更深的探究文化融合的证据之前， 我们要先关注一个警示。 你会发现， 从起源 上说，大量成为世界文化的是西方文化， 尤其是美国文化。 这并不是说西方文化 更好；它的这种影响是西欧、 美国的经济和政治作用的结果。

12、西欧在文化融合过 程中的优势也不意味着文化流动是单向的。 比如，美国文化就受到许多外国进口 产品的影响，像墨西哥铁板烧和日本寿司，再到足球和针灸。organizations converse in English.Indeed ,a number of them,including UNSecretary-General Ban ki-moon of South Korea ,learned or improved theirEnglish while enrolled at U.S. Universities .A bit more slowly ,English is spreadinga

13、mong common citizens around the world .This is evident in differences amongvariousage groups.Among Europeans ,for instance,89%of all school-children now haveEnglish instruction.语言 文化融合最重要的一个方面是英语，它已经成为了商务、外交、交流、甚至是文 化的通用语言。阿富汗总统哈米德.卡尔扎伊和其他国际机构的国家领导人用英 文交流。实际上，他们中的很多人，像韩国的联合国秘书长潘基文，在被美国大 学录取的时候就在学习并不

14、断提升自己的英语。 说的再通俗一点， 英语正在全世 界的普通人中传播。很明显不同的年龄段存在着差异，例如，欧洲人中89%的学龄儿童现在有英文课。Language4.One of the most importantEnglish,which is becomingbusiness,diplomacy,communication,andKarzai of Afghanistan and manyotheraspects of converging culture is thecommon language of even culture.PresidentHamid leaders of cou

15、ntries of international精品文档3欢迎。下载5. Modern communications are one factor driving the spread of English.There have been notable advances, such as the ability to search in nearly 100languages through Google, in making the web more accessible to non-Englishspeakers;but the vast majority of what is avai

16、lable on the Internet has been andremains in English. As the webmaster at one site in Russia comme nts,”t is far easierfor a Russia nto dow nl oad theworks of Dostoyevsky translated in English to read than it is for him to get itin his ownlanguages.”Business needs also promote the globalgrowth of En

17、lish. The U.S. status as the worlds economic powerhouse makes it farmore common for foreign businesspeople to learn the language of Americans than it isfor Americans to learn other language. A report issued by the Japanese governmentdeclared that“achievingworld-classexcellence demands that all Japan

18、ese acquire a working knowledge of English”. Theuse of English will probably continue to expand throughout the world because amajority of people in every region in the world believe their children are more likely toprosper if they learn English .现代化的通讯方式也是推动英语传播的一个重要因素。 如今，在使网络更容易为 非英语人群使用方面已经取得了显著的

19、进步， 比如可以用近100种语言在谷歌上 进行搜索的能力；但是网络上绝大多数可以获取的信息过去是并且一直是英文 的。正如俄罗斯一个网点的管理员评论的那样， “对于一个俄罗斯人来说，下载 英文版的陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品来读比下载俄文版的要容易的多” 。商业需求也 推进了英语的全球化趋势。 美国世界经济强国的地位也使得外国商人学习英语比 美国人学习其他语言要更为普遍。 日本政府发布的一个报告宣称， “要成为世界 一流国家要求所有的日本人要掌握实用英语” 。英语的使用范围可能会在世界范 围内不断扩大， 因为世界上每个地区的大多数人都认为， 如果学了英语， 他们的 孩子更有可能成功。Consumer p

20、roducts6. The interchange of popular consumer goods is another major factor in narrowingcultural gaps. American movies are popular throughout much of the world. In 2007, forexample, the top drawing film globally was Pirates of the Caribbean: At Worlds End.Moreover, foreign distribution is vital to t

21、he U.S. film industry, which earns 61% of itsrevenue overseas. In contrast, foreign films account for just 3%of the U.S. market.American television programming is also widespread, but unlike movies, it is adeclining part of most foreign television markets. However , jeans , logo-bearingT-shirts , an

22、d other American-style dress trends are nearly ubiquitous globally, andburgers, fried chicken, and other types of fast food further spread common culture.消费产品流行性消费品的交换是缩小文化隔阂的另一个主要因素。 美国电影在世界大多数 地方都很受欢迎。例如，在2007年，全球最具吸引力的电影是加勒比海盗：世界的尽头。此外，精品文档4欢迎。下载国外的份额对于美国电影业来说也是至关重要的，它占到 美国海外收入的61%。相反，外国电影只占到美国市场

23、的3%。美国的电视节目也 广为传播，但与电影不同的是，它在大多数外国电视市场中的份额在不断地下降。 然而，牛仔裤，名牌T恤，和其他美式服装潮流在世界上几乎无处不在， 汉堡包、 炸鸡和其他类型的快餐也在传播着大众文化。7. To reemphasize the main point, there is a distinct and important intermingling andamalgamation of culture under way. For good or ill, western, particularly American,culture is at the forefront of this trend. The observation of the Director-General of