英美概况课后习题答案

1、1. What is the full name of the .?United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland? They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3. Howmanyperiods

2、can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English.4. Why did English become more important after Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in

3、 economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French.1. Who are the British People?The first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of the Welsh, Scottish and Irish people. Then came the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes w

4、ho brought with them the English language. Many people from other European countries camelater, and in modern times there are a lot of immigrants from manyformer Commonwealthcountries from every part of the world. Britain is a country of mixed cultures, and the Britain people are also composed of pe

5、ople from different ethic and culture backgrounds.2. What is Standard English?Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is widely used in media and taught at schools.It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. It has developed and has been promo

6、ted as a model for correct Britain English. It is also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.1. What are the two components of the British Parliament? the

7、 House of Commons and the House of Lords.2. What were some of Queen Victoria's major achievement? QueenVictoria madetremendous achievements in almost every aspect.She promoted further industrial revolution, the building of railways and the growing of trade and commerce. By the end of her reign,

8、Britain had developed to an empire including a quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass.3. What were the two camps in Europe in World War 1?The Central Powers which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the Allied Powers which

9、 were mainly comprised of France, the Russia Empire, the Britain Empire, Italy and the United States.4. Why did Britain cooperate closely with the United States after World War 2?Because they were allied during the war and shared the same worries about the former Soviet Union.1. What were the result

10、s of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?The Industrial Revolution changed Britain in many ways. First, industrial country increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. Second, urbanization took place. Many new cities sprang

11、up. Third, it caused great changes in the class structure. The old social classes declined, and new ones emerged and developed.2. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire?Colonization of Newfoundland, the first British colony overseas, incolonial empire in the world. manpowerin the two World Wars and

12、 overseas investment. Most1583 marked the beginning of the British Empire. By 1837, British had long been an empire which included the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included a quarter of the

13、global population and nearly a quarter of the world's landmass. During the mid-19th century, the British government consolidated the existing colonies by bringing them under the direct control of the government. Before World War 1, Britain had the largest However, Britain suffered great loss to

14、its and exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars of Britain's colonies gained independence since the 1940s, which inevitably led to the fall the Empire.1. What are the three functions of the House of Commons?to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government, an

15、d to influence future government policy.2. Why is the Conservative Party sometimes called the "Right"?Because the Conservative Party is supported by landowners businessmen, who are often from the middle and upper-middle class.3. What kind of public image does Liberal Democrats have in Brit

16、ain? The Liberal Democrats is perceived as "middle" Conservative and the Labor Party. It is comparatively pragmatic in its balance of the individual and the social.betweenflexibleandtheandIt emphasizesthe need for a change in Britain's constitutional arrangements to make the government

17、 more democratic and accountable.4. Whyare independent candidates unlikely to win in the general election? Because even if they were elected, they would be powerless in Parliament. Therefore, it is not possible for many people to vote for independent candidates.1. What do British electoral campaigns

18、 usually involve during the process of a general election?The electoral campaigns usually involve advertising in newspapers, door-to-door campaigning and leaflets. The main parties are given short periods of time on national television to present their policies to the public. Apart from the parties&

19、#39; own publicity, newspapers and TVprograms spend a lot of time discussing the campaign, interviewing politicians, and predicting the results.2. What is the Commonwealth of Nations?The Commonwealthof Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the B

20、ritish monarch as the head. The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort, and its member states have full autonomy to managetheir internal and external affairs. It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal inter

21、action after gaining independence. The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.1. What was the negative aspect of Thatcher's reform in the early 1980s? Its negative aspect was a rapid

22、 increase in unemployment. In 1982, the unemployment rate reached the level of the Great Depression years, with three million people out of work.2. What are the characteristics of Britain's agriculture?British's agriculture is characterized by a small portion of the population engaged in agr

23、icultural activities with a high degree of mechanization. Although it employs a mere 1%of the country's labor force, it meets around 60% of the national demands.3. What happened to Britain's beef industry in the mid-1990s?British's beef industry was hit badly by BSE, resulting in a ban o

24、n beef exports in 1996.4. What are some of the popular tourist attraction in Britain?1. What were the major causes of Britain's relative economic decline in the postwar period?British's economy experienced a relative decline in period for several reasons. First, British suffered a great two

25、World Wars and had gone heavily into debt to finance the the era of the BritishThe popular tourist attractions in English include: the Dorset and the East Devon Coast, the Lake District, Stonehenge, Windsor Castle, university towns of Oxford and Cambridge, Tower of London, St. Paul's Cathedral a

26、nd so on.the postwar losses in thewar. Second, Empire was over. India and other British colonies, which provided raw material and large market for British goods, gained their independence. Third, British was forced to maintain an expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the end o

27、f 1960s. Fourth, British had to make substantial financial contributions to NATO and UN Security Council. Finally, British failed to invest in industry after World War 2 whereas its competitors like Germany and Japan caught up with British buy investing in the most modern equipment and means of prod

28、uction.2. Whydo developed nations like Britain encourage the development of the service industry?The service industry has played an increasingly important role in economy in the development countries. On the other hand ,it requires a large group of people working in it so that abundant employmentind

29、ustry causesand vocationalopportunities are provided. Onthe other hand, the service little pollution.1. What used to be the major functions of grammar schools schools in Britain?train the mostThe major functions of grammar schools were to academically capable students and prepare them for university

30、, whereas the major functions of vocational schools were to help less successful students to learn a trade.2. What kind of subjects do Britain comprehensive schools provide?British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like literature and science, and pra

31、ctical subjects like cooking and carpentry.3. In what ways do Britain universities enjoy complete academic freedom? British universities enjoy complete academic freedom because they can appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.4.

32、How do students in the Open University receive their education?The students follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, video, and a network of study centers.5. What role does the media play in Britain leisure culture?The media plays an essential role in Bri

33、tish leisure culture since it helps to shape the public's opinion, determine people's moral and political orientation and consolidate or undermine the rule of a government.1. What are the general feature of Britain's independent schools?British's independent schools require fees from

34、 students. Althoughthe National Curriculum is optional in the independentsystem, mostindependent schools teach what the curriculum demands. Independent schools get their funding through tuition fees as well as government assistance. Since they are generally better-funded than most state schools, the

35、y can recruit the best teachers and provide superior facilities. However, high tuition fees have become an obstacle for many students to enroll.2. The "quality press" and the "tabloids" in Britain?Among the 10 daily published national newspapers in British, aboutpeople. The Times

36、, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph are point of the quality press. The "tabloids", with color photos headlines, usually cover scandals and gossip abouthalf of them are regarded as the "quality press" since they carry in-depth articles of particular political and social import

37、ance, and reviews and feature articles about "high culture", and they are generally read by well-educated good cases in and striking celebrities in politics, sports and entertainment. A typical example is The News of the World.Chapter 81. How is the American population distributed?The dist

38、ribution of the American population is rather uneven the most densely populated region is the northeastern part of the country. The great plains have a comparatively small population .the south also has a population of almost . the west is not densely populated ,except for somemetropolitan centers l

39、ike los Angeles and san Francisco . it has about 20% of the nation ' s population.2. Why was the immigration act of 1942 instituted ?”melting pot ” and a ”saladThe new immigrants in the united states , being poor and accustomed to poverty , were willing to work for very low wages .this madeother

40、 workers afraid that the immigrants would ls and take jobs away from them . this opposition led to the immigration act of 1942.1Why is the United States regarded as a bowl” ?The United States is not merely a nation, but a nation of nations. The immigrants came in waves, including the Europeans, the

41、Africans and the Asians. Therefore, America is described as a "melting pot" where various racial and ethnic groups are assimilate into American culture. Recently, America has been called a "salad bowl" in that people of difference races and ethnic groups mix harmoniously, but at

42、the same time keep their distinct culture and customs.2 What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multicultural society?The best possible way to help assimilation in a multicultural society is to be open and tolerant toward different cultures. People from different racial and ethni

43、c backgrounds should respect each other. Society should create opportunities to help immigrants become assimilated. At the same time the immigrants should keep their own language, customs and religion, contributing to the diversity of a multicultural society.Chapter 9 1. Why did American change its

44、policy and enter world war II?and interests . it began to provide war equipment to the foreign resisting the aggression of the axis power . the Japanese air raid harbor becamethe direct cause forBecause of the formation of the axis , the American government feared that the axis countries were wining

45、 the war and it might threaten America' sAmerica's entrance into thesecurity nations on pearl war.2. What were Nixon 's well -known contributions during his presidency?a) brought the Vietnam war to a closeb) reestablishing . relations with chinac) negotiating the firststrategic arms limi

46、tation treaty with the former soviet union .s economic program?3. What were the contents of ReaganReagan's economic program called for reductions in income taxes and business taxes in order to encourage investment , and it also requested that manygovernment regulations be eliminated so as to red

47、uce the federal government's role in the day-to-day operation of business.1. What was the cause of the American Civil War?The Southern planters of America needed a large number of black African slaves to managetheir plantations and they regarded the slaves as their property. In the North, with t

48、he development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor.What's more, the Northerners demanded alaw to protect tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads. But the Southerners were against it and advocated free trade so as to purchase cheaper goods

49、 from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the American Civil War.2. What madethe United States a powerful country by the end of World War II?During the two World Wars, America remained neutral in the early stage. However, Americans

50、 continued their profitable trade with the warring countries. Therefore, they not only retained their military forces, but also accumulated great wealth. When America entered the wars, it was almost at the end of the wars. By sharing the fruit of victory with other allies, America greatly strengthen

51、ed its power and became a powerful country by the end of World War II.Chapter 10 1. What are the two characteristics of the . constitution?Oneis “checks and balances ”, the other is that the power of the central government and the powers of state governments are specified.2. What are the qualificati

52、ons for a senator and a representative respectively?A senator must be over 30 years old , a . citizen for at least nine years, and a resident in the state which they represent . a representative should be at least 25 years old and a . citizen for no less than seven years.3. What are the major powers

53、 of the supreme court?a) to interpret lawsb) to hear appeals from any federal court cases;c) to hear appeals from state court cases that involve the constitution or national laws d) may declare a law unconstitutional e) may declare a presidential act unconstitutional4. What is the difference between

54、 the democrats and the republicans in terms of political opinions?The democrats want the government to play an important role in the economy and emphasize full employment as a matter of national concern they favor civil rights laws , a strong social security system which gives enterprises a greater

55、freedom and demand that the government control inflation. They stress the need for law and order, and oppose complete government social programs and free choice of abortion they also favor a strong military posture and assertive stand in international relations.1. How is the American President voted

56、 into office? What are your ideas about the American election?Each party holds its national convention every four years to choose a candidate for presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to makespeeches and debate on televi

57、sion with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each statewill be chosen. In the second stage the electorsmeet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the

58、next President an soon as the first stage is over.I think the candidates spend too much money on the electoral campaigns. And, the election cannot solve the social and economic problems of the . as some candidates do not keep their word after they become President.2. What was President Eisenhowers f

59、oreign policy and what were the consequences ?President Eisenhower madevigorous efforts to wagethe Cold War. He placed new emphasis on developing nuclear strength to prevent the outbreak of war. He also frequently authorized the CIA to undertake secret interventions to overthrow unfriendly governments or protect reliable anti-communist leaders whose power was threatened. The CIA helped topple the governments of Iran and Guatemala, but it suffered an embarrassing failure in Indonesia. In addition, Eisenhower used .