动力分散与动力集中特点比较

1、百度文库让每个人平等地提升自我动力集中与动力分散动车组特点比较（伊朗项目材料）ComparisonbetweenEMUswithCentralizedandDistributedPower目前，高速动车组按牵引动力和驱动设备的配置方型分类有两种：动力分散型和动力集中型。Atpresent,thehigh-speedEMUscanbedividedasperpowerconfigurationintotwocategories-power-distributedEMUandpower-centralizedEMU.动力集中型动车组是将大部份机械和电气设备集中安装在位于列车两头的动力车即机车上，机

2、车的动力转向架上装有牵引电机，驱动轮对牵引列车运行。中间客车没有动力，由机车牵引。机车不载客,客车载客。编组一般为机车+拖车形型，示用意如下：Asforpower-centralizedEMU,mostofitsmechanicalandelectricalequipmentaremountedinthemotorcars,.locomotives,atthetwoends,andthebogiesofthelocomotivesareequippedwithtractionmotorswhichdrivethetrainfromwheelsets.Theintermediatecarsare

3、notmotored,buthauledbylocomotives.Thelocomotivesdonotcarryanypassengersbuttheintermediatecarsdo.ThecompositionofsuchEMUgenerallyadoptsthemodeoflocomotive+trailer,asshownbelow:Loco.Trailer1Trailer2Trailer3Trailer4Trailer5注：表示动力轴，C表示非动力轴，下同。Note:standsformotoraxleandfortraileraxle,samebelow.动力分散型动车组是指

4、将大部份机械和电气设备悬挂安装在车辆地板下面，牵引电机安装在列车的全数或部份转向架上，使全数或部份轮对成为列车的驱动源，列车的全数车箱都可载客。Asforpower-distributedEMU,mostofitsmechanicalandelectricalequipmentaremountedbelowthedeckandthetractionmotorsmountedonallorpartsofthebogiesmakingallorpartofthewheelsetsthedrivingsource,andallthecarsareabletocarrypassengers.4全数为动

5、力车Allmotorcars部份为动力车Partlymotorcars动力集中和动力分散动车组特点比较ComparisonbetweenFeaturesofEMUswithCentralizedandDistributedPower序号S/N内容Contents动力分散动车组Power-DistributedEMU动力集中动车组Power-CentralizedEMU1编组通常为固定编组，不可随意增减车辆数量，但可以采取2列联挂方型，动车与拖车可任意加减拖车的数量，编组灵活。加减车厢后牵引力不变（因为动车数量不变），Composition同步增加或减少，不会造成过载或欠载。Compositio

6、nusuallyfixedandincreaseordecreaseofcarsnotpermissible,yetpairoperationfunctionavailable,whichmaintainstheportionbetweenmotorandtrailercarsandthusavoidunderloadoroverload.但阻力变化，易造成过载从而达不到原定速度，或欠载造成功率浪费。Flexiblecomposition,increaseordecreaseofcarsnotpermissible.Tractionforcenotchansedafterincreaseord

7、ecreaseofcars(numberofmotorcarsunchanged)yettheresistancedoes,whicheasilyleadstounsatisfiedspeedduetooverloadorpowerwasteduetounderload.2动力配置Powerconflguration列车的牵引动力可以分散设置，按需要增减动轴，使列车总功率不受机车功率所限制。Tractionpowersourcecanbedistributedandincreaseordecreaseofmotoraxlesasperdemandspossible,.totalpowerofE

8、MUnotrestrainedbythatoflocomotives.总功率受机车功率限制Totalpoweroftrainrestrainedbythatoflocomotives3换向行驶Bidirectionaloperation在两端都有驾驶室，可双向行驶，省却调车的时间，同时减少车务人员的工作及提高安全。Cabavailableatbothendsandbidirectionaloperationcanberealized,whichreducestimeforshunting,releasingworkingloadandimprovingsafetyofserviceperson

9、nel.列车换向时需先把机车在一端脱钩后再移到另一端挂钩，折返时间长。Locomotiveneedstobedecoupledfromoneendandcoupledtoanotherendforbidirectionaloperation,whichtakesalongertimeforlocomotivetoreverse.4轴重Axleload最大轴重轻，对轨道冲击小。高速情况下最大轴重对轨道的破坏作用远远大于平均轴重，这也是为什么越是高速的列车越趋向于使用分散技术的原因机车最大轴重大，高速运行下对轨道冲击大。Max.axleloadcontributedbylocomotive,imp

10、osinglargerimpacttotracksunderhighspeed.Lowermax.axleloadandthuslessimpacttotracks.Thedestructiveeffortsofmax.loadunderhighspeedismuchhigherthanthatofaverageaxleload,thatiswhymoreandmorehigh-speedEMUstendtoadoptdistributedpower.5载客量Passengercapacity载客量较同等长度的动力集中型动车组高约20%,可充分利用站台长度。Passengercapacity2

11、0%higherthanpower-centralizedEMUofsamelengthandutilizationofplatformlengthmoreadequate.机车不能载客。Locomotivecannotcarrypassengers.6启动加速度Startingacceleration高，列车加速时间短，更适合发车密度大、站间距短的路线。Higherstartingaccelerationandthuslessacceleratingtime,suitableforlineswithshortheadwayandinter-stationdistance.启动加速度小，列车加

12、速时间长，不适合发车密度大、站间距短的线路。Lowerstartingaccelerationandthusmoreacceleratingtime,notsuitableforlineswithshortheadwayandinter-stationdistance.7轮轨粘着Wheel-railadhesion整体粘着性好，在加速时不易产生空转(车轮的牵引力大于轮轨间的粘着力，造成轮速异常上升)，加速更稳定。Bettercomprehensiveadhesionandlesspossibilityofslide(tractionforceofwheellargerthanwheel-rai

13、ladhesionforce,thusleadstoabnormalincreaseofwheelspeed)duringacceleration,thusmorestableacceleration.集中动力车单轴粘着性能好于分散动力车，但由于动轴数量少，总的粘着性不如分散动力车，加速时易产生空转。Adhesionofindividualaxlebetterthanthatofpower-distributedEMU,however,comprehensiveadhesionpoorduetolessnumberofmotoraxle,higherpossibilityofslideduri

14、ngacceleration.8再生制动列车从高速减速到40kni/h（不同的列车可能不同）的机车受粘着限制，不能充分发挥动力制动的优越性。大百度文库让每个人平等地提升自我Regenerativebrake过程几乎不需要使用用空气制动，速度再降低空气制动开始补充，充分利用再生制动，将制动能量转换为电能反馈回电网，减少制动盘机械磨耗和能源浪费。Pneumaticbrakealmostunnecessarywhenbrakingfromhighspeedto40kni/h(maybedifferentfordifferenttrains)andonlyappliedifspeedistobefur

15、therlowered.Regenerativebrakefullyutilized,convertingandfeedingbrakeenergybacktocatenarytoreducediscwearandenergywaste.量拖车靠制动盘的摩擦制动，导致制动盘磨耗严重，既浪费材料乂浪费能源。Locomotivenotabletoputintofullplacetheadvantagesofdynamicbrakeasrestrainedbyadhesion,andrakelargelydependsonfrictionbrakeoftrailercars,whichleadsto

16、severediscwear,wastingbothmaterialandenergy.9动力冗余Powerredundancy即使有一、两组电动机发生故障，列车也能正常行驶。动力冗余性高，减少个别车辆故障而造成机破救援。Evenifoneortwosetsoftractionmotorsfail,operationofEMUstillnormal.Higherpowerredundancyandlesspossibilityoftowingoperationduetobreakdownofindividualcar.机车故障即需要救援，动力冗余性差。Towingoperationneeded

17、incaseoflocomotivefailure,poorpowerredundancy.10纵向冲动LongitudinalJerk车辆间的作用力小，牵引、制动时的纵向冲动小。Lowerinteractionbetweencarsandlongitudinalimpactduringtractionandbrake.车辆间的作用力大，牵引、制动时的纵向冲动大。Higherinteractionbetweencarsandlongitudinalimpactduringtractionandbrake.11线路适应性Adaptabilitytotrack线路适应力强。由于动轴多，所以更能适应

18、陡坡，最大80%ooHigheradaptabilitytotrack.Moreadaptabletolargegradientwithmoremotor动轴少，线路最大坡度<30%ooLessmotoraxles,max.gradient<30%oonly.axles,max.gradientupto80%o.12全寿命周期成本LCCLCC根据德国ICE2和ICE3动车组LCC研究结论：动力分散比动力集中低约10%。AccordingtoLCCresearchofICE3andICE3byDB,LCCofpower-distributedEMUis10%lowerthanthat

19、ofpower-centralizedEMU.13检修维护Inspectionandmaintenance由于电动机多并分散在各节动力车，零部件维护较复杂，维修成本也较高。Tractionmotorsdistributedonmotorcars,thusmorecomplicatedmaintenanceforcompartmentsandpartsandhighercostforit.主要动力设备集中管理，维护相对简单，维护成本相对较低。Majorpowerequipmentcentrallymanaged,thusrelativelyeasiermaintenanceandlowercos

20、tforit.14振动噪音Vibrationnoise动力设备分布在客车车下，车内振动、噪音较大。Powerequipmentdistributedbelowdeck,thuslargervibrationandnoiseincompartment.动力设备集中布置在机车，车厢内振动、噪声较小。Powerequipmentcentralizedinlocomotive,thuslowervibrationandnoiseincompartment.按照上述比较，不难看出，在高速客运方面，动力分散型动车组比动力集中型动车组具有明显的优势。目前，世界上高速客运动车组趋向于采用动力分散型。法国高速动车组TGV为动力集中型，下一代AGV已改用动力分散型。德国高速动车组ICE1/2为动力集中型,动车最大轴重达到吨，DB运营数年后发觉轨道变形频率加速，道昨粉碎现象严峻，后来改用动力分散的ICE3,最大轴重减至16吨以下,才大体控制住了对轨道的破坏作用。日本高速动车组一直就是动力分散型为主。Withtheabove-mentionedcomparison,itisnotdifficulttocometotheconcl