有关动词的一些小知识(DOC)

1、Verbs功能:notional verb实义v. link verbauxiliary verb助 v.modal verb直接transitive verb(vt.)及物 v.宾语intransitive verb (vi.)不及物 v.1、 Classification系 v. 情态 v.直接 predicate verb 谓语 v. 谓语 non-predicate verb 非谓语 v.主语 finite verb限定 v.限定 infinite verb非限定 v.变化regular verb规则 v.规则irregular verb不规则 v.动作terminative verb

2、终止性 v.持续durative verb持续性 v.动作static verb静态 v.强弱dynamic verb动态 v.simple verb简单 v.形态compound verb复合 v.结构phrasal verb短语 v.auxiliary verb ：verb used with notional verbs to show tense, voice, or emphatic mood, and to form a question or negative statement;meaningless itself ，can' t be used as V. alone

3、· Usage of aux. V.1. to form negative V.I don 't like your hat.2. to form a questionDo you like my hat?3. to form inversionNever did I expect to see him.4. to replace mentioned verb to avoid repetition.Do you like English?Yes, I do ·modal verb ： verb used with notional verbs to indicat

4、e speaker' s feelings andattitudes, i.e. to express possibility, permission, obligation,etc. .can/could/ may /might/must/shall/ should/will/would/need/dare/ought to incomplete meaning; can' t be used as V. alone; must be followed by infinitive form of verb; no person and number changes; some

5、 have past tense· Usage of modal v.1. to indicate speaker' s tone and attitude2. for subjunctive mood(虚拟语气)3. for speculation (推测) 虚拟各种虚拟句表示轻微责备 or 遗憾：情态 v. （not） + have done“本应 （而实际却没 ）” “本不该 /必 （而实际却 ）”was/were to + have （been） done “过去计划中要做某事，实际上没做 ” 区别 : “shouldn't + have done表”示过去本

6、不该做的事情，实际上却做了 “needn't + have done表示”过去本不必做的事情，实际上却做了 E.g.They shouldn ' t have left so early.You needn 't have bought it.You needn 't have come here yesterday. 推测 might, may, could, can, must情态 v.+do（原形） 对现在状态或经常动作推测情态 v.+be doing 对此时此刻发生的动作行为推测情态 v.+have done/have been doing 对过去发生的

7、事情进行推测 情态 v.must的否定推测 can't / couldn 'tE.g. She must be studying in the classroom now.She must have been working then.She may/might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw her.You must be very tired, aren ' t yo?uYou must have seen the film, haven' t yo?uYou must have

8、 seen the film last week, didn ' t yo?uYou must have known him before you wrote to him, hadn't you?It must have snowed last night, didn ' t ?itThe old man must be our headmaster,isn ' t h?e Mary must have finished reading the novel now, hasn' t seh?2.Formsprincipal forms of verbs

9、 infinitive form third-person singular form past form past participle (p.p.) present participle3.Features(tense/voice/mood) tense of verbs现在 - present 过去 - past 将来 - future 过去将来 - past future 一般 -indefinite 进行 - continuous 完成 - perfect 完成进行 - perfect continuoustimemanner grammatical meaningthe prese

10、nt indefinite tense the past indefinite the future indefinite tense the past future indefinite tense the present continuous tense the past continuous tense the future continuous tensethe past future perfect continuous tense Classification (16kinds) 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 过去将来时 现在进行时 过去进行时 将来进行时 过去将来进行时 t

11、he past future continuous tense 现在完成时 the present perfect tense 过去完成时 the past perfect tense 将来完成时 the future perfect tense 过去将来完成时 the past future perfect tense 现在完成进行时 the present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时 the past perfect continuous tense 将来完成进行时 the future perfect continuous tense 过去将来完成进

12、行时 sequence of tensesShe says she is a college studentShe says she was a college student.She says she will be a college student.Has he told you when he will leave for Beijing?/left for Beijing?Will you tell me when you finished the work?She told me she was a teacher.He said he was studying French.Sh

13、e explained to me that she had made the mistake chiefly out of carelessness.Betty said that she had been waiting for my call.He said that he would come back the next day.She said that she would be setting off on the 10 o' clock train.He told them that he would have finished by six o' clock.H

14、e told me that he was born in 1959.My mother told me that my grandfather went to Germany in 1917.Our teacher said that the earth is round and it goes round the sun.I ' ll be a singer when I grow up .If it is fine tomorrow, we ' ll have a basketball match with Class Two. voice of verbs Voice：

15、“be + p.p.”结构若表示动作，则是被动语态；若表示特点和状态，则是系 表结构，而不是被动语态。The composition is well written.The composition was written with great care.英语中有些 v.尽管是 vt.，但从不用于被动语态，如 contain, cost, fit, lack, resemble, suit, 以及表示“让、使“意思的 let, have, get 等，这些动词都没 有被动语态。You won't be let to go away now. XWe won' t let you

16、go away now. grammatical meaning: a form of verbs indicating the relationship between the Subject and the Predicate classificationactive voice 主动语态 passive voice被动语态 be + p.p. (vt.) transformationSimple sentence：S.+ vi. + 5 basic senten- S. + V. + P.ce patternsS. + vt. + O. + S. + vt. + Oi. + Od. +

17、S. + vt. + O. + O.C. + Transformation*S. + vt. + O. + O. + be + v-ed + +by+S.*S. + vt. +Oi. +Od. + E.g. We gave her some books. She was given some books (by us). Some books were given to her (by us).*S. +vt. + O. +O.C. + E.g. We will make our country richer and stronger. Our country will be made ric

18、her and stronger by us.We elected him our monitor. He was elected our monitor by us.The boy asked the teacher to explain the sentence. The teacher was asked to explain the sentence by the boy.We heard them talk about that film. They were heard to talk about that film.We heard them talking about . Th

19、ey were heard talking about that film. application1) unknown or unnecessary S. His car has been stolen. I was born in 1980.2) emphasize action taker She is liked by everybody. English is spoken here by us. special& structuresSpecialS.+ have/get + O. + p.p. 有意识的被动行为，执行者不一定就是句子的主语。无意识的被动行为， 动作的执行者

20、不是句子的主语， 相反受到这种动作的 影响。E.g.I have my hair cut every month.We had the machine repaired.He got his leg broken in an accident.S. + V. + P.E.g.The flowers smell sweet.The food tastes good.S.一般指物，系 v.常为 smell, taste, sound, prove, feel, look sth. be worth doingS. + vi. +（ adj./adv.） The door blew open.The

21、 material has worn thin.His books sell well.The door won' t shut/lock. This kind of rice cooks quickly. She doesn' t photograph well.vi.： wear, blow, move, lock, shut, open, read, write, draw, wash, clean, burn, cook, make, work, photograph, eat, drink sth. need/want/require doing sth. be wo

22、rthy to be done sth. be worthy of doing sth. need/want to be doneE.g. Your hands need washing. /to be washed.The pair of shoes wants mending. /to be mended. The machine requires repairing.The book is worth reading.The book is worthy to be read. The book is worthy of reading.Structures（客观论述句）It is sa

23、id that 据说It is believed that 大家（人们）相信It is reported that 据报道It is announced that 据宣布It is alleged that 据称It is asserted that有人承认It is assumed that假设（定）It is calculated that 据计算It is claimed that 有人声称（主张）It is considered that认为It is declared that 据宣布、有人宣布It is demonstrated that 证明It is estimated tha

24、t 估计It is expected that看来It is found that 发现It is generally agreed that 人们通常认为It is generally considered that 大家认为It is hoped that 希望It is generally recognized that 一般（普遍）认为It is hypothesized that假设（定）It is learned that 据说（闻）It is mentioned that 据说It is noticed that 有人指出It is predicted that 预计It is

25、preferred that 最好It is proposed that有人提议It is recommended that 建议It is rumored that 谣传It is suggested that有人建议It is supposed that据推测说It is thought that 有人认为It is understood that 不用说，是很明白的It is universally accepted that 普遍认为It is weighed that 考虑到，权衡到It is well known that 众所周知，大家都知道It has been arrange

26、d that 准备 /已经商定It has been decided that已经决定It has been illustrated that 据图示 / 据说明It has been objected that 有人反驳说It has been proved that 已经证明It has been showed that有人指出It will be said that 有人会说It will be seen from this that 由此可知It cannot be denied that 无可否认 （defy：反驳）It can be seen that可见It may be sai

27、d without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说 It may be safely said that 可以有把握地说It must be admitted that 必须承认It must be pointed out that 必须指出It must be stressed that必须强调Practice 1 modal verbs1“ Must we do it now ?”“ No , you.”A won'tB needn'tC can' tD don't2 He said he would rather no

28、t _it right now.A doingB to doC doD to be doing3 You to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important todo.A needn' t to comeB don' t need comeC don't need comingD needn' t come4 “ May I pick a flower in the garden? ” “ .”A No, you needn' tB Not, pleaseC No, you must

29、n 'tD No, you won't5 You' d better late again.A don' tB not beC not beingD won ' t be6“ Can I leave this door open at night?” “ You better not.”A shouldB wouldC couldD had7 Put on more clothes. You be feeling cold with only a shirt on.A can B could C would D must8 I thought you l

30、ike something to read, so I have brought you somebooks.A may B might C could D must9 There was plenty of time. She .A mustn ' t have hurriedB couldn' t have hurriedC mustn' t not hurryD needn' t have hurried10 The plant is dead. I it more water.A will gaveB would have givenC must giv

31、eD should have given11 It's freezing outside. You put on your overcoat.A had better toB had betterC would betterD would better to12 You return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like.A can' t B mustn' t C needn' t D may not13 “ Where is my pen?”“ I it. ”A might loseB

32、 would have lostC should have lost D must have lost14 I didn ' t hear the phone. I asleep.A must be B must have been C should beD should have been15 He you more help, even though he was very busy.A might have givenB might givenC may have givenD may give16 A computer think for itself; it must be

33、told what to do.A can' tB couldn' tC may notD might not17-Could I borrow your dictionary? - Yes, of course you .A mightB willC canD should18 Which _ you _ do, go to the cinema or stay at home?A do ； rather B would ； rather C will ；rather D should ； rather19 Tom ought not to _ me your secret,

34、 but he meant no harm. A have told B tell C be telling D having told20 Peter _ come with us tonight, but he isn' t very sure yet. A must B may C can D will21 “ Shall I tell John about it? ” “No, you _. I've told him already.” A needn' tB wouldn' tC mustn' tD shouldn't22 I tol

35、d Sally how to get there, but perhaps I _ for her.A had to write it outB must have written it outC should have written it outD ought to write it out23 -There were already five people in the car but they manage to take me as well.-It _ a comfortable journey.A can' t beB shouldn' t beC must ha

36、ve beenD couldn' t have been24 Johnny, you _ play with the knife; you _ hurt yourself.A won' t; can'tB mustn' t; mayC shouldn't; mustD can' t; shouldn'tPractice 2 tense & voice of verbs1. The first two factors must be equal for all who are being compared, if any compa

37、rison in terms of intelligence (make).2. I hope her health(improve) greatly by the time we come back nextyear.3. While you were in London that year, the London Bridge (repair).4. I was shocked to hear that your house (break) into.5. He said that he would be able to see me when he (write) that letter

38、.6. Two of the glasses were broken when they (wash).7. I bought a new house, but I (not sell) my old one yet, so at themoment I have two houses.8. John isn't a diligent student, for it is the third time he _(be) late, isn 't it?9. John always works in his lab and makes a lot of experiments.He _(make) experiments all afternoon and (not finish) yet.10. For the last two years, he (write) a history of The American CivilWar. He will have completed it by the end of July.11. She only (study) her les