辨明析非谓语动词的使用

1、辨明析非谓语动词的使用非谓语动词的考查历来是高考英语试卷的重点和热点,也是我们英语学习的难点之一。非谓语动词包括现在分词、动名词(现在一般统称为v.-ing词、过去分词和不定式。纵观近几年的高考试卷,2005年全国及各地试卷有32道试题考查相关内容,其中14题涉及v.-ing,11题涉及不定式,7题的考查点是过去分词;2006年全国及独立命题的共18套试卷单选题中有29题考查相关内容,其中12题涉及v.-ing,10题涉及动词不定式,7题考查过去分词。而且短文改错和完形填空部分也有相关知识点的考查。考查注重语境,强调基本概念的运用,无偏题怪题。在考查内容方面,考查点包括不定式或v.-ing作宾

2、语的辨析,两个及多个动词连用时的非谓语动词作伴随状语,非谓语动词的一般式、完成式和被动语态,动名词的复合结构及独立主格结构,非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句主语保持一致等。这些都是我们要弄懂弄透彻的内容。非谓语动词要弄懂下面内容:1非谓语动词作主语动名词和不定式都能做主语及表语,一般来说,在表示比较抽象的一般性行为时多用动名词,表示具体某次已经或没有发生的动作则用不定式。用不定式做主语时一般用it作形式主语。作。Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。常用不定

3、式做主语的句型有:Its difficult (important, necessary for sb. to doIts kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave of sb. to do.常用动名词做主语的句型有:Its no good (use, fun doing.Its (a waste of time ones doing.Its worth while doing.Theres no doing sth2 非谓语动词作表语1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的

4、动作。His teaching aim of this class is to train the students speaking ability. 他这节课的教学目的是要训练学生说的能力。2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释,这时主语与表语位置可以互换,动名词常用于口语中。Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的(指蚁后的专职工作是产卵。3、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征;进行时表示正在进行的动作。The task of this class is practising the idioms. (现在分词做表语With the help of the t

5、eacher, the students are practising the idioms. (现在进行时2非谓语动词作宾语a.不定式及动名词作宾语有些动词只能接不定式作宾语,如afford, appear, aim, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, bother, care, choose, come, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prefer, promise, pretend, prepare, underta

6、ke, want, wish,等;有些动词只能接动名词作宾语,常见的有如advise, admit, allow, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, practise, prevent, recall, risk, suggest, stand,keep等;另外,有些动词可以接不定式或动名词作宾语,其含义不同,常见动词有love, like, intend, try, remember, forget, m

7、ean, go on等,还有些可以接这二者且没有太大区别,如begin, start等。b.动名词作介词宾语常见的动词短语如insist on, think of, dream of, approve of, prevent/keep/stop.from, look forward to, oppose to, be tired of, look forward to等都接动名词作宾语。3非谓语动词作表语不定式作表语:不定式作表语时如果前面带有do时,可以将不定式的to省略,其他情况下要接带to的不定式作表语。过去分词作表语时多表示主语的状态,现在分词作表语则表示主语具有的特征。The doo

8、r remained locked.The problem is quite pressing.4非谓语动词作状语现在分词作状语与句子主语是主谓关系,过去分词作状语时,句子主语与其为动宾关系,表示行为方式或伴随发生的情况,或作时间、原因、条件状语。Having been there several times, he offered to be our guide.Accompanied by an elderly farmer, he spent several days observing the work.5非谓语动词作定语作定语的不定式与所修饰的词之间往往有逻辑上的动宾关系,因此必须保

9、持不定式的及物性,如果该不定式是不及物动词,其后应加适当的介词。He is a pleasant fellow to work with.作定语的分词在意义上相当于一个定语从句,有进行式或完成式,主动或被动的区别,要根据使用的语境仔细辨析。a及物动词的过去分词作定语表示已经完成的动作,表示该动作还没有发生用不定式的被动语态,表示正在进行的动作用现在分词的被动语态,如the problem to be discussed(要讨论的问题,the problem being discussed(正在讨论的问题,the problem discussed(讨论过的问题。b不及物动词的过去分词作定语表示

10、已经发生/完成的动作,现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作,如 a developed country(发达国家,a developing country(发展中国家。c不及物动词的过去分词作定语表示该动作已经完成,有时候我们还可以用它作表语,表示已经发生的动作,如My watch is gone.The moon is risen.(皓月当空I am finished.(我的事做完了6非谓语动词作宾补有些动词只能接现在分词而不能接不定式作宾补,如catch/find sb doing sth。下面动词接不定式作宾补时只能接不带to的不定式:“吾看三室二厅一感觉”:5看,look at, see,

11、 notice, observe, watch;三使:have, let, make;2听:listen to, hear;1感觉:feel。以上动词除了make、let还可以接现在分词作宾补。7非谓语动词的特殊形式非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语表示与句子主语保持一致,非谓语动词使用主动还是被动形式就是根据这个关系判断。如果其逻辑主语与句子主语比一致,则要用其他形式:要么用完整的句子作从句,要么用非谓语动词的特殊形式。非谓语动词的特殊形式有三个:不定式的特殊形式,动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构。a.不定式的复合结构为了表示某动作明确的主体,不定式的逻辑主语要带上,此时用for sb to do

12、 sth或of sb to dosth两种形式。Its important to memorize a lot of English words.Its important for you to memorize a lot of English words.Its too early for there to be anyone in the street.b.动名词的复合结构当动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时就使用动名词的复合结构:ones doing sth,如果是人称代词则也可以用宾格形式。Toms being polite is praised by all.We dont lik

13、e his/him/Toms showing off.c.独立主格结构不定式及现在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致,如果不一致则要将非谓语动词的逻辑主语带在前面,构成独立主格结构。其实独立主格结构与动名词的复合结构使用的场合一样,都是为了强调其逻辑主语另有其人/物,这两个结构好比兄弟俩,站在不同的工作岗位。独立主格结构的构成是(with+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/不定式,现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动,不定式表示没有发生的动作。Other things being equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure

14、to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.With all the she needed bought, Mrs. Smith hurried home.c.非谓语动词与句子主语保持一致非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。正是从这一点考虑,我们才能确定非谓语动词用何种形式。Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.Seeing from the top of the mountain, you can g

15、et a full view of the city.如果不一致就用其他结构,如独立主格或状语从句。If you check your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.如果句子的主语是it作形式宾语时就可以不要求保持一致。To be a top gymnast, it is necessary to start when very young.Having suffered heavy pollution, it may be a bit too late to protect the river.d.非

16、谓语动词的时态和语态非谓语动词有时态和语态的变化,这一点在高考试卷中考查的比较频繁。1必纠错题1. With everything she needed_, she went out of the shop, with her hands full of shopping bags.A. buyB. to buyC. buyingD. boughtA. agreed her to stayB. agreed to stayC. let her stayingD. approved of her staying3. The joke told by Tom h ad us_, so our ma

17、ths teacher couldnt make himself _.A. laugh; heardB. laughing; heardC. laugh; hearD. laughed; to be heard4. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience_on benches, chairs or boxes.A. having seatedB. seatingC. seatedD. having been seated5. My classmate made me_a letter for her t

18、his morning.A. postB. postedC. posting D to post6. Few users reported it to the police when _ in shopping on the Internet.A. cheatedB. cheatingC. be cheatedD. having cheated7. Richard was called in by the police to answer questions the disappearance of ThomasRipley, whose relatives were so his prese

19、nt situation.A. concerning; concerning aboutB. regarding; concerned aboutC. with regards to; concerned aboutD. concerned; worrying about8. In the past the root of this plant was said _ magical powers which could cure baldness.A. possessingB. to be possessedC. to possessD. to have possessed9. He didn

20、t want to risk wet as he had only one suit.A. gettingB. to getC. gotD. get10. , a form must be filled in.A. To ask for his jobB. In order to get his jobC. If you want to get this jobD. Making request for his job1.D本题使用了独立主格结构。既然是她从商店里出来,可见她要买的东西已经买了,用过去分词。2.D从句意看,这里表示父亲同意她继续留在美国,用动名词的复合结构。3. B第一空用ha

21、ve sb doing sth而不用不定式,因为宾补的动作是宾语的自主行为,第二空用过去分词作宾补表示被动含义。4.C这里使用了with的独立主格结构,非谓语动词与前面的名词为动宾关系,即the audience were seated,因此选C。5. A这里用make sb do sth表示主动含义,用不带to的不定式作宾补。6. D这里是when引导的状语从句(when they are cheated的省略式,用过去分词作状语表示被动含义。7.B第一空表示“与有关”,用现在分词concerning、介词短语with regards to或介词regarding,第二空用be concer

22、ned about表示“关心,关注”。8. C谓语使用了一般过去时与时间状语“从前”呼应,因此不定式则用一般式。9. A动词risk只能接动名词作宾语,不可接不定式。10.C非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致,否则用独立主格结构或状语从句。2必做好题1. Mary rushed home she heard the news, only that his wife was gone.A. as soon as; findingB. when; foundC. the moment; findD. immediately; to find2. The earliest Asian

23、 cultural relic _in Africa also dates from this period.A. findsB. is foundedC. foundD. finding3. Y esterday, we held a meeting about English study, but failure.A. which ended inB. it ended up inC. ending inD. only to end up in4. Living near the sea,_ .A. we enjoy healthy air and beautiful sightB. he

24、althy air and beautiful sight is what we enjoyC. it is healthy air and beautiful sight that is what we enjoyD. so we enjoy healthy and beautiful sight5. Hes lucky enough to have many people _ him with the work.A. helpB. to helpC. helpedD. helping6. _all the possibilities, I really believe that Id pr

25、efer to make any change now.A. ConsiderB. To considerC. ConsideringD. Considered7. HIV seems _ from high-risk groups to the general public in our country, which has caught much attention of Chinas government.A to spreadB to have spreadC to be spreadingD that it has spread8. “We cannot get out in this weather,” said Bob, _out of the window.A. having lookedB. to lookC. lookedD. looking9. This is the man