考研英语一真题及参考答案解析

1、2010年考研英语一SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank.andmarkA，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywoul

2、dlearnhowstop-floorlighting_1_workersproductivity.Inste，adthestudiesended_2_givingtheirnametothe“Hawthoermnelyeffect”theextrinfluentialideathevery_3_tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjectsTheideaarosebecauseofthe_4_behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto_5_oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenli

3、ghtingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot_6_whatwasdoneintheexperiment._7_somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.A(n)_8_thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe_9_toalterworkers'behavior_10_itselfAfterseveraldecade，sthesamedatawere_11_toeconometrictheanalysisHawthorneexperimentshasanoth

4、ersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonre，conrodsystematic_13_wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlightingItturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto_14_interpretationofwhathappened._15_，_lightingwasalwayschangedonaSundayWhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output_16_rosec

5、omparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand_17_toriseforthenextcoupleofdays_18，_a_comparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers_19_tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase，before_20_aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthornee

6、ffect”ishardtopindown1. AaffectedBachievedCextractedDrestored2. AatBupCwithDoff3. AtruthBsightCactDproof4. AcontroversialBperplexingCmischievousDambiguous5. ArequirementsBexplanationsCaccountsDassessments6. AconcludeBmatterCindicateDwork7. AasfarasBforfearthatCincasethatDsolongas8. AawarenessBexpect

7、ationCsentimentDillusion9. AsuitableBexcessiveCenoughDabundant10. AaboutBforConDby11. AcomparedBshownCsubjectedDconveyed12. AcontrarytoBconsistentwithCparallelwithDpeculiarto13. AevidenceBguidanceCimplicationDsource14. AdisputableBenlighteningCreliableDmisleading15. AIncontrastBForexampleCInconseque

8、nceDAsusual16. AdulyBaccidentallyCunpredictablyDsuddenly17. AfailedBceasedCstartedDcontinued20. AbreakingBclimbingCsurpassingDhittingSectionnReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA，B，CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Of

9、allthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscritic

10、ismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.Wear

11、eevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaper

12、swouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorsh

13、avebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”Newmanwrote,o“thatIamtemptedtdefinejournalismasatermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.”Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisd

14、eathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEnglandsforemos-tmcluassiscicariltics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhis

15、vastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardusscriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmu

16、siccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.21. ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2thatA artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.B English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.C high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.D youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.22. Newspaperr

17、eviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedbyA freethemes.B casualstyle.C elaboratelayout.D radicalviewpoints.23. WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?A Itiswriters'dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.B Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.C Writersarelikelytobetemptedin

18、tojournalism.D Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.24. WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?A Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.B Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.C Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.D Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtra

19、dition.25. Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A NewspapersoftheGoodOldDaysB TheLostHorizoninNewspapersC MournfulDeclineofJournalismD ProminentCriticsinMemoryText2Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits-click”onl“ineopnaeymentsystem

20、MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.OneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlyingaboxNowthenationtosppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuz

21、ztheU.ScourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusinessm-ethodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,isbigdeal”，saysDermis'D,CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.Itthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadr

22、amaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepi

23、ntstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantin

24、gthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepracticeTheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofth

25、ecourtsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankrulingTheFederalCircuitsactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessign

26、aledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitareanti-patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroleCWegner,apartendattorneyandprofessoratWashingtonUniversityLawSchool26. Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseofAtheirlimitedvaluetobusinessBt

27、heirconnectionwithassetallocationCthepossiblerestrictionontheirgrantingDthecontroversyoverauthorization27. WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?AItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisionsBItinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransactionCIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuitDItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S

28、。28. Theword“abo-ufatce”(Line1,Paro3)mostprobablymeansAlossofgoodwillBincreaseofhostilityCchangeofattitudeDenhancementofdisunity29. Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatentsAareimmunetolegalchallengesBareoftenunnecessarilyissuedC lowertheesteemforpatentholdersDincreasetheincidenceofr

29、isks30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?AAloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatentsBProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentholdersCAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatentsD Aprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatentsText3InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredrive

30、ninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentialswhoareunusualinformed,persuasive,orweconnect.Theideaisintuitivelycompellingbutitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspre。adThesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe

31、"tow-stepflowofcommunication".Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecameitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexp

32、ectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecalldrivetrends。Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepide

33、micsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydontseemtoberequiredofall.Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonalinfluence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopu

34、lationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebratinginfluentialswhoaccordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowevereachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaint

35、ances,whomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoonandjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluential,proveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon't

36、propagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople。Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeoplesabilitytoinfluenceothetheirtendencytobe。31. BycitingthebookTheTippingP

37、ointtheauthorintendstoA analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemicsB discussinfluentialsioninspfruenacdtingideasC exemplifypeoplesintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemicsD describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials32. Theauthorsuggeststhatthe-step-flow“thetowroy”A servesasasolutiontomarketingproblemsB

38、hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrendsC haswonsupportfrominfluentialsD requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity33. WhattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthatA thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractionsB interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemediaC influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublicDm

39、ostcelebritieaenjoywidemediaattention34. Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheoneswhoAstayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluenceBhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluenceCareinfluencedandtheninfluenceothersDareinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential35. Whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicso

40、fsocialinfluence?ATheeagernesstobeacceptedBTheimpulsetoinfluenceothersCThereadinesstobeinfluencedDTheinclinationtorelyonothersText4Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelsetheaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforc

41、edthemtoreportenormouslosses,anditfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetchUnfortunately,bankslobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningof

42、capitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,AmericasFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandm

43、oreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong0termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASBschairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives。”Yetbanksharetsherocsheaanngedsenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement。”EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccoun

44、tingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrongCharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid”notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but”intherealword”acouldyetdevelopdifferentrule

45、sItwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheyLargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbankssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestor

46、sareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains。Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.Americasnewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfind

47、attractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions36. Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedt

48、oAfollowunfavorableassetevaluationrulesBcollectpaymentsfromthirdpartiesCcooperatewiththepricemanagersDreevaluatesomeoftheirassets37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultinAthediminishingroleofmanagementBtherevivalofthebankingsystemCthebanks-tleornmgassetlossesDtheweakeningofitsindepe

49、ndence38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreyevobjectstotheIASBsattempttoAkeepawayfrompoliticalinfluencesBevadethepressurefromtheirpeersCactontheirowninrule-settingDtakegradualmeasuresinreform39、 The author thinks the banks wereon the wrong pthlaenyetin thatAmisinterpretedmarketpriceindicatorsBexaggeratedth

50、erealvalueoftheirassetsCneglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebtsDdeniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets40、 The authors attitude towards sta-nsdeattredrs is oneofAsatisfactionBskepticismCobjectivenessDsympathyPart BDirections:ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthefirstA-Gandfillthemint

51、othenumberedboxestofromacoherenttextParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)A Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumersgrowingpreferenceforeout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentof

52、totalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearEuropecomparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhileastherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterhol

53、dontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternativeB RetailsalesoffoodandrdinkinEuropeslargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,pro

54、fitableopportunityintheirownbackyardthewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed。C Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,i

55、tisuptothebuyerratherthanthesellertodecidewhattobuy.Atanyratethischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakeholdD Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwhol

56、esalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.Bigretailersm

57、ustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneeded。tooE Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexaminedFrance,Germany,Italy,andSpainaremadeoutofsamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmorn-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperato