同等学历英语辅导上课笔记

1、同等学历人员申请硕士学位英语统考辅导 Seven parts of the test:Paper OneI. Listening ComprehensionII. VocabularyIII. Reading ComprehensionIV. ClozePaper TwoI. Error Detection and CorrectionII. TranslationIII. WritingPart one Listening Comprehension1考试要求及范围 听力占总成绩的15%，共15-20题，每题1分，考试时间为20-25分钟。语速为每分钟120-140词。 A: 5-10题，小

2、对话，选择。 B: 4-8题，一般性交际会话，讲演，故事或论述等，每篇长度约100-200词，选择。 C:4-6题，一篇词的短文，听三遍，填空（词语或短语）。2答题要领 听力为试卷第一部分，答好与否会影响情绪，以致整个考试进程，所以应尽量做好。起码应获得8-9分。需要有计划，有针对性地进行一定强度的训练，如每周安排3至5小时。做题过程中，应不断总结，归纳，同时发现缺陷和不足。主要的影响因素有：发音：rarely vs. really语速：要听相对应的听力材料，提早适应。词汇，背景知识，心理素质，技巧等。 做题时，应注意以下方面：（1）熟悉W问题形式多数问题是以W开头的特殊疑问句。如what,

3、why, where, when, which, who等。e.g. (2000年)W: Im taking the train down town to go shopping.M: Well, youd better keep an eye on your wallet.Q: What does the man advise the woman to do?（2）判断对话者的意图多数对话反映一方对某件事情表示同意，拒绝，生气，高兴等。若碰巧看到正确选项，选上后就别看别的选项了，赶快看下一题的问题和选项，猜测谈话内容。（3）掌握好答题时间两题之间有13至20秒的选择答题时间。答完一题后，应留

4、出几秒钟预先浏览下道题的书面选择项。（4）作必要的记录特别是长对话或短文时，可记录时间，地点，人名，数字等。（5）听写填空时，可一面听录音，一面读题3对话部分的命题方式（1）地点类题型 (Locations)要求根据对话内容推断出对话场所，如饭店，邮局，学校 车站，机场，图书馆，宿舍，理发店，电影院等。1）。对话中提到几个地方就其中一个地方提问。2）。对话中提到的地方不是真正要考的要勾画出对话的场景。3）。对话中没有提到任何地点，只有一些表明地点的特色词。常用提问形式：Where did this conversation most probably take place?Where are

5、the two speakers?要掌握一些与特定地点有关的常用词汇。e.g. 图书馆: catalogue, borrow, keep, renew, overdue, due, magazine银行: open an account, interest rate, exchange, deposit, bank clerk, savings account机场: departure, arrival, flight, land, take off, check in, boarding pass, gate平时听或读的过程中，应有意识地积累此类词语。（2）关系类题型 (Relations)

6、确定两个对话人的关系。e.g. (1997年)W: Please sit down. Lets see you are Mr. Wash. Is that right?M: Right.W: And you are looking for a job.M: Yes, Im. Ill graduate from a college next June. Im majoring in architecture.Q: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?(Interviewer and interviewee) (主考

7、官与求职者)常见关系:1).营业员与顾客store keeper & customer auction, sale 便宜货 dressers服饰店 marked price标价 make ends meet 收支平衡 return purchase退货 one price不还价 ready-made成衣 Are you done? 就买这些吗？Selling season畅销季节 fabric织物，织品 check-out stand 付款柜台receipt发票 cash or check付现金 还是支票2).饭店侍者与顾客seasoning调味 rare半熟的 cafeteria自助

8、餐厅 tray餐盘 well-done 全熟的 buffet自助餐 paper napkin餐巾纸 May I take your order now? 您现在点菜吗？Weve jammed 已经客满了May I have a table, please? 请给我们一张桌位好吗？3). patient & doctor, pharmacist(药剂师) & customerpneumonia hepatitis tonsillitis扁桃体炎 ulcer溃疡 itch TB(tuberculosis)肺结核 strain indigestion消化不良 first-aid co

9、ld bad headache stomachache toothache cough fill in the prescription 4).Librarian and student, borrower & lenderloan desk借书处 renew stacks书circulation desk借书处 library catalogue 图书目录library card借书证 periodical journal专业性刊物 return 5).teacher and studentquit school休学 drop out 退学 make-up exam补考6). air

10、line agent & customerinformation booth问询处 cabin door机舱门 first class economy class single ticket return ticket restricted articles禁带 transit passenger过境旅客 connection中转 jet lag airsick make reservation 7）. bank clerk and customeropen an account savings check withdraw credit card teller overdraft透支

11、8). Post office clerk and customermail category international airmail EMS zip code printed matter (third class) surface mail, regular平信 postage邮费 express letter快信 passenger & bus driver, store keeper & customer, woman & baby-sitter, borrower & lender, pharmacist(药剂师) & customer,

12、patient & nurse, lawyer & client, aunt & nephew, airline agent & customer, trainer & trainee, clerk & customer, policeman & motorist, detective & spy, policeman & thief, bus driver & victim(受害者)常见提问:Whats the relationship between the man and the woman?What is

13、the probable relationship between the two speakers?Who are these people?What proper relationship do these people have?（3）计算类题型 (Calculations)包括数字，日期，年龄，时间等；计算方式有加，减，乘，除。注意区分音相近的数字，如thirteen, thirty. 对上千的数字也要多练习。如fourteen hundred thousand, 1400,000。注意读法1）。百位数，千位，百万位，多是以千为单位，以三位数计。如55523 fifty-five th

14、ousand, five hundred and twenty-three2）。日期年代 1941年6月1日另外，1982年 nineteen eighty-two 2000年 two thousand20世纪60年代 nineteen sixties3）。页码，房间号码，电话号码4）。与价格有关的数字dollar dime cent : nickel quarter打折：7折读作at a 70% discount or 30% off（4）比较类题型 (Comparatives)e.g. (1997年)M: What a waste of money just for a new Arts

15、Center. Why couldnt the money be spent on something more important?W: Nonsense. Nothing is more important than the art.Q: What can we learn from the conversation?(The man is not keen on arts.)（5）职业类题型 (Occupations/Professions)e.g. (1996年)M: Well be here in London sitting in a newspaper office or tea

16、ching in a classroom full of chalk dust.W: Well, George, youd be able to go out in the sunshine sometimes. You are a journalist. Im the one who has to stay in the classroom. Dont forget.Q: What is the womans profession?(Teacher)有关职业的词汇：carpenter, doctor, professor, cashier(出纳员), conductor(售票员), cook

17、, operator(话务员), butcher(屠夫), surgeon(外科医生), physician(内科医生), novelist, salesman, tailor, receptionist(招待员), electrician, merchant, manager, lecturer, waitress(女服务员), librarian, mechanic, plumber(管子工)，lawyer, dentist（6）因果类题型 (Cause and Effect)常出现疑问代词what和疑问副词why及because, so, so that, therefore, but等

18、引导原因的连词。（7）内涵类题型 (Inferences)双方表达意思的方式比较含蓄，在书面选择项上很难找到直接答案。常用问句形式有：What does the man/woman mean?What do we learn from the conversation?What does the man/woman think about ?What can be inferred from the conversation?e.g. (1994年)W: Oh, dear. I wonder where I have left my note book.M: Is it at home?W:

19、Ive looked everywhere. If only I could remember where I left it.M: What does the woman mean?(She cant recall where she left her notebook.)（8）否定类题型 (Negatives)要注意听辨出含辅导意义的词：never, none, neither, rarely, little, few, hardly, scarcely, rather than(而不是), except for, no less than(而不是)，other than否定句型：She

20、should know better than to trust such a man.= She shouldnt trust such a man.Catch me doing that. = I shall not do that.If ever I heard the like. = I never heard the like.That science is all Greek to me, and I cannot follow it at all.=I know nothing about that science, I cant understand it.Ill eat my

21、 hat if I do.= I shall not do that.God knows!= It is something that ordinary people can know.（9）态度类题型 (Attitude)e.g. (1997年)W: Did everything come out as exactly as you planned?M: Not exactly. As a matter of fact, things came out rather better than Id planned.Q: What does the man think of the result

22、s?(They are satisfactory.)（10）重新陈述类题型 (Restatement)e.g. (2000年)W: Im taking the train down town to go shopping.M: Well, youd better keep an eye on your wallet.Q: What does the man advise the woman to do?(Guard her money.)4短文部分的答题要领短文信息量大，须在短时间内进行必要的记忆，概括，分析和判断，所以难度比较大。短文素材主要是一般生活知识：故事，讲话，报道。内容涉及欧美国家

23、的历史，地理和风土人情，文化教育，体育信息，情节简单的趣味故事，人物传记以及能源，交通，人口，污染等社会问题。重点在对于中心思想，主旨大意或细节进行提问。做题时，应注意：（1）集中精力听清短文的第一,二句和最后一句。第一句和最后一句因为通常为主题句，能阐明该段的中心思想。e.g. (1999年) Today Id like to talk to you about dictionaries because most of you have them, but dont use them very often. Whenever I asked people what a dictionary

24、is for, they almost always say that its to find a meaning of a word. Well, thats only a small part of the answer(). （2）预先浏览选择项，确定短文大致方向，缩小答题范围。（3）认真听清楚问句。问题句一般是按照短文内容的顺序安排的。According to the speaker, what would happen if nobody in the city paid taxes?Which of the following costs the largest amount of

25、 public money according to the speaker?（4）听细节题时，可记录下人名，地名，时间，事情的起因，过程和结果等。注意听一些文章结构的词：1).表示并列，递进，举例:and ,likewise, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, for example, for instance2).转折：but, however, otherwise, in spite of, on the contrary, nevertheless3)层次和先后关系：first, second, third,

26、 last, finally, before, after, next, then, in conclusion, accordingly4).人物，身份，职业和相互关系5填空部分的答题要领第一遍应听懂主要内容，特别注意空格内的词，但不要急于填写。第二遍将空填上，一般要求用3至7个左右的词语写在空格内。若来不及，可先记下有关单词的第一个或前几个字母，听第三遍时将其写好。第三遍仔细核对并检查错误。注意：（1）每句话开头的第一个字母要大写，一句话中含有引用的句子时，引用的句子开头也要大写。（2）书报，文章标题除冠词，连词和五个字母以下的介词外，其余单词首字母均需大写。（3）逗号或冒号称的内容或句子

27、仍用小写。Part two Vocabulary1考试要求目的是测试掌握及使用英语词汇及短语的能力。考试分两节：A: 词汇替换10题，从四个选项中选一个最佳选项替换句中划线词。B: 单句选择填空10-15题，选择一个最佳答案。测试重点是对名词，动词，形容词，短语及固定搭配的判断和理解，包括区分同义词，近义词，反义词等。2命题方式及答题要领（1）词汇辨认题e.g. (2000年)In 400 A.D. Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that span upwards and fell back to earth as (rotation,

28、 suspension, emission, motivation) ceased. (形近词辨认) Since the situation is changing, lets take some (available, changeable, considerable, flexible) measures to deal with it. (单词辨认)（2）近义词题 In the big flood, only 20 percent of the people in that village (remained, stayed, lived, survived).（3）语境词汇题要根据上下

29、文及所处的语言使用环境来确定选项。He enjoyed his stay here, but he did (admit, mark, notice, speak) that he hadnt slept well.（4）固定搭配题If you are a member of a club, you must (conform, appeal, refer, access) to the rules of that club.3主要词类及要点（1）动词需注意的几点不规则动词的词形变化arise, arose, arisen; forbid, forbade, forbidden; creep,

30、 crept, crept词形相近，词义不同affect/effect 影响/产生，引起 contract/contactcompliment/complement 赞美/补充extinguish/distinguish 熄灭/区分，辨别continuously / continually respectable / respectful / respective complex/ complicated consist of / consist in economical /economic transform传送，传达/transmit传播，传染/ transport/ transplan

31、t/ transfer调动，转学换车 refuse/reject/decline affect/effect effective/efficient considering/considerate/considerable status/statue populace/population adapt/adopt various/variable易变的，反复不定的attribute/contribute/distribute distinct不同的，有区别的，明显的/distinctive 有特色的，intimate/estimate prominent突出的，显著的/dominant统治的，

32、占优势的 attach/attract contact/contract/contrast suspect/suspend推迟，暂停justify证明正当的/identify/testify证明，作证reserve储备，保存，预定/preserve保护，保藏/conserve保存，保藏（以防变质）refine/define/confine confidence/confidential秘密的，机密的 compliment/complement confirm/conform符合，extinguish熄灭，/distinguish辨别，区别 词义相近，用法不同arrive at/in/ , re

33、ach vt.; insist on doing sth./persist in doing sth.;动词动名词(doing sth.)band, enjoy, complete, imagine, consider, deny, practice, acknowledge, anticipate, avoid, delay, envy, escape, miss, mind, risk, appreciate, favor, facilitate, postpone, quit, resume, include, permit, involve, admite.g. He will fav

34、or/deny/permit giving us a chance to do the experiment.动词不定式afford, refuse, decide, seek, agree, care, learn, expect, intend, pretend, promise, manage, presume, desire, consent, prepare, resolve, undertakee.g. She decided/refused/intended to offer her help.动词动名词/不定式 continue, dislike, prefer, begin,

35、 like, remember, propose, deserve, regret, intend, neglect, attempt（2）名词需注意的几点名词多数由希腊及拉丁词根加上前，后缀构成。要熟悉常见的词根和前后缀。复合名词的复数形式daughter-in-law: daughters-in-law looker-on: lookers-onstand-by: stand-bys (可依靠的人或物)一些名词的单复数意义不同anxietyanxieties (令人忧虑之事)securitysecurities (证券，债券)kindnesskindnesses (善行)一些名词的复数形式

36、有新的意义letter(s): 字母，信/文学，学问manner(s): 方式/礼貌colour(s): 颜色/军旗（3）形容词需注意的几点词形相近的词e.g. mechanized, minimized, standardized, modernized形容词与介词的搭配 与of搭配的形容词：guilty, jealous, envious, ignorant, hopeful, aware, conscious, considerate, thoughtful, desirous, short, irrespective, exclusive, independent, tolerant,

37、 worthy, capable, sure, certain, confident, critical, characteristic, suspicious, dubious, wary etc. 与to搭配的形容词：accessible, available, accustomed, adjacent, advantageous, beneficial, alert, alien外国的，不同性质的, agreeable, comparative, attentive, awake, pertinent有关的，中肯的, relevant, subject有倾向的,易受的, suscepti

38、ble多情的，敏感的 contrary etc. 与with搭配的形容词：consistent, compatible适宜的,相容的 identical, popular, satisfied etc.Part three Reading Comprehension1考试要求及范围 共设25-35题，每题1分。时间为45-50分钟。短文为5-6篇，每篇300-400词左右。 目的是测试通过阅读获取所需信息的能力，既要求准确，又要求一定的速度；测试的能力有：(1)掌握中心思想，主要内容和细节；(2)对材料的内容进行一定的判断和推理；(3)理解某些词和句子的意义及上下文间的逻辑关系；(4)领会作者

39、的观点和判断作者的态度。e.g. The early settlers who came from the eastern United States were used to having lots of trees around. They found it hard to adapt to a treeless place like Nebraska. And they needed trees for building and for fuel so they started many tree-planting programs that went on for years and

40、years. Finally, in 1827 a newspaperman named . Sterling Morton had an idea. Why not have a special day set aside for planting trees? So Arbor Day was born, and on April 10, 1872, the first Arbor Day was celebrated. On that day, more than one million trees were planted.1. With what topic is the passa

41、ge mainly concerned?a. The Nebraskan Trees b. Arbor Day c. Early Settlers d. Uses for Trees2. It can be inferred from the passage that in the eastern United States there were many (a. trees b. settlers c. types of fuel d. situations requiring adaptation).3. According to the passage, trees were initi

42、ally needed by the Nebraskan settlers for (a. shade b. the prevention of soil erosion c. the creation of parks d. construction)做题时， 可先快读全文，浏览所有题目，再仔细阅读有关部分；也可先看题目，后读文章；或边读文章边答题。但无论哪种方法，都要仔细阅读文章的第一段，最后一段及每段第一句，以获得该文章和段落的主题思想。遇到问题，可猜测词义，用排除法选题，避免在某一难题上花过多的时间，影响整个答题进度。2命题方式及答题要领 出题形式主要有完成句子(Sentence co

43、mpletion)和回答问题(Question)两种。回答问题的主要内容包括：（1） 主旨及大意题考查对文章的中心思想，作者的写作目的和意图及文章主题的理解。e.g.:The best title for the passage is .What does the passage mainly about?The main purpose of this passage is to .（2） 细节题e.g.: The term “electronic city” in Paragraph 2 refers to .（3） 暗示推理题Infere.g.: In the passage the a

44、uthor implies that .（4） 判断题e.g.: What is TRUE of human sleep?（5） 语义或词义题e.g.: “Sleep defensively” means that .根据以上命题方式，答题时应注意：（1） 把握阅读与做题的速度答题时可先将短文快读一遍，了解全文大意，主题及主要内容的排列顺序。正式答题时应以问题与选择中的几个关键词为参照，在短文中找出与此题相对应的句子查读，搞清上下文间的联系，尤其要注意表示转折，结果，递进等关系的引导词在短文中的作用。这样可以提高答题速度。 如果时间有限，可直接阅读分析问题，再用问题中的关键词在文中找出相对应的

45、句子，加以对照判断。如做When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will .时，可利用关键词Lloyd Nickson，在文中找到其所在的句子，对比四种选择，判断正确答案。（2） 确定文章的主题句和总结句，抓住文章中相关细节 做题时，应首先分析此题为大意题还是细节题。做大意题要找出主题句和总结句，即应重点看文章开头和结尾处；一般来说内容过于具体的选择不会是正确答案。做细节题则利用题中的关键提示词在文中找到相应部分答题。（3） 暗示推理题要把握好作者的观点和意图 这类题要求体会出作者未直接表达的意思，有时需运用自己的知识和某些常识。直接正面涉及到的内容一般为干扰项；过于绝对的选择

46、项（如用了all, any, every等）一般也不对。e.g. (2000年)What should all countries do to help solve the problem of global warming?a. They should hold another world conference on climate change.b. They should provide advanced technology.c. They should replace all the harmful substances. ×d. They should willingly

47、 undertake legal commitments about their energy uses.（4） 排除题常涉及对常识的运用e.g.: Efforts to save the endangered pandas .a. have failed completely ×b. have proven highly successfulc. have met with setbacks but brought hoped. have received no response from the scientists ×（5） 语义题的重点在于对上下文的理解 对于不认识

48、的词，可根据前后句的内容猜测词义或运用已有知识和经验来猜测，或根据构词法猜测词义。Part four Cloze1考试要求及范围 共20题，每题0.5分；要求阅读一篇难度适中的短文（约200-300词），填写20个空白，使短文的意思和结构完整，合理。主要考查三方面的内容：（1）语法结构；（2）词汇知识；（3）阅读理解。2命题方式（1） 语义干扰及固定搭配John looked very much (encouraged, embarrassed, disappointed, excited) when he was caught cheating in the exam (on, by, at

49、, in) the spot. 前空考查语义，后空考查固定搭配。（2） 语法干扰和近义词辨别In many cases they must stop (to buy, buying, having bought, from buying) some necessary items, such as food and clothing. Even (from, to, of, if) working people whose incomes are going up, inflation can be a problem.The (price, level, cost, standard) of

50、 living goes up, too. People who work must have even more money to keep up their standard of living. Just buying the things they need costs more. When incomes do not keep (race, pace, speed, step) with rising prices, the standard of living goes down.（3） 词的用法和结构辨别When I at last (got, reached, arrived

51、, attained) the town, I felt (very, very much, too, so) tired to go in (search, searching, look, looking) of a room at once so I went into the nearest restaurant to where I had parked my car and sat down at a table. A waitress was clearing up the (remains, rest, remainder, remain) of a meal which mu

52、st have (be, being, been, to be) eaten by at least forty people.（4） 介词及冠词辨别About three years ago, (in, of, during, at) my mid-forties, I had a sudden and severe mental breakdown. One of (a, the, one, any) most exceptional feature was that I am (a, the, an, any) psychologist and should therefore be a

53、ble to view the events of my illness (in, on, at, from) two standpoints.3答题要领做题时首先要对全文有一个整体的了解，在此基础上可分段填空。至少要在理解三个句子的基础上才能答题。不要遇见一题选一题；初步选定后，需将文章再读一下，加以核对。做题的整个过程中要保持全文的整体性和思路的连贯性。具体步骤如下：（1） 略读全文，抓住大意主要考查语篇理解水平，只有略读后才能正确地选择词和词组在具体情景中的确切含义。（2） 把握结构线索填入部分主要为句子中的功能结构词，固定搭配结构词和句型结构词。答题时要考虑选项是否符合该句或上下文的意

54、思要求，词组搭配要求，句型或语法要求；是否有提示词的暗示，如同义词，反义词或重复出现的词等。（3） 领会暗示，推断选择做题时应领会暗示，仔细搜寻字里行间或作者语气中的暗示词或内涵意义。若一时难以确定，可先不选，继续往下做，最后根据上下文填上。（4） 正确使用排除法遇见难以判断时，可把每个选项都填入句中，运用语法知识和上下文信息，逐一排除。具体答题时，还需注意词性的选择，词组的搭配，句子间的关系，段落中的语义连贯等。语篇都是衔接合理，符合逻辑，语义连贯的语言单位，它的衔接有词汇手段和语法手段。 词汇手段：1 复现 指的是某一词以原词，同义词，近义词，反义词 APeople form new co

55、mpanies to make and service goods because they hope to _1_a profit. They work to improve their goods and services, to devise new products, and to make a profit. A product must be something that_2_will choose to buy. This gives the consumers some power. Whatever they are willing and able to buy is ca

56、lled demand. _3 _is made and offered for sale is called supply. The demand for a product or service always affects the _4 _of that product or service. For example, _5 consumers buy only small cars, manufacturers will keep on making them. If consumers buy only large automobiles, manufacturers will ma

57、ke these instead. Sometimes, the quality of the service that is available will decide which cars are bought. B Indeed without Einsteins theory, which was the result of many complicated mathematical calculations, there would never have been any practical application of nuclear power. 2.同现 指的是词汇共同出现的倾向性。在语篇中，围绕着一定的话题，一定的词往往会同时出现，这些词语属于同一个词汇套，形成了词汇链，因此遇到一个