《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案

1、欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1.1 The richness of European Culture was created by element and element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian1.2 The Homer's epics consisted of. Iliad and Odyssey1.15 the first writer of "problem plays”. Euripides1.16 called ''Father of History”. Herodotus1.17 the greates

2、t historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to. 27 .7. a came, I saw, I conquered。” is a famous saying by. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the wor

3、ld", (x) Archimedes2. Herodotus's historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (x) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteedby the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy&qu

4、ot; in ancient Greece答： 1) Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people“ the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.&论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop1) P

5、robably around 1200 a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century .A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The

6、 flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture w

7、as found.(5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development 答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek

8、culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life,

9、 without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, bo

10、rrowed from and otherwise used Homer's epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes's comedies, Plato's Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works

11、 which have themselves become classics: Byron's Isles of Greece, Shelley's Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats's Ode on a Grecian Urn. C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce's modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and dif

12、ference between Greek culture and Roman culture 答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways,

13、both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn't, except for the brief moment ofAlexander's conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power; their military and adm

14、inistrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roma

15、n Empire reached its climax, marked by land area's extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another im

16、portant contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine E

17、mpire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.$D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1.is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was re

18、corded in of the Bible, the Old Testament3 The New Testament is about. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God's flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as. Noah's Ark.5. The Bir

19、th of Jesus was recorded in. Matthewa6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by. John Wycliff.名词解释

20、：1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament" means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest an

21、d most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the orig

22、in of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God's Law. Joshua brought the p

23、eople safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other

24、religions.1) One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2) The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. W

25、hat are the different translation editions of the Bible答：l)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is th

26、e Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 . By St. Jerome in common people's language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the ear

27、ly group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff's version, appeared William Tyndale's version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry VID in 1539 tobe placed in allthe English churches was in part founded on Tyndale's wor

28、k.6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the "Authorized" or "King James“ version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the En

29、glish languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakes

30、peare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion's Paradise Lost, Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, Byron's Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck/s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1 . In a Ger

31、manic (日耳曼)general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762 . After 1054, the church was divided into and . the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3 .is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals.

32、St. Jerome4 .introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5 . Both are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales6 .paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture, theMiddel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn

33、European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in

34、 Europe was mainly a system of land holding a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism" was derived from the Latin “feudum。a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By

35、 the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne's name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of

36、Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothice1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some

37、areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organizat

38、ion that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and

39、learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people's lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West.And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) Duri

40、ng the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultur

41、ed Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people's interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all ov

42、er Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning a

43、nd science develop in the Middle Ages答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans" by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne's name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the

44、spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Ang

45、lo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develo

46、p in the middle ages答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic" refers to the epic written in vernacular languagesthat is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Litera

47、ry works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epic

48、s.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The

49、 Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer's innovation by introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller an

50、d the first modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age.

51、 It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature."National epic" refers to the epic written in vernacular languagesthat is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starti

52、ng point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both

53、local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church i

54、n the Medieval times1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass o

55、n the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could r

56、emove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans7 daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiri

57、tual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throug

58、hout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks' work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers' philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental sc

59、ience.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in and with the flowering of paintings, sculpture andarchitecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy,was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the he