评价职业安全和健康的露天煤矿

1、Available online at SafetyScience46(2008)10161024EvaluationofoccupationalsafetyandhealthinsurfaceminesSuphiUrala,*,SitkiDemirkolbaCukurovaUniversity,FacultyofEngineeringandArchitecture,DepartmentofMiningEngineering,Adana01330,TurkeybMinistryofLabourandSocialSecurity,GeneralDirectorateofOccupationalS

2、afetyandHealth,Ankara,TurkeyAbstractTheaimofthisstudyistopresentoccupationalaccidentstatisticsinTurkishmineral-extractingindustriesandtocomparethestatisticaldatawithmajormine-producingcountries.Acomparisonofsafetyperformanceindicesinmin-eral-extractingindustriesinTurkeywiththoseofothermajormine-prod

3、ucingcountrieswillenableauthoritiestodevelopstrategiesinordertotaketherelevantprecautionsandeventuallyimproveminingindustriesinTurkey.TurkishdataareobtainedfromannualreportsofSocialSecurityInstitution(SSK)aswellasfromthesafetystatisticsandaccidentreportsofvarioussurfaceminesandannualreportsofTheMini

4、stryofLabourandSocialSecurity.Mineral-extractingindustriesofTurkeyhavethehighestincidentratesandhighestfatality-to-injuryratioamongthemajormine-producingcountries.Lowaccidentratioiscausedbyseriousconsequencesofaccidents.Headandmainbodyarethemostaectedbodyparts.Themostcommonfatalaccident/injurytypeso

5、ccurinblastingoperations,poweredhaulageandfallofface/highwall.Theemployeesundertheageof40hadahigherriskofinjuriesthantheolderonesinTurkishsurfacemines.2007ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Occupationalsafety;Surfacemines;Incidencerate;Accidentratio;Turkey1.IntroductionAccordingto2004statistics,

6、thepopulationofTurkeyis67,844,903and6,181,251ofthepopulationsareinsuredemployeeswithsocialsecurity(SSK,2004).Statisticshaveshownthat83,830employeeshadanacci-dentin2004comprising1.36%ofthetotalnumberofemployees.Therefore,industrialaccidentsshouldbeanalysedcarefullyandeconomicalevaluationsshouldbemade

7、.Asindicatedbythestatisticaldata,thehaz-ardspresentinmineral-extractingoperationsmakethemuniqueintheeldofindustrialsafetyandhealth.InTurkey,mineral-extractingindustriesrankrstinoccupationaldiseasesandpermanentincapacity,thirdinfatalaccidentsandfourthinoccupationalaccidents(SSK,2004).Numberofaccident

8、sformajorbranchesofTurkishindustryispresentedinTable1.Accidentsarepainfullyandcostlytoworkersandtheirfamilies.Theycanbealsoagreatburdenontheminingcompaniesbecause,inadditiontothecostsofpersonalinjuries,theymayincurfargreatercostsfrom*Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+903223387067;fax:+903223386126.E-mailadd

9、ress:.tr(S.Ural).0925-7535/$-seefrontmatter2007ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2007.11.010S.Ural,S.Demirkol/SafetyScience46(2008)10161024Table1Numberofaccidentsforselectedbranches(SSK,2004)NumberofemployeesMineral-extractingindustriesTextileindustryProductsobtainingfroms

10、tone,clay,etc.BasicmetalindustriesMetalproductsmanufacturingManufacturingoftransportequipmentsConstructionTransportationTotaloftheotherbranchesGrandtotal73,167376,064138,31471,959216,051230,765752,136396,3933,746,6026,181,251Numberofaccidents623768395626563611,58458718106409824,42183,8301017Fatalacc

11、idents681430163712263109281843damagetopropertyorequipment,andproductionlosses.Inmodernmining,costplaysaveryimportantroleandsafetyinrelationtocoststandsinapeculiarposition.Besides,thecompaniesshouldstruggleinacom-petitivemarkettosurvive.Twomajorcategoriesofcostresultingfromoccupationalaccidentsareusu

12、allyreferredtoasdirectandindirectcosts(Andreoni,1983).Thedirectcostoftheaccidentsconsistofcashben-etspayableundertherelatedlaws,medicalbenets,disablementbenets,etc.payableundertheSocialSecu-ritySystem,andotherbenetspayableunderthecompanysownplan.Theindirectcostsofmineaccidentscanbeoutlinedasthecosto

13、flosttimeofinjuredemployees,costoftimelostbyotheremployeeswhostopworktoassisttheinjuredemployee,costoftimespentbytherst-aidattendantandhospitaldepartmentsta,costduetodamagetomachines,toolsorotherproperty,lossofprotduetodecreaseintheinjuredworkerseciencyandproduction,etc.Accidentsatworkinmineral-extr

14、actingindustrieswereestimatedtohavecausedcostsof454,909,000eurosinEU15MemberStates(Eurostat,2004).IthasbeenshownbyIstanbulluo-glu(1999)thatthetotalcostofoccupationalaccidentsatworkduetoworkingdayslostinayearamountsto5,160,000eurosinTurkishCoalEnterprises(TKI).Inthisstudy,thesafetydataofTurkishsurfac

15、eminesispresented,andoccupationalaccidentstatisticsofmineral-extractingindustriesofTurkeyisdiscussedandcomparedwithothermajormine-producingcountries.1.1.PreviousstudiesonminesafetyComparisonofyearlyminingaccidentsstatisticsintermsofpastobservationsindicatedthatminingaccidentshavebeendiminishingconti

16、nuouslysincethebeginningoflastcentury,althoughsomeminordeviationsfromthistrendhavebeenobserved(Marovelli,1981;Leger,1991;RamaniandMutmansky,1999).Clanzy(1979)comparedthesafetyrecordoftwosafesteveryears,1936and1977,eachrepresentativeofadierenteraofcoalproductioninGreatBritain.Hedirectedtheattentionto

17、theimportanceofthehumanelementandtheneedformeaningfuleducation,trainingandinstructionofpersonnelifasignicantreductioninseriouscasualtieswastobeexpected.ComparisonofcoalminehealthandsafetyperformancebetweentheUnitedStatesandEuropeancoalproducingcountrieswasevaluated(Marovelli,1981).Thestudyshowedthat

18、onecouldencounteragreatdicultyinmakingdirectcomparisonsandanyvalidconclusionsbecauseofdierentminingmethodsapplied,dierentreportingpracticesandstandardsinhealthandsafetyregulationsandlaws.Leger(1991)analysedtheprincipalcausesofoccupationalfatalitiesanddisastersintheSouthAfricanminingindustry.Hefoundt

19、hataminerwhospenttwentyyearsworkingundergroundwouldfaceaoneinthirtychanceofdyinginanoccupationalaccidentandthemostimportantcauseoffatalitieswasfallsofground(groundslides).Kleczeketal.(1999)attemptedtoclassifyhazardsinundergroundminesinPolandandindicatedthatoccupationalaccidentsinPolishminingindustry

20、havebeenseriouslyreducedoverthelastdecade.RamaniandMutmansky(1999)viewedtheUnitedStatesprogressthathasbeenmadeinminehealthandsafetysincethebeginningofthe20thcentury.Theyshowedtheeectsofmineregulationsandenforcements,newtechnologyandequipmentintroduction,changeinappliedminingmethodsontheimprovementof

21、miningaccidentsandfatalityratesalongthehistoricaltrend.1018S.Ural,S.Demirkol/SafetyScience46(2008)101610241.2.AccidenthistoryofTurkishcoalminesOccupationalaccidentsofTurkishmineswereevaluatedintotwogroups.Therstgroupofstudiesana-lysedtheoccupationalaccidentsinZonguldakHardcoalregion(AriogluandAri,19

22、90;BuzkanandBuzkan,1990;AkcinandHamarat,1994).BuzkanandBuzkan(1990)gavethenumberoffatalaccidentssubjectedtotheproductionworkersofthisregionbetween1970and1988.Theyfoundarelationshipbetweenthefatalityratios,whichwerecalculatedbydividingnumberoffatalaccidentstototalnumberofworkersforeachyear,andamounto

23、fcoalproduction.AriogluandAri(1990)examinedstatisticallyoccupationalaccidentsintheZonguldakcoaleldfrom1941to1987.Theyfoundastrongcorrelationbetweenamountsofrawcoalpro-ductionandnumberofinjuries.AkcinandHamarat(1994)studiedlegalandnancialaspectsoftheoccupa-tionalaccidentsanddiseasesoccurringinZonguld

24、akcoalregion.Theyindicatedthatmostoftheaccidentstookplaceattheundergroundandmajorityofthemwerefallsofgroundtype.Thesecondgroupofstudiesbasedtheiranalysisontheoccupationalaccidentstatisticstakenfromthesur-faceandundergroundminesofTKI(Bozkurt,1993;Can,1994;Istanbulluoglu,1999;Koseetal.,1990;Sarietal.,

25、2003;TatarandOzrat,2002;Yilmazetal.,2000).Koseetal.(1990)investigatedtheoccupationalacci-dentsinGLITuncbilekmineoccurringat1988and1989intermsofmonthsofyear,daysofweek,hoursofday,andageandjobcategoryoftheinjuredworker.Theyconcludedthatworkersengagedintheproductionanddevelopmentsworkswith2535agerangew

26、eremoreaccident-prone.Bozkurt(1993)studiedOALCayr-hanEnterprisemineaccidentsbetween1985and1991.Ageneralstatisticalevaluationofoccupationalacci-dentsfromsomeoftheTKIminesbetween1980and1992wascarriedoutbyCan(1994).Istanbulluoglu(1999)presentedandevaluatedoccupationalaccidentstatisticsoccurredduringthe

27、last16yearsintheminesofTKI.Heindicatedthattheyearlynumberoffatalaccidentswasnotdecreasedduringthisperiodandthemostimportantcauseforthatwerethetracaccidentsinsurfaceminingoperations.Yilmazetal.(2000)eval-uatedtheDLIErzurumTKImineoccupationalaccidentstatisticswhichoccurredfrom1987and1998.Theystatedtha

28、ttheworkersengagedintheproductionanddevelopmentsworksweremoreaccident-prone.TatarandOzfrat(2002)investigatedtheoccupationalaccidentsoccurredinELISomaTKIundergroundminebetweentheyears1992and2000.Theyshowedthatthemostimportantcauseoffatalitieswasfallsofground.Sarietal.(2003)statisticallyanalysedhistor

29、icalrecordsofGLITuncbilekandELISomaTKIundergroundmines.Theresultsindicatedthatthesafetyandproductivityareimprovedwhenthepanelsaremechanized.2.Methodology2.1.SourcesofdataPrimaryindicatorsofsafetyperformancewerecollectedforTurkey,EU15(EuropeanUnion15countriesBelgium,Denmark,Germany,Greece,Spain,Franc

30、e,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,Netherlands,Austria,Por-tugal,Finland,SwedenandGreatBritain),USA,Australia,NewZealandandSouthAfrica.GreatBritainandGermansafetydataarealsogivenseparately,althoughEU15safetydataincludesthesecountries.Turkishdataisgatheredfromadministrationrecordsofsurfaceminesandaccidentsre

31、portsofTheMinistryofLabourandSocialSecurity.Totally,occupationalaccidentreportsof71surfacemineswerestudiedthatincludedcoalmines,metalminesandquarries.Theaccidentdataincludesdate,locationandtypeofaccident,bodypartaectedanddaysofromworkdata.Also,forthesamemines,numberofworkers,numberofworkingdays,numb

32、erofworkinghours,ageofworkers,numberofaccidentsandtotaldayslostdatawerecollectedfortheperiodscovered.AnothersourceofinformationistheactivityreportofTheMinistryofLabourandSocialSecurityforsurfaceandundergroundmines(2005).Generaldataincludingbothsurfaceandundergroundminesareextractedfromtheyearlystati

33、sticsofoccupationalaccidentsandfatalitiesofSocialSecurityInstitution(SSK,2004).EU15dataobtainedfromEuropeanStatisticsonAccidentsatwork(ESAW)databaseforthereferenceyear2000(Eurostat,2004).Thesedatawerecomplementedwiththedataofthe1999LabourForceSurveyadhocmodule.TheGreatBritaindataisextractedfromHealt

34、handSafetyExecutive(HSE)database(2004).VariousaccidentinsuranceinstitutionsrecordtheGermanyoccupationalaccidentsdata.TheFederalMinistryofEconomicsandLabour(BMWA)publishannualBerichtzumstandvonSicherheitundGesundheitbeiS.Ural,S.Demirkol/SafetyScience46(2008)101610241019derArbeit”(ReportontheCurrentLe

35、velofSafetyandHealthatWork).TheGermanydataobtainedfromtheannualreportsoftheBMWA(2004).TheUSMineSafetyandHealthAdministration(MSHA,2005)reporttheUSAdataannually.TheUSAinjurydataforthetotalminingsectorincludessurfaceandunder-groundminesandpreparationplantsseparately.TheAustraliadataobtainedfromtheNati

36、onalOccupationalHealthandSafetyCommission(NOHSC)onlinestatisticsInteractiveNationalWorkersCompensationSta-tisticsdatabaseNOSI2(2006).TheDepartmentofLabourofNewZealandannualreports(2004)presentthemostcomprehensivedataavailableandprimaryindicatorsforminingsector.TheSouthAfricanoccupationalaccidentdata

37、hasbeenobtainedfromreportsoftheDepartmentofMineralsandEnergy(DME,2004),agov-ernmentagency,whichisresponsibleforallaspectsofminingproductionandsafety.2.2.DenitionsandindicatorsTheESAWdevelopedamethodologyascomparableaspossiblewithotherinternationalstatisticstopar-ticipateintheco-ordinationofsuchwork.

38、TheESAWmethodologyisinaccordancewiththeILOResolutionconcerningStatisticsofOccupationalInjuriesresultingfromOccupationalAccidents(1998).ThedenitionsoftheMethodologyoftheESAW(2001)areusedinthisstudy(Eurostat,2001).Anaccidentatworkisdenedasadiscreteoccurrenceinthecourseofworkwhichcausestophysicalorment

39、alharm,leadingtoanabsenceofmorethanthreecalendardays”.Thisincludescasesofacutepoisoningandwilfulactsofotherpersons,aswellasaccidentsoccurringduringworkbutothecompanyspremises,eventhosecausedbythirdparties.Itexcludesdeliberateself-inictedinjuries,accidentsonthewaytoandfromworkandaccidentshavingonlyam

40、edicaloriginandoccupationaldiseases.Thephraseinthecourseofwork”meanswhilstengagedinanoccupationalactivityorduringthetimespentatwork.Thisincludescasesofroadtracaccidentsinthecourseofwork.Afatalaccidentatworkisdenedasanaccident,whichleadstothedeathofavictimwithinoneyearoftheaccident.Acommutingaccident

41、isdenedasanyaccidentthatoccursduringthenormaljourneybetweenthehome,theworkplaceofworkandtheusualplacewheremealsaretaken”.TheESAWmethodologyconsiderstwomaintypesofindicatorsonaccidentsatwork:thenumbersofacci-dentsandtheincidencerates(Eurostat,2001).Obviously,thenumbersofaccidentshavetoberelatedtother

42、eferencepopulationofpersonsinemployment(personsexposedtotheriskofaccidentatwork)inordertoestablishtheincidencerates(frequency).Theincidencerateisdenedasthenumberofaccidentsatworkper100,000personsinemployment.Sep-arateincidenceratescanbecalculatedforfatalaccidentsandaccidentsleadingtomorethan3daysabs

43、ence.Theseratesarenamedfatalincidencerateandnon-fatalincidencerate,respectively.Thestandardformulaisthefollowing:IRNOA=NOP100;0001IRistheincidencerate,NOAisthenumberofaccidents(fatalornon-fatal)andNOPisthenumberofem-ployedpersonsinthestudiedpopulation.3.Results3.1.ComparisonofTurkeyandothercountries

44、Acomparisonofsafetyperformanceindicesinmineral-extractingindustriesinTurkeyandsomeothercountrieswillenableauthoritiestodevelopstrategiesinordertotaketherelevantprecautions.ComparisonofTurkishmineral-extractingindustriessafetyperformancedatawithmineral-extractingindustriesinothercountriesisdicultbeca

45、useofdierencesinreportingpracticesaswellasdierencesinthedenitionsoftermsandsafetyperformancemeasurescommonlyused.Astandardizedformatcouldnotbedevelopedbecausethenecessaryinformationisnotreadilyavailable,butsomemodicationsandassumptionshavebeenmade.Thedataforthecountriestakenascomparisonbaseisaverage

46、dacrossanumberofyears,inattempttoremovesomeofthestatisticalvariationsresultingfromthesmallannualchanges.TheSouthAfricanDME1020S.Ural,S.Demirkol/SafetyScience46(2008)10161024capturesinjurydataonlywhereapersonisoworkfor14daysormore.Ingeneral,anaccidentresultedin14dayslostandmoreisacceptedasaseriousorm

47、ajoroccurrence.Dierentminorinjuryratioswererecom-mendedforeachmajorincident.Theaccidentratiotriangle(Heinrich,1959),accidentstudyratio(BirdandLoftus,1982),safetytriangleofaccidentstatisticsofSouthWalesCoaleld(Simon,1983),BritishCoalsMidlandGrouptriangle(StaleyandFoster,1996)calculateddierentratiosfr

48、om10to80minorinjuryforeachmajoraccident.InordertoharmonizetheSouthAfricandata,thevaluesofreportedinjuriesweremul-tipliedbyafactorof30(Sari,2002).Miningmethodinuencessafetyperformance.Yetanotherproblemtobeencounteredisinthecomparisonofthesafetyperformanceofundergroundandsurfaceminings.Mostofthecountr

49、ies,includingEU15andTurkey,usetheNACEclassicationsforeconomicactivitythatcodestheMiningandQuarryingindustriesinsectionC.However,itisnotpossibletodistinguishthesurfaceandundergroundminingaccidentrecordsusingthiscodingsystem.Forthatreason,theaccidentsreportsgatheredfromTurkishminesclassifyunder-ground

50、andsurfacemines,separately.USAandNewZealandaccidentrecordsalsotodistinguishsurfaceandundergroundmineaccidents.Fig.1illustratesthenumberoffatalaccidentsatworkandtheincidencerateper100,000workersforoneyear.Thisgureshowsthattheincidencerateper100,000workersoffatalaccidentsoftheEU15,Australia,Germany,Gr

51、eatBritain,NewZealandandUSAsignicantlyexceedtheperformanceofTurkeyandSouthAfrica.AlthoughthefatalaccidentsincidencerateofNewZealandis30,onlyonefatalaccidentisrecorded.Fig.1alsoshowsthatincidenceratesinEU15areconsiderablyhigherthaninGreatBritainandGermany,indicatingthattherearecountriesinEU15withhigh

52、er-than-EU-averagedincidencerates.Mineral-extractingindustriesofTurkeyincludingundergroundandsurfaceminingdatahasthehighestfatalincidencerateovertheothercountries.Thefatalaccidentincidencerateper100,000workersis77.45timesmorethanthatinGreatBritain.S.Ural,S.Demirkol/SafetyScience46(2008)101610241021F

53、ig.2illustratesthenumberofnon-fatalaccidentsatworkandtheincidencerateper100,000workers.Thisgureindicatesthattheincidenceratesper100,000workersofnon-fatalaccidentsoftheAustralia,Germany,GreatBritain,NewZealandandUSAaresignicantlylowerthanthoseofTurkeyandSouthAfrica.Mineral-extractingindustriesofTurke

54、yalsohavethehighestnon-fatalincidentrateovertheothercountries.Theacci-dentratiobetweenfatalandnon-fatalaccidentsthatindicatestheconsequencesofaccidentswasalsocalcu-lated.Theaccidentratiois1fatalaccidentto79non-fatalaccidentsinTurkishmineral-extractingindustries.Thisratiois393inEU15countries,117inSou

55、thAfricaand681inAustralia.Theaccidentratioissensitivetounderreporting.ItisaseriousprobleminTurkey,wherelessseriousaccidentsaresystematicallyunderrepre-sentedcomparedtomoreseriousonesinthereports.3.2.EvaluationofsafetystatisticsatTurkishsurfaceminesThesafetystatisticsandaccidentreportsdataobtainedfro

56、m71surfaceminesandtotal263injurieswasreported.Theyincludedataonthenameofemployee,birthdate,accident/injurydate,accident/injurytime,accident/injurylocation,accident/injurytype,bodypartsaectedanddaysofromworkdata.Theaccident/injurydatawereanalysedintermsofdescriptivestatisticsforthevariablesincludedin

57、theaccidentreports.Themostcommonfatalaccident/injurytypesareblastingoperation,poweredhaulageandfallofface/highwall(groundslides)(Fig.3).Fig.4presentsthefrequencydistributionoftheagesofemployeesengagedinaccidents.Age18”inFig.4presentstheagegroupoflessthan18yearsold.Itcanbesaidthatageofinjuredworkersi

58、sdistributedovera1022S.Ural,S.Demirkol/SafetyScience46(2008)1016102440353025TurkeyUSANZ(%)20151050calreHand PotowolersedhaulageMacSlhiipne/faryll of pBlasertinsong operationllateriaighwalectriFide mOtherElll/FaFanarrowrange.Agegroups1824”and2430”involve55%ofallinjuries.Theemployeesundertheageof40hadahigherriskofinjuriesthanolderemployees.Agegroupslessthan18andgreaterthan50constituteonly11%.Asfaraspartsofbodyinjured(Fig.5),threebodyparts(mainbody,headandhand)areinvolvedin79%ofallinjuries.Distributionoffatalaccident/injurytypesofTurkey,USAandNewZealandarecompared(Fig.6).ContrarytotheTurkishdat