毕业论文外文翻译-在全球市场的风险

1、外文文献原稿和译文原 稿Introduction2021, Risks in Global MarketWhere theres an opportunity, theres a risk. Traders always face risks in any market, from the richest countries to the least developed economies. And as the global economic crisis changed markets, some risks for international trades might have been

2、 unveiled or worsened. The risks, which derive from the diversity and vicissitude of market structures, jurisdictions, commerce rules, cultures, languages, and even psychosociological factors, may exist in any sector and stage of the trade process, such as destination marketing, customs clearance, f

3、inancial support, debts and solvencies, and adherence to WTO rules. A report by the Ministry of Commerce of China specified the risks of investing and doing business in many countries. Zhou Mi, an expert on the research panel, argued that the global market is undergoing a wave of restructuring and r

4、ebalancing because consumption in developed countries has waned and the emerging economies will accordingly wield greater influence in the world economy. The newest updates of this report will reveal more specifics, and some of them are listed here in advance. A senior manager from Ernst & Young

5、 analyzes the effect that corporate reshaping could have on customs clearance. China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation evaluates the risk factors in the financial systems and debt structures of some important markets. An expert from Chinas Economic Diplomacy defines some risks created by WTO

6、 rules and offers advice on how to handle the risks.译 文介绍2021年，在全球市场的风险那里是一个时机，还有一个风险。商人总是面对任何市场风险，从最富有的国家向最不兴旺国家的经济。随着全球经济危机改变了市场，一些国际贸易的风险可能已经亮相或恶化。可能存在的风险，从市场结构，司法管辖区，商业规那么，文化，语言，甚至心理inlit hanger.range of products.的因素的多样性和变迁派生，任何部门和贸易过程中的阶段，如旅游目的地营销，报关，金融支持，的债务，和遵守世贸组织的规那么。一份中国商务部的报告，指出在许多国家的投资和做

7、业务的风险。周密，一个研究小组的专家认为，全球市场正在经历一波的重组和重新平衡，因为兴旺国家的消费有所减弱，新兴经济体将相应地挥舞在世界经济中的影响力更大。最新更新的这份报告透露更多的细节，其中有些是提前上市。从安永会计师事务所高级经理分析，有可能对报关企业重塑的效果。中国出口信用保险公司在一些重要市场的金融体系和债务结构的危险因素进行评估。从中国的经济外交专家定义世贸组织规那么和提供咨询一些关于如何处理风险的风险。原 稿Introduction2021, Risks in Global MarketThe risks in the global market have been changi

8、ng rapidly. The theme of the world economy in 2021 is not so much “recovery as “adjustment. Shocked by the global financial crisis, economies began to question and reconstruct the game rules of the global business. This trend may continue and even deepen in 2021. Although the impact of the financial

9、 woes may clear away in this year, it is hard for the global economy to go steadily up. The side effects of the crisis are far from negligible and may lead to more uncertainties in some areas, such as Europe and Africa.This report provides a guide to cope with the risks and manipulate the markets. Z

10、hou Mi, an expert from the Ministry of Commerce of China makes an overview on the risks of investing and doing business in the global market and specifies those in major economies. He argues that the advanced economies will keep fighting for their frustrated financial systems in 2021 and their marke

11、ts will revive unsteadily. Some developing economies may be the gold mines in the global market in 2021, but risks still exist, apparently or potentially. Exporters and investors will have to shun or tackle these risks so that they can benefit from these markets. A senior manager from Ernst & Yo

12、ung also clarified the changes of customs policies in 2021, especially the revision of the incoterms . Along with the policy environment analysis by an expert from the Chinese Economic Diplomacy, these will help Chinese investors and exporters to adapt to the shifting rules.译 文介绍2021年，全球市场风险在全球市场的风险

13、已迅速改变。世界经济在2021年的主题是不是这么多的“复苏，“调整。受全球金融危机的冲击，经济开始质疑和重建全球商业的游戏规那么。这种趋势可能会继续，甚至在2021年深化。虽然在今年的财务困境的影响可能会去除，这是很难对全球经济的稳步上升去。危机的副作用远远可以忽略不计，可能会导致更多的不确定性在一些地区，如欧洲和非洲。本报告提供了指南，以应付风险和操作市场。周密，来自中国商务部的专家，使投资和在全球市场开展业务的风险概述，并指定这些主要经济体。他认为他们受挫的金融体系，先进经济体将继续战斗在2021年，其市场将恢复摇摇晃晃。一些开展中国家的经济可能在2021年的全球市场中的金矿，但风险仍然存

14、在，明显或潜在的。出口商和投资者将不得不回避或解决这些风险，使他们能够从这些市场中受益。来自安永会计师事务所高级经理也澄清在2021年，特别是修订之后的海关政策的变化。随着由专家从中国的经济外交的政策环境分析，这些都将帮助中国的投资者和出口商，以适应变化的规那么。原 稿IntroductionTextile and Garment Exports Rising UnsteadilyTextile and garment exports are directly related with the demand of the importers. As the EU and American ma

15、rkets dwindled in 2021, and the prices of raw materials and working labors in domestic market kept rising, China's textile and garment exports revived at a fluctuating rate. That is, the speed waved while the export value of the whole industry rose up at 23.66 percent to USD 206.536 billion. The

16、 month-on-month growth slowed down between May and October 2021 and even suffered declines in two months, then rebounded at seven percent compared with the past month and at 57 percent compared with the same period of the past year. It declined again by approximately 20 percent in the last month of

17、that year. It will be difficult to forecast the trend under these uncertainties and fluctuations.The prices of raw materials will increase continuously, which will weaken the Chinese textile products comparative advantages in the global market. Besides, the deepening European debt crisis and the wea

18、kening US demand from stock replenishment will also influence China's textile and garment exports. The increasing trade barriers and the RMB appreciation will be additional negative factors.译 文介绍纺织品和服装出口上升摇摇晃晃纺织品和服装出口直接相关的进口商的需求。由于欧盟和美国市场的萎缩在2021年，在国内市场原材料和劳动力价格不断上升，中国的纺织品和服装出口的复苏在波动率。也就是说，速度挥舞，

19、而整个行业的出口货值上升23.66上升到206.536亿美元。月月增长放缓，2021年5月和十月之间，甚至在两个月内遭受了下跌，然后反弹在百分之七，较过去一个月，在57与过去一年的同期相比。它再次下降了约20，在这一年的最后一个月。根据这些不确定性和波动的趋势，这将是很难预测。原材料的价格将不断增加，这将削弱中国纺织产品在全球市场上的比拟优势。此外，深化欧洲的债务危机和疲弱的美国补充库存的需求也将影响中国的纺织品和服装出口。日益增加的贸易壁垒和人民币升值将是额外的负面因素。原 稿IntroductionITC: Not foreign enterprises hold any hostilit

20、y- Vice-Chairman of the U.S. International Trade Commission(ITC) Deanna Tanner, Okun InterviewForeign Tade：For Chinese companies, the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) is still relatively unknown. Economic and trade fields, known for Chinese

21、enterprises, the Ministry of Commerce. ITC What are the differences in their functions?Deanna Tanner Okun：States International Trade Commission (ITC) is a set up by Congress, quasi-judicial federal agency with extensive powers to deal with trade-rela

22、ted issues.In the U.S., has the power institutions dealing with trade-related matters in addition to the ITC the U.S. Commerce Department. Perform their duties in the course of the investigation of the anti-dumping and intellectual property rights infringement, the display can.In economy and trade,

23、specifically, the duties of the U.S. Department of Commerce finds that constitute dumping and dumping margin, ITC is mainly survey dumping to the detriment of domestic firms in the United States. In addition .ITC is a quasi-judicial body, independent of the Government, specialized agencies, and trad

24、e for the U.S. government to provide advice and statistics. To take measures to maintain the general market relations in the United States for unfair trade practices.That is, the ITC's main functions include three parts. Management of U.S. trade remedy laws fair and objective manner; tariffs, in

25、ternational trade and competition issues to the President, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) and Congress to provide independent, high-quality information and support; maintaining the U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule. Based on the above-mentioned functions .ITC six members designated by t

26、he President and the Senate recognized the addition was designated to fill the unexpired vacancy, the appointment term of nine years. The term of office by the Constitution, the provisions of the staggered calculated. Every 18 months, have different members have retired. Members of the office for mo

27、re than five years may not again be specified. No more than three members from the same political party. Chairman and Vice-Chairman appointed by the president for a term of the statutory two years. The President shall not former President from the same political party. The President shall appoint tw

28、o members from the same political party as Chair and Vice-Chairman.Foreign Tade：Then, the ITC is how to perform its functions for national service?Deanna Tanner Okun：ITC are five ways to carry out its functions to serve the country:- Import injury investigation, including determining the import of s

29、ome kind of unfair trade (anti-dumping or countervailing duty investigations) and the increase in imports (global and bilateral security measures for the investigation) to cause damage or a threat of material injury to U.S. industry.- IP-related imports of investigation, including the guide to sex,

30、to obey the president's objections against certain unfair practices in the import trade, such as patent or trademark infringement.- Investigation procedures, including an objective analysis of the major trade-related issues; to predict the economic impact of trade agreements; analysis of the spe

31、cific competition in the industry, and to find within the industry and external economic factors that affect the industry competitive.- Trade information services to the ITC, Congress and the implementing agencies and the public delivery of reliable and timely information and analysis of data throug

32、h this service.- Trade policy support .ITC staff to provide direct technical support to the USTR, Congressional committees, inter-departmental committee, and the U.S. delegation in multilateral trade organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO).Authorization based on field surveys .ITC t

33、o exercise the powers of the extensive investigation of trade-related issues.The right to exercise judgment, the ITC to make a decision in respect of certain unfair trade practices. Through research .ITC also become the source of a national trade data collection and analysis, and information and ana

34、lysis available to the implementing agencies and Congress to help them to specify and develop U.S. trade policy.Foreign Tade：Articles understand, import injury investigation, anti-dumping / countervailing duty investigations. The five-year (sunset) review of global security measures to investigate,

35、and IP-related imports investigation the ITC often conducted several major investigations. Could you talk about the difference between them?Deanna Tanner Okun：Import Injury Investigation: ITC reserves the right to decide based on whether the U.S. trade law imported products cause damage to related i

36、ndustries for the United States, or a threat of injury. ITC's injury investigation into the 13 anti-dumping and countervailing duty investigations .And in accordance with Chapter VII of the 1930 Tariff Act five-year (sunset) review; global security measures under the 1974 Trade Act (Disclaimer),

37、 Chinese security measures market disruption investigation; According to the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA), bilateral security measures to investigate the implementation of Act 302; and a survey conducted in accordance with section 22 of the agricultural Adjustment Act.Members acco

38、rding to the facts recorded in the relevant legal requirements and each survey to survey into El damage a decision on its view into El damage survey announced. And subject to judicial review.In each investigation, the ITC and investigation team (including an oversight investigator of an investigator

39、, an accountant or auditor. An economist, a business analyst and a lawyer) produced a complete the survey of the domestic industry competitive market conditions report mittee members and the research team using a variety of fact gathering techniques, including (but are not limited to) industry-speci

40、fic questionnaires, telephone interviews, factory visits, technical and market experts advice, statements by the parties, the public hearing, and to review the industry and market literature.In each survey, the survey team to collect and analyze a wide range of data, then an objective and comprehens

41、ive report submitted to the ITC. The data in the report include (but are not limited to) industry production capacity, actual production, capacity utilization, domestic El goods, stocks, imports, the United States and foreign supplier by the share of U.S. market share, labor conditions, working hour

42、s, productivity, wages, paid total compensation, unit labor cost, pricing, distribution channels, and related industries in the United States financial data .Some foreign production of related products industry data collection and analysis.ITC members and officials of the U.S. Department of Commerce

43、, the U.S. customs service, survey clients and their lawyers, the person in charge of the U.S. production company, importer, product buyers such as working together in the course of the investigation into El damage. In addition, members of Congress often through the hearing participating damage to t

44、heir views and perspectives to the survey report. In 2003.Members of Congress on the importation matters related to the investigation of l damage appeared 51 times in the ITC. Second, the anti-dumping / countervailing duty investigations and five-year (sunset) review: 1930 under Chapter VII of the T

45、ariff Act of the U.S. industry in the U.S. market at less than fair value into 13 sales (dumping) or benefit from foreign government subsidies (subsidies) to request the Government for relief .Dumping and subsidies are considered to be unfair trade practices.Under the law, the U.S. Department of Com

46、merce decided to dump or subsidies exist, if it exists, the amount of dumping and subsidies. ITC decided to dumping or subsidies for imported products is the U.S. industry to cause substantial damage or substantial damage to the threat. If the two bodies on their respective problems have to give a p

47、ositive final ruling, the Commerce Department will dump released the command of anti-dumping duty order or subsidies countervailing duties. In the five years after the promulgation of the Commerce Department should cancel the anti-dumping or countervailing duty imposed order .Or termination of the m

48、oratorium, unless the Commerce Department that the elimination of tariffs imposed order or termination of the moratorium could lead to the continuation or resumption of dumping or subsidies .ITC at the same time that the elimination of tariffs imposed order or termination of dumping or subsidies to

49、suspend the agreement in the reasonably foreseeable period of time is likely to continue or start again.In 2003.41 under Chapter VII of the request is put forward .Most of which are dumping (41, 35). These requests include a wide range of products, Such as malleable iron pipe fittings, memory, memor

50、y module, refined brown aluminum oxide, ceramic radio cylindrical insulator, prestressed cement Wire Rope, fluorescent pale rust inhibitors, water magnetic cut-outs, Color television receivers, Wax / resin transfer zone, Ethylene retail bag, Trahydrofurfuryl alcohol ,Hot coat hanger, Electrolytic ma

51、nganese dioxide, Transparent rectangular tube. ITC has also completed a 2002 'cases.Third, the global security measures survey: According to the 1974 Trade Act 201, imported products cause serious harm or serious threat of injury, the domestic industry can be brought to the ITC to reduce imports

52、.201 did not like the anti-dumping / countervailing duty provisions of the Tariff Act, as the requirements to identify the existence of unfair trade behavior. If the ITC 201 investigation, a positive decision, it will recommend to the President to reduce imports to compensate for the damage, easy to

53、 adjust the domestic industry against import competition .The president ultimately decide whether the magnitude of the relief, and relief.Among them, 2003, the ITC proposed three measures against China. They include steel pipe hangers, brake drums and rotary axis, and an extension of the iron sprink

54、lers. These are based on U.S. China Relations Act 2000 will be 421 to join the Trade Act of 1974.The simultaneous implementation of China's accession to the terms of the bilateral security measures for the Sino-US agreement in the WTO transition period, it is also known as safety measures invest

55、igation. According to the terms of the ITC found that imports to the United States, China products reach the number listed to increase or cause or threat of market disruption related and similar competitive products to meet the conditions set out, domestic producers get relief .Global security measu

56、res to investigate, if the ITC to make a positive decision, it will propose to the President relief proposal .The President made a final decision on whether to provide relief to the American industry, if provided, determine the types and duration of relief.Fourth, intellectual property-related impor

57、ts investigation: According to the 1930 Tariff Act 337, the ITC conducted a survey of some of the inequitable conduct raised the import trade.The majority of complaints under the clause amounts patent or trademark infringement cases.Foreign Tade：In recent years .Chinese enterprises in the United Sta

58、tes repeatedly subjected to anti-dumping and intellectual property investigations, whether to talk with Chinese enterprises, the investigation?Deanna Tanner Okun：The 337 program surveys typically include complex factual and legal decisions. In 2003.ITC has proposed three measures against China: Mean

59、while, the number of 337 investigations is increasing and has started 111 investigations, 42 involve the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong, Only in 2005 to the present .Initiate an investigation of 11 in the five involved in the Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong; Types of 337 procedures to investigate products and intellectual propert