南京市大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布状况

1、第30卷第10期2007年10月环境科学与技术南京市大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布状况张强华1,2,石莹莹1,李东2,钟秦1(1.南京理工大学化工学院,南京210094;2.江苏淮阴工学院生命科学与化学工程学院,淮安223003摘要:采集南京市大厂和山西路两地区四季度大气PM10样品,用索氏提取-高效液相色谱技术分析其多环芳烃组成及含量,结果表明,两地区多环芳烃总量在42.561ng/m3121.890ng/m3之间,大厂区浓度明显高于山西路地区,是山西路地区的1.1692.628倍。大厂地区PAHs总量受季节影响不大,山西路地区浓度与季节呈一定的相关性,即春季>冬季>夏季>

2、;秋季,两地区PAHs中蒽、荧蒽、苯并b荧蒽、苯并g,h,i苝含量相对都较高,表明燃煤和交通是南京市的主要污染源,大厂区燃煤污染更为明显。关键词:可吸入颗粒物(PM10;多环芳烃;分布;南京中图分类号:X830.2文献标识码:A文章编号:1003-6504(200710-0042-03多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons是指具有两个或两个以上苯环的一类有机化合物,特别是指由若干个苯环稠合在一起或由若干个苯环和环戊二烯稠合在一起组成的稠环芳烃。煤、石油、烟草、木材等有机物在不完全燃烧或高温裂解时均可产生PAHs。大气可吸入颗粒物(空气动力学直径10m,用PM

3、10表示比表面积大,易于富集各种多环芳烃,对环境和人体健康危害极大,可致癌、致畸和致突变1-6,美国国家环保局(USEPA将PAHs列入优先监测名单。近年来,随着工业的快速发展和人民生活水平的不断提高,大气中可吸入颗粒物的含量逐年增加,研究表明,目前中国绝大多数城市PM10已成为空气的首要污染物,其浓度水平均超过国家相关标准,南京市PM10的污染也很严重,2002年春季南京市城区PM10超标率达83%,超标倍数为1.84.97-8。因此对大气可吸入颗粒物及其PAHs进行监测,了解其分布状况,对于正确评价其对环境和人体健康的影响有着非常重要的意义,从而有助于污染控制策略的制定。1实验部分1.1采

4、样结合南京地区生活区、工业区和交通密集地区污染的分布实际情况,设立2个功能区采样点,即大厂区(典型工业区和山西路地区(典型商业区,采样点分别设在四楼平台,离地面高度15m。采用KC-1000型大流量TSP采样器加载PM10-1000B切割器(青岛崂山电子仪器总厂有限公司产,流量调整为1m3/min,使用15cm×25cm的玻璃纤维滤膜采集样品。采样时间为2005年1月2006年1月,每月连续采样6d,每24h换一次滤膜,同时记录温度、湿度、气压、风向和风速等气象参量。1.2样品前处理采样后,将样品放入索氏提取器内用二氯甲烷抽提24h,然后用K-D浓缩器进行浓缩至45mL,用0.45m

5、的滤膜过滤,再经高纯氮气吹扫近干,冷冻保存。1.3样品分析采用美国Waters高效液相色谱仪(高压泵为Waters515型,检测器为Waters2478型紫外检测器,配置NUCLEOSIL R100-5C18PAH(德国MACHREY -NAGEL公司色谱柱,柱温25,流速1mL/min,以甲醇-乙腈-水和乙腈-四氢呋喃为流动相,采用梯度洗脱(表1,紫外检测波长为254nm,利用标准样品(16种PHA混标,美国SUPLECO公司采用外标法,根据保留时间和峰面积确定大气可吸入颗粒物中PAHs 及含量。2结果2.1两典型地区不同季节PM10中PAHs总量的分布特征在南京市两典型地区不同季节中均检测

6、到美国EPA优先控制的12种多环芳烃,它们分别为:蒽(Ant、荧蒽(Flua、芘(Pyr、屈(Chr、苯并a蒽(BaA、苯并b荧蒽(B bF、苯并k荧蒽(BkF、苯并a芘(BaP、二苯并a,h荧蒽(DahF、茚并1,2,3-c,d芘(IcdP、苯并g,h,i苝(BghiP。由于萘(Nap、二氢苊基金项目:江苏省自然科学基金重点项目(BK2004216作者简介:张强华(1967-,男,副教授,在读博士,研究方向为环境工程, (电话0517-*(电子信箱zqh67。时间流动相A泵(%甲醇-乙腈-水(V/V:50/25/25B泵(%乙腈-四氢呋喃(V/V:93/7初始10000min10001min

7、100012min010020min010025min1000表1梯度洗脱程序42图1为两地区不同季节PM 10中PAHs 总平均浓度变化的柱形图,大厂地区全年PAHs 总平均浓度变化不大,山西路地区的PAHs 总平均浓度在秋季明显低于其他三个季节,这与我国其他城市有一定的差异9,如北京全年PAHs 浓度季节差异明显,分布呈“凹”形,夏季PAHs 平均浓度最低10。2.2两地区PM 10中多环芳烃的相对分布特征从总趋势来看,南京市两典型地区多环芳烃的相对分布大致相同,大厂地区在春、夏、冬三季主要以Ant 、Flua 、BbF 、BghiP 为主,分别占总PHAs49.6%、61%和51.8%,

8、秋季主要以Ant 、Flua 、Pyr 、BghiP 为主,占总PHAs49.2%,同时Phe 、BbF 、DahF 、IcdP 含量也相对较高,见图2。山西路地区在春季和秋季主要以Ant 、Flua 、BbF 、BghiP ,分别占总PAHs54%和53.3%,夏季以Ant 、Flua 、Pyr 、BbF 为主,占总PHAs68.7%,冬季以Ant 、Flua 、Pyr 、BkF 、BghiP 为主,占总PAHs56.4%,见图3。(Ace、芴(Flu、苊(Acy、菲(Phe四种化合物分子量低、挥发性高,故本文对这四种化合物没有讨论。表2、表3为两典型地区不同季节多环芳烃浓度的平均值、最大值

9、和最小值。这些PAHs 在总量上春季、夏季、冬季变化不大,秋季污染相对较轻,大厂地区春、夏、秋、冬的PAHs 平均浓度分别为107.256ng/m 3、121.890ng/m 3、111.839ng/m 3和88.605ng/m 3,山西路地区春、夏、秋、冬季的PAHs 平均总浓度分别为76.276ng/m 3、52.904ng/m 3、42.561ng/m 3和75.815ng/m 3,在四个季节中,大厂地区的PAHs 总浓度均高于山西路地区,分别是山西路地区的1.406、2.304、2.628、1.169倍。表2大厂地区不同季节PAHs 的浓度化合物春季夏季秋季冬季平均值最大值最小值平均值

10、最大值最小值平均值最大值最小值平均值最大值最小值菲4.24812.782表3山西路地区不同季节PAHs 的浓度化合物春季夏季秋季冬季平均值最大值最小值平均值最大值最小值平均值最大值最小值平均值最大值最小值76.27652.90442.56175.81511.442南京市大气可吸入颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布状况张强华, 等43第30卷第10期2007年10月环境科学与技术3讨论3.1两典型地区PAHs总量的分布特征大厂区是南京市的主要工业区,区内大型的化工厂、焦化厂、电厂等企业众多,空气污染比较严重,其污染与大厂区自身小环境密切,季节对其影响不大。山西路地区是南京市典型的商业区,其污染水平比大厂区低

11、,高于城市其他区域,全年PAHs浓度并没有象北方城市季节差异明显,夏季PAHs平均浓度最低,冬季最高11-12,南京市山西路地区夏、秋两季PAHs 浓度相对较低。这与南京市特殊的地理位置有关,南京市位于北纬33°31,东经118°47,其地貌特征属江苏省宁镇扬丘陵地区,三面环山,北邻长江,夏季受季风影响小,气候炎热,加之山西路地区高楼林立,加剧该区域PAHs累积,而冬季南京受西风环流控制,同时北邻长江,季风显著,从西北吹来的相对干净的空气有利于多环芳烃的扩散,同时与北方城市相比,南京市没有采暖期,相对其他北方城市污染较轻。3.2两地区多环芳烃的相对分布特征大厂地区在春、夏、

12、冬三季PAHs主要以Ant、Flua、BbF、BghiP为主,占50%左右。且BaP/BghiP比值绝大多数都集中在0.30.5之间,Sawicki等认为BaP/BghiP的比值可用来判断污染类型,比值介于0.30.44之间,为交通污染,而比值为0.96.6时为燃煤污染13-14,同时Ant、Flua、BbF是燃煤标识物,BghiP 是机动车尾气主要标识物,样品中均检测出这些高含量标识物,表明燃煤和交通是大厂区春、夏、冬三季的主要污染源,山西路地区与大厂区相比,Pyr、BkF、BghiP等交通污染源的特征化合物含量相对高一些,交通是山西路地区主要污染源。4结论(1南京市大厂区春、夏、秋、冬的P

13、AHs平均浓度分别为107.256ng/m3、121.890ng/m3、111.839ng/m3、和88.605ng/m3,山西路地区分别为76.276ng/m3、52.904ng/m3、42.561ng/m3和75.815ng/m3,大厂区四季度PAHs平均浓度明显高于山西路地区,分别是山西路地区的1.406、2.304、2.628、1.169倍。大厂地区全年PAHs总平均浓度变化不大,山西路地区的PHAs总平均浓度分布与国内其他城市存在一定差异,冬、春两季浓度较高,秋季最低。(2两地区PHAs中均以Ant、Flua、BbF、BghiP为主,燃煤和交通是两地区的主要污染源,大厂区燃煤特征明显

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18、 collection efficiency of single granule doesn't change.The smaller the diameter of filtration medium was,the smaller the penetration of aerosol.Key words:aerosol;filtration;medium thickness;granular bedBreeding of an Anaerobic Phenol-degradation Strain and Study on Phenol BiodegradationLI Hong-

19、mei1,2,LIU Dong3(1.School of Chemical Engineering and Technology,Tianjin University, Tianjin300072;2.Y ancheng Textile Vocational and Technical College, Y ancheng224005;3.Zhangjiagang Vocational Education Centre,Zhangjiagang215600Abstract ID:1003-6504(200710-0031-03-EAAbstract:A strain of yeast with

20、 high efficient phenolics-degrading capacity under anaerobic conditions was isolated from acclimated activated sludge,identified as Candida albicans and named as PDY-07. The phenol degradation was studied under the condition of various temperature and pH.Results showed that under the optimum tempera

21、ture of35with pH ranging from6.97.1,the strain can have pretty high phenol tolerance potential up to2,600mg/L.Key words:Candida albicans;phenol;anaerobic;biodegradationCharacterization of Submicron Aerosols of MosquitoCoil Smoke and Ambient and Indoor SubmicronParticlesWANG Hai-xia1,2,CHEN Xin-hua1,

22、2,LI Hai-yang1 (1.Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS,Dalian116023;2.Graduate School of CAS,Beijing100039Abstract ID:1003-6504(200710-0034-04-EAAbstract:Indoor combustion of mosquito coil generates smoke with submicron aerosol which is harmful to human by inhalation.

23、This paper describes the determination of size distribution of this submicron aerosol along with the baseline(ambient and indoorsubmicron particulates by using a high resolution particle sizer.Key words:size distribution;mosquito coil smoke;submicron aerosol; indoor and outdoor airCorrelation betwee

24、n COD and TOC inEutrophic East LakeJIANG Li1,ZHANG Ye-ming2,CAO Gang1,HAO Long1,LIN An1,GAN Fu-xing1,3(1.Department of Environment Engineering,School of Resource and Environment Science,Wuhan University,Wuhan430072;2.School of Environment Science and Engineering,Huangshi Institute of Technology, Hua

25、ngshi435003;3.State Key Laboratory for Metal Corrosion andProtection,Shenyang110015Abstract ID:1003-6504(200710-0037-04-EAAbstract:The correlation between COD and TOC in eutrophic lakes was studied for the purpose of rapid monitoring and detecting quantities of organic pollutants.Results of organic

26、mass spectrometry analysis of East Lake,Wuhan showed the applicability of potassium dichromate method in eutrophic waters.Based on experimental data,the equation of correlation between TOC and COD in eutrophic waters was deduced,and results illuminated highly significant linear correlation and accur

27、acy, with the biggest error between calculated value and measured value of COD of13.72%.For the eutrophic East Lake,TOC can better represent the pollution degree of organic matters than COD.Key words:eutrophication;COD;TOC;correlation;organic mass spectrometryPurification of Eutrophic River Water wi

28、th Bioscreenunder Low TemperatureLI Kong-yan,JIN Cheng-xiang,HUANG Min-sheng (School of Resource and Environment Science,East China NormalUniversity,Shanghai200062Abstract ID:1003-6504(200710-0040-02-EAAbstract:The purification effect of bioscreen on eutrophic river water was investigated under low

29、temperature.The experiment,operated during middle of November to December,showed that water quality kept good level by physical chemistry action in river water when aquatic plants were resting and activeness of microorganism was lower.Average removal efficiency of COD,NH4+-N,TN and TP from water was

30、16.7%38.8%,30.0%41.7%,14.1%35.0%and15.4%44.4%respectively under HRT of10h.The removal efficiency was decreased with the falling of temperature.In the low temperature season and high content of DO in eutrophic river water,package,aquatic plants and oxidation had no obvious effect on removal efficienc

31、y of pollutants.Key words:eutrophic river water;bioscreen;new package; purification effectInvestigation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons'Distribution in Atmospheric PM10in Nanjing City ZHANG Qiang-hua1,2,SHI Ying-ying1,LI Dong2,ZHONG Qin1 (1.School of Chemical Engineering,Nanjing University o

32、f Science and Technology,Nanjing210094;2.College of Life Science and Chemical Engineering,Huaiyin Institute of Technology,Huaian223003 Abstract ID:1003-6504(200710-0042-03-EAAbstract:This investigation involved4-seasonal sampling of air-borne PM10in downtown area and industrial area respectively,and

33、 analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHsconcentration in PM10using Soxhlet extraction-HPLC techniques.The investigation reveals that air pollutants from both coal combustion and traffic vehicles constitutes the predominant source of PAHs.Key words:inhalable particulate matter(PM10;polycycl

34、ic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs;distribution,NanjingAcid Rain Pollution in Yibin City:Status and FutureTrends AnalysisHUANG Fei1,SUN You-jia2,HE Liang1,ZHOU Ming-luo1 (1.School of Resources and Environmental Science,Y ibin College,Y ibin644000;2.Environmental Monitoring Center of Y ibin City,Y ibin644

35、000Abstract ID:1003-6504(200710-0045-03-EAKey words:acid rain;pollution;Yibin CityTN/TP Ratio of Lake Water and Its Implication in Algae Bloom of Beijing's Urban LakeCUI Li-feng1,YOU Liang1,HUANG Zhen-fang2,LIU Zai-wen1(1.Beijing Technology and Business University,Beijing100037;2.Beijing Hydrolo

36、gical Centre,Beijing100039Abstract ID:1003-6504(200710-0047-03-EAAbstract:Ratio of TN/TP was investigated in an urban lake in Beijng with respect to variation of the ratios during different seasons.The study found that the ratio was much higher during algae resuscitation period than during algae rep

37、roduction period.According to the investigation,it was concluded that the limiting factor of nutrient for algae growing was nitrogen.Key words:eutrophication;total nitrogen(TN;total phosphorus(TP; ratioEnvironmental Loading Analysis of Titanium IndustrialChainLIAO Wen-jie1,JIANG Wen-ju1,WANG Hong-ta

38、o2,JIN Yan1,ZHANG Xing1(1.College of Architecture and Environment,Sichuan Unversity,Chengdu610065l;2.College of Material Science and Engineering,SichuanUniversity,Chengdu610064Abstract ID:1003-6504(200710-0050-03-EAAbstract:Environmental loading values and environmental factors were obtained by using the method of environmental loading analysis for the titanium industrial chain:from ore mining to titanium white and the relevant paint manufacturing.It was conclud