句子成分,结构,基本句型,错误分析

1、学习好资料欢迎下载句子成分，句子结构，基本句型，错误分析*句子成分学习英语写作，首先要掌握英语句子的基本结构，而要掌握句子的基本结构， 必须从句子成分入手。句子成分指的是句子的各个组成成分。在英语中，一个典 型的句子，其基本成分可以分为主语部分和谓语部分。 主语部分可以包括句子的 主语及其限定成分，如定语；谓语部分中最基本也是最重要的成分是谓语动词， 其他次要成分有表语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语和同位语。*句子结构分类英语句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句，现分述如下:§ 1.简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）的句子称 为简单句（simple

2、sentence ）。例如：Successful lear ners are lear ners with a purpose.§ 2.并列句两个或两个以上的简单句用等立连词（或用分号“；”、冒号“：”、逗号 “，”等）连在一起构成的句子叫并列句（compound sentenee）。常用的等立 连词有：and （和），so （因此，所以），not only.but also （不仅 而且）， neither.nor（既不 也不），or（或者，否则）otherwise （否则），either.or（不是就是），but （但是），yet （然而），still（仍然），however （

3、然而），while （而），whereas（而，反过来），for （因为，由于）等。例如：Hurry up or you may be late for the meet ing.The light was red, so I had to stop my car.§ 3 .复合句有一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子结构叫复合句（ complex sentenee ），也叫主从复合句。从句有关联词（connective ）引导，关联词将从 句与主句联系在一起。根据其在复合句中的作用，从句可分为主语从句、宾语从 句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。例如：We move

4、 our heads from side to side whe n we want to say "no".我们想说“不”的时候就左右摇头。（关联词 when引导状语从句）The purp ose of a test is to show what you have lear ned about a subject.测试的目的是了解你对某门课程学习的情况。（关联词what引导宾语从句）Most adults who are lear ning a foreig n Ian guage would disagree with the stateme nt.多数正在学习外语的

5、成年人不会同意这种说法。（关联词who引导定语从句）The reas on for their success is that they can lear n from their mistakes.他们成功的原因在于他们从错误中学到东西。（关联词that引导表语从句）Who will chair the meet ing is of in terest to many of them.谁来主持这个会议，他们许多人对此很感兴趣。（关联词who引导主语从句）*基本句型句子的主要成分是主语和谓语。构成主语的有名词或相当于名词作用的其他 词、词组或从句。谓语的构成比较复杂，有时可以由谓语动词独立担当

6、谓语，有 时谓语动词需带宾语或表语，还有的谓语动词可带两个宾语或带宾语后再加补足语等。谓语动词类别的不同决定着谓语结构的不同，而不同的谓语结构又决定着不同的句型。所谓基本句型(basic sentenee pattern )就是几种基本的谓语结 构的格局；千变万化的句型都是由它们演变而来的。英语的基本句型有五种，即:1主一系一表2主一动3主一动一宾4主一动一宾一宾 5主一动一宾一宾补*常见错误我们在造英语句子时，经常会出现一些错误，常见的主要有以下几种:§ 1.非完整句错误前面说过，一个意思和结构都完整的句子至少有主语和谓语两个部分，当然 祈使句除外。若有句子中的某一部分被当作一个句

7、子，就会导致非完整句的错误。 非完整句错误通常有以下几种情况：1. 将从句当成句子例 1 原句： He failed to p ass the exam in ati on. Which disa ppoin ted his paren ts.修改句： He failed to p ass the exam in ati on. That disa ppoin ted his paren ts.例 2 原句：I think this film is poor. Even though so many people enjoying seeing it. 修改句：I think this fil

8、m is poor , even though so many people enjoying seeing it.通常纠正非完整句可以有两种方法：1. 将非完整句与前面或后面的句子合并起来，连成一个句子;2. 给非完整句加上主语，使之成为一个完整的句子。§ 2.断句错误我们在前面提到，并列句之间要要用并列词连接，或用分号断开，主句和从 句之间要用从属连词连接。但是有的学生在写句子时，不管句子各部分之间的关 系如何，一概用逗号连接。这种错误被称为断句错误。断句错误时中国学生常犯 的错误，因为在汉语中，两个完整的句子可以直通过逗号连接，所以中国学生有时会忘记，在英语中，如果句子中没有分

9、号，冒号或者破折号，那么除了逗号外, 还必须有连词。例 1 原句：The food was fine except the cake, I did'like it.修改句： The food was fine except the cake, which I did'like.例 2 原句：Some people like an ocea n voyage in win ter, they want to esca pe the frost and snow at home.修改句： Some people like an ocea n voyage in win ter, b

10、ecause they want to esca pe the frost and snow at home.例 3 原句：It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields. 修改句：It was rai ning hard; they could not work in the fields. Or: It was rai ning hard. They could not work in the fields. Or: It was rai ning so hard that they could not work in the

11、fields.学习好资料欢迎下载Or: It was raining hard. So they could not work in the fields.Or: As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.例 4 原句：Foreig n foods have new feature and desig ns. The same domestically p roduced goods have not got.修改句：Foreig n foods have new feature and desig ns which t

12、he same domestically p roduced goods have not got.从上面的例句可以看出，纠正这类错误的方法必须根据有关分句或者主从句之间 的逻辑关系而定。§ 3.非连接成分错误一般情况下，当动词的非谓语形式做状语时，其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语 保持一致，否则，该状语即为连接成分。例原句：1. Look ing out of the win dow, the grassla nd stretches as far as the eye can reach.2. Rotte n in the cellar, he had to throw away th

13、e po tatoes.3. To swim prop erly, a course of in structi ons is n ecessary.4. Retu rning home in a taxi, the music of the opera still seemed to sing in our ears.5. I had a summer job that year, therefore, en abli ng me to stay in school for ano ther term.纠正这类错误，可以有三种方法：1. 对这类句子的结构做出必要的改动，使状语的逻辑主语与句子

14、的主语一致；2. 给状语加上一个适当的逻辑主语，使之成为一个独立结构；3. 将状语改成一个从句。Look ing out of the win dow, one can see the grassla nd stretches as far as the eye can reach.修改句：1.2.The po tatoes in the cellar had rotte n, so he had to throw them away. As the po tatoes in the cellar had rotte n, he had to throw them away. He had t

15、o throw away the po tatoes which had rotte n in the cellar.He had to throw away the po tatoes in the cellar, for they had rotte n.To swim prop erly, one n eeds a course of in struct ions.If one wan ts to swim prop erly, a course of in structio ns is n ecessary.While we were returni ng home in a taxi

16、, the music of the opera still seemed to sing in our ears.3.4.学习好资料欢迎下载例4The con fide nee and trust is very imp orta nt for me.5. I had a summer job that year, which, therefore, en ables me to stay in school for ano ther term.§ 4.有关主谓一致的错误在英语当中，当可数名词单数或不可数名词做主语时， 谓语动词用单数形式; 复数名词做主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。为

17、此，学生在造句时应注意一下几种 情况：1.主语和谓语之间出现修饰词，谓语动词英语主语保持一致。 例1One of the many is miss ing.My un cle is one of those who does not believe that a kno wledge of p olitics is useful in a bus in ess office.The bookcase full of books and magaz ines sta nds in a corner of the room.2.主语和谓语之间插入了由 with, as well as, exce

18、pt, in addition to, not等引导的名 次词组，谓语动词仍应与主语保持一致。例1Jane as well as the rest has agreed to come.The audie nee in additi on to all the camerame n was so excited.The empio yees, not the man ager, were asked to explain the cause of the fire.The Chinese girl together with her two American friends is eating

19、 at a restaura nt.3. each/everyand连接两个单数形式的主语，句中谓语动词为单数。 例1Every man and woma n is treated in the same way.Every word and p hrase in this sentence is esse ntial.4.例由and连接的词组做主语，谓语动词一般要用复数。 to fight and to win were their aims.5.例由两个名词可做一个整体对待，由 and连接以后谓语动词仍为单数。1The law and order was soon restored.Tim

20、e and tide waits for no man.学习好资料欢迎下载例 5 The chairma n and gen eral secretary was selected.6. 当eitheror, neighnor, not oniybut also连接两个主语时，句中的谓语动词 的数要和最接近的那个主语取得一致，即所谓的“就近原则”。Either you or I am wrong.例1Not only the stude nts but also the teacher has doubts.Neither you nor she is the lucky dog.7.表示时间

21、，金钱，距离，重量等单位的名词词组做主语，如果强调一定的量， 或者总和，谓语动词用单数；如果侧重具体的数量，则谓语动词用复数。试比较:Ten minu tes is a long time for us to wait.Ten minu tes have p assed since we came.8. a series of,a kind of,a portion of等短语做主语，谓语动词用单数；anumber of,a variety of等短语做主语，谓语动词用复数。例 1 A series of videota pes has bee n prep ared.例 2 a variet

22、y of goods are for sale.9.由 each, every, each one, everybody, anybody, nobody, either, neith等r弓丨导的名 词词组做主语，谓语动词用单数。例 1 None of her friends has called her up.例 2 Nobody knows the truth.10. 集体名词做主语，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数；如果表示成员，谓 语动词用复数。例 1 My family are all vegetaria ns.例 2 My family n ever intends to have

23、 any thi ng to do with bus in ess.11. 把完整的意思隔开的错误我们在写句子时，有事会把一个完整的意思隔开而破坏了句子的一致性。例 1 原句：In extensive reading, our main purpose is not to learn new structure and vocabulary. But to un dersta nd as quickly and compi etely as p ossible the ideas being com muni cated.修改句：In extensive reading, our main p

24、urpose is not to learn new structure and vocabulary， but to understand as quickly and compietely as possible the ideas being com muni cated.例2 原句： We naturally assumedthat people had arrived there. They left severalhours ago.修改句：We naturally assumed that people had arrived there for they left severa

25、l hours ago.12. 过多堆积细节很多人在造句时，喜欢把一些没有逻辑关系的细节和毫不相关的东西堆积在 一起，看似内容丰富，实际上破坏了句子的一致性。例 1 原句： As he was recalling that night, he reduced the altitude of the plane, and the steady sound of the motor seemed like music in his ears, because he knew that there was not amore depen dable plane tha n this.修改句： As

26、he was recalling that night, he reduced the altitude of the plane, the steady sound of the motor seemed like music in his ears, and he knew that there was not amore depen dable plane tha n this.二、写作常见错误分析一、语法错误（一）句子结构错误1.主从句叠置1) There are more and more stude nts like to use the compu ter.2) There ar

27、e still many p roblems should be no ted and resolved.2. 简单句叠置I like chatt ing on line very much, I go to the net bar almost every weeke nd.3. 从句叠置As is known to all that compu ters p lay an imp orta nt role in many fields of our life.4. 句子成分缺失If work hard, we will surely be successful.5. 语序错误1) Why

28、college students spend more and more time on the computer?2) I often wonder where have they got their money.（二）动词错误1时态错误Many people thought that the Internet will be more useful in the future.2.语态错误1) I have excited several days at the n ews that you will come here.2) Most of the stude nts satisfy w

29、ith the service in the dining hall.3 .单复数错误（see above1) Wise man seek opportun ities rather tha n wait for them.2)Some one are afraid that compu ter may con trol men in the future.4.非谓语动词错误1)Let me to rep rese nt every one to say“ hello ” to you.2)3)Do exercise in the morning is good for one 'he

30、alth.Having studied in our school for 3 years, the can tee n service has cha nged a lot.（三）代词错误1) We can use compu ters in doing everyth ing you like.2)A college stude nt should be able to do their wash ing on their own.（四）冠词错误1) Horse is an useful ani mal.2) The exam will be held in the December, 2004.（五）词性错误1) I wish you can con sider my sugg