For teachers (动词的分类) (动词一)

1、For teachers (动词的分类) （动词一）第一课时 动词的分类及其用法动词可以分为五类类别（英语缩写）特点例句实义动词及物动词(vt.)跟宾语The victims parents have offered a reward of $2,000.不及物动词(vi.)不跟宾语We will live on Mars by the year 2010.系动词(link.v.)跟表语Mr got married in 1960.助动词(aux. V)跟动词原形或过去分词（无特殊意思）I have known the place for many years.When you play th

2、is game , you will play the role of Itchy feet.情态动词（mod.v.）跟动词原形（有说话者的意思）You ought to go to the toilet before the film begins.I cant decide which film to watch.（一） 实义动词1.及物动词和不及物动词实义动词是表示行为、动作或状态的词,能独立作谓语。按其句法作用分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词的后面要跟上名词或代词等作它的宾语，可以分为三类：1）vt.+宾语Eg .1.In fact, Scout doesnt trust her.2

3、. Yang Lin is watching TV.3. You will see a lot of information about that place on your screen.2）vt.+间接宾语（sth）+直接宾语（sb.）Eg. 1.-Hobbo , could you bring me some water？ -Why？ -Youre my master. 2. The police will offer the witness $100 for any useful information .3) vt.+宾语+宾语补足语Eg. 1. The students consi

4、der Mrs Gu the best teacher. 2. His jokes made us happy.不及物动词后面一定不能直接跟宾语，后面可以跟上一个介词，构成一个动词短语，然后可以跟上介词的宾语。Eg .1. A murder happened in Valley Town. 2. I lived in a block in the Koeloon Walled City with my parents. 3. We always walked to school together in the morning.难点解释1、许多动词可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词。Eg .1.

5、 Who is going to speak at the meeting?（谁打算在会上发言？）vi.2.Few people outside China speak Chinese.（在中国外很少人讲汉语。）vt2、要特别注意有些动词英汉之间的差异。某些词在英语中是不及物的，而在汉语中却是及物的。有时则相反。Eg. 1.He is waiting for you.（他在等你。）英语wait为不及物动词，汉语“等”为及物动词。2.Serve the people.（为人民服务。）英语serve为及物动词，汉语“服务” 为不及物动词。易混淆的及物动词和不及物动词Vt.vi.visitreply

6、(to)askreturn(to)winpoint (to , out)answerwait (for)felllisten (to )beatlook (at)servearrive(at, in)marryfall( down , off)enterdie (of , from)discussrise (up)attendreachdropraisekill（三）助动词这类词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，必须与其它的动词连用，帮助构成时态、语态、否定句和疑问句等结构。常用的助动词有：be, have, has, had , do, does , did , will 和shall等1.助动词

7、be(am, is , are , was , were)(1) “助动词be + 现在分词”构成进行时Eg.The students are having an English class. They asked me what I was doing at that time of yesterday.（2）“助动词be + 过去分词”构成被动语态The victim was attacked with a knife .So far ,the criminal hasnt been arrested.2. “助动词have(has ,had)+过去分词”构成完成时态 Eg. Audery

8、 had put all her effort into ballet training before she entered the film industry. Great changes have taken place during the past ten years.3. 助动词do用于构成否定句、疑问句、倒装句、加强说话的语气及代替前面刚出现的动词等Eg. -Do you live in Nanjing? -Yes , I do.The witness didnt report the suspect to the police.I do finish my homework.4

9、. 助动词will和shall用于构成将来时（shall仅用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称）Eg. There will be more trees in one hundred years. I shall be forty next year.For teachers （延续性动词与瞬间动词）（动词二）1）Simon的表哥离开南京已经两年了.A. Simons cousin have been away from Nanjing for two years.()B. Simons cousin have left Nanjing for two years.(×)2） 他的妻

10、子自从1992年就已经去世了.A. His wife has died since 1992. (×)B. His wife has been dead since 1992. ()英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分，使用中应注意两者的区别。1) 延续性动词是表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间，能够和表示一段时间的状语连用。常见的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。2) 瞬

11、间性动词是表示一个瞬间动作，动作一发生即结束。亦称终止性动词。常见的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持续性动词及瞬间性动词。难点解释1、 以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时，表

12、示动作到现在为止已结束，例如：He has studied English for three years.（他学英语已有3年了。）He has joined the Party.（他已入党了。）Mum isnt at home. She has gone to the library.（妈妈不在家，她去图书馆了。）2、 延续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，而瞬间性动词则不能。例如：His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.（他的父母跟老师谈了半个小时。）My mother has lain in bed for

13、3 days.（我母亲生病卧床已经三天了。）My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.（我父母亲从1950年起就住在上海了。）3、 瞬间性动词在完成时中不能与一段时间连用，如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，通常有两种方法：（1）用意思相当的持续性动词来替换，例如：1) He has been in the army/a soldier for three years.（他参军已有3年了。）不能用has joined2) She has been up for quite some time.（她起床已有好久了。）不能用has got up 3)

14、Has your brother been away from home for a long time?（你哥哥离家已有好久了吗？）不能用has left常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下：1、gobe away          2、comebe here3、come backbe back    4、leave/gobe away（be not here）5、buyhave        &

15、#160;   6、borrowkeep7、diebe dead          8、beginbe on9、finishbe over       10、openbe open11、closebe closed     12、losebe lost13、get to knowknow   14、turn onbe on15、get upbe up 

16、60;      16、sit downsit/be seated17、joinbe in（）或be amember18、becomebe（2）用it issince结构来替换瞬间动词，例如：1).电影已经开映5分钟了。（两种方法） The film has been on for five minutes. Its five minutes since the film began.2).他离开上海已有3天了。（两种方法） He has been away from Shanghai for three days. It is three d

17、ays since he left Shanghai.3).这本书我还给图书馆已有两周了。（一种方法） Its two weeks since I returned the book to the library.4) 他找到他妹妹已有多久了？（一种方法） How long is it since be found his sister?4、瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用，例如： I havent seen you for a long time.（好久没见到你了。）         &#

18、160;            For teachers (过去进行时态) （动词三）不用进行时的动词 ：1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。eg：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。 2）表示心理状态的动词，如

19、know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。eg： I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。 3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。eg：I accept your advice. 我接

20、受你的劝告。4）系动词 seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, 等。eg：You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。For teachers （连系动词）（动词五）连系动词本身有词义，但不完整，不能单独作谓语，必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语，说明主语的状态、特征、性质或身份。连系动词可具体分为三类：1、表示状态的动词be。这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式，is，am，are，was，were，have/has been等要特别予以注意。例如：He is very stron

21、g.(他很强壮)The police were interested in knowing if the victim had any enemies.2、表示“感觉”的词，如look（看起来），seem(看起来似乎)，feel（觉得，摸起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来）等，例如：She looked tired.（她看一去很疲劳。）I feel ill.（我觉得不舒服。）Cotton feels soft.（棉花摸起来很软。）The story sounds interesting.（这个故事听起来很有趣。）The flowers smell sweet

22、.（这些花闻起来很香。）The mixture tasted horrible.（这药水太难喝了。）3、表示“变”、“变成”的意思的词，如become, get, grow, turn, 都解释为“变”、“变得”，例如：She became a college student.（她成了一名大学生。）He feels sick. His face turns white.（他感到不舒服，他的脸色变苍白了。）The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.（春天来了，天气变得暖和些了，白天也变得较长些了。）He g

23、rew old.（他老了。）难点解释注意区别以下一些动词的用法，它们既可以作为行为动词，又可以作为连系动词。1）look看；看起来He is looking at the picture.（他正在看这图片。）行为动词It looks beautiful.（它看上去很美丽。）连系动词2）feel摸；感觉1）I felt someone touch my arm.（我感到有人碰我的手臂。）行为动词 Are you felling better today than before?（你今天比以前感到好些了吗？）连系动 词3）smell嗅；闻起来 My little brother likes to

24、smell the apple before he eats it.（我的小弟弟喜欢在吃苹果前闻一闻。）行为动词 Great! The flowers smell nice.（这些花闻起来多香啊！）连系动词4）sound弄响，发音；听起来 The letter “h” in hour is not sounded.（在hour这个词中字母h是不发音的。）行为动词 The gun sounded much closer.（枪声听起来更近了。）连系动词5）taste辨味；尝起来 Please taste the soup.（请尝一口汤。）行为动词 The soup tastes terrible.

25、（这汤尝起来味道太差了。）连系动词6）get得到，获得；变 There are some bananas on the table. Each of you can get one.（桌上有些香蕉，你们每个人可以拿一个。）行为动词7）grow生长，种植；变 Do you grow rice in your country?（你们的国家种水稻吗？）行为动词 Its too late. Its growing dark.（太迟了，天渐渐变暗了。）连系动词8）turn转动，翻动，使变得；变 The earth turns around the sun.（地球绕着太阳转。）行为动词 When spri

26、ng comes, the trees turn green and the flowers come out.（春天来了，树叶变绿了，花儿开了。）连系动词9) keep 保留，借；保持How long could I keep the book?(这本书我可以借多久？) 行为动词Its cold outside .Please put on more clothes to keep warm. （外面很冷。请多穿点衣服来保暖.）连系动词 上述句子中的动词如grow、get、turn等，既可以作连系动词，又可以作行为动词。如何来辨别它们呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动

27、词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。例如： The trees turn/are green when spring comes.（春天来临，树叶变绿。） The earth turns around the sun.（地球绕着太阳转。）这第二句句子中的turn是行为动词，意为“转动”。无法以is替换。For teachers （情态动词) （动词六）二情态动词的用法   （一）can/ could can1、表示能力，例如：I can speak a little Japanese.（我会说一点儿日语。）She couldnt speak Chi

28、nese when she came to our school last month.（上月她来我校时还不会说中文。）Be able to代替can, 也可以表示能力。但can只有一般现在时和一般过去时(could), 而be able to则有更多的时态形式，例如：You will be able to talk with the foreign teacher in English next week.（下星期你将能与外国老师用英语交谈了。）My little brother has been able to write.（我的小弟弟已会写字了。）2、表示允许，准许，这时can与may可

29、以互换，例如：Can/May I brother your bike tomorrow?Yes, of course. You can/may use my bike tomorrow.（明天我可以借你的自行车吗？当然可以。明天你可以用我的自行车。）You cant smoke here.（你不可以在这儿抽烟。）3、表示客观可能性，用在否定句和疑问句中表示说话人的怀疑、猜测或不肯定。例如：He cannot/cant be there.（他不可能在那儿。）Can this news be true?（这消息可能直实吗？）couldCould是can的过去式，在口语中经常代替can，表示非常委婉

30、的请求。这时could和can没有时间上的差别。例如：Could/Can you tell me if he will go tomorrow?（你能告诉我他明天是否去吗？）Could/Can I ask you something if you are not busy?（如果您不太忙，我能否问您一些事情？）Could/Can you show me the way to the nearest hospital?（您能给我指一下去最近的医院的路吗？）以can开头的一般疑问句，其肯定和否定回答分别用can, cant   （二）may和might1、表示“准许”和“许可”

31、，这时可与can替换。例如：May (can) I use your dictionary for a moment?（我可以借你的字典用一下吗？）May I take these magazines out of the reading room? No, you mustnt.（我可以把这些杂志带出阅览室吗？不，不行。）He asked me if he might go then.（他问我他是否可以走了。）2、表示说话人的猜测，认为某事“可能”发生，常用于肯定句。例如：Wheres John? He may be at the library.（约翰在哪儿？他可能在图书馆。）以上例子中的

32、may be是情态动词may加be, 与maybe完全不同。后者是副词，解释为“或许”。例如：He may be at home.（他可能在家。）Maybe he was at home.（或许他在家。）3、might除表示may的过去式外，在口语中还常代替may, 表示非常委婉的请示或实现的可能性较小。这时might和may没有时间上的差异。例如：Might (May) I speak to you for a few minutes?（我现在可以与你谈几分钟话吗？）Might I have a photo of your family?（我可以要一张你们的合家照吗？）4、在用may提问时，

33、否定回答常用mustnt或may not表示“不行”、“不可以”。例如：May I go now? No, you mustnt. （我可以走了吗？不，不可以。）   （三）must1、must表示说话人的主观意志，表示义务、命令或必要、应当和必须等。现在式与过去式同形。例如：I must go to school today.（今天我必须上学去。）He told me I mustnt leave until my mother came.（他告诉我，在我母亲回来之前我不许离开。）2、must表示推测，“一定是”、“准是”，一般用于肯定句。在疑问句和否定句中一般应用can

34、,否定句中也可用may， 但may not 表示“可能不”， 而cant表示“不可能”。在否定句中mustnt 表示禁止。例如：They must be very tired. Let them have a rest.（他们一定是非常疲劳了。让他们休息一会儿吧。）Jack doesnt look well. He must be ill.（杰克看上去气色不太好。他一定是病了。）3、以must开头的疑问句，意为“不允许”肯定回答用must;否定回答则常用neednt,意为“不需要，不必”，相当于dont have to.Eg. -Must I finish the work today？ -No, you neednt. 难点解释1、have to表示“必须”、“不得不”，它不仅能代替must, 用于现在时和过去时以外的其他时态，强调客观上的需要。例如：If we miss the last bus, we shall have to walk home.（如果我们末班车，我们将不得不走回家。）The ship started to go down slowly. We must leave the ship.（船慢慢地开始下沉了。我们必须离开