argument提纲

1、51.In this argument, the author recommends that patients with muscle strain should be advised to take antibiotic as part of their treatment. To support this recommendation, the arguer cites that in a recent study, patients in the group treated with antibiotics receive a 40 percent reduction in their

2、 recuperation time compared to the group with non-antibiotics. At first glance, the conclusion might seem somewhat reasonable, but close scrutiny reveals it contains several logical mistakes and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.First of all, the disparity of the two groups recuperation time mi

3、ght not be the result of antibiotics. Instead, it might be a response to DR.Newland and dr.altons difference in medical treatment. As mentioned in the argument, dr.n specializes in sports medicine, while dr.a possesses an occupation as a general physician. Therefore, it is fairly reasonable that dr.

4、n could offer better curing service as result of his rich experience in handling sports injuries, and in the contrast, dr.a could be do nothing but follow the basic routine, or even worse, due to the lack of relevant experience. Without detailed information about the working performance of 2 doctors

5、, it is unfair to attribute the decrease in recuperation time to the usage of antibiotics.Secondly, the statistics does not differentiate the severity of patients muscle strain, which could be the dominant reason for the gap of recuperation time. The author fails to consider and rule out the possibi

6、lity that patients in the second group require longer time to recover probably due to the fact that their physical conditions or muscle injuries could be far worse that test takers in group one. Without specific statistics related to this concern, it is too hasty to draw the conclusion that antibiot

7、ics perform a positive effect on the patients with muscle strain. Thirdly, even assuming that antibiotics helps patient heal quickly after severe muscle strain, the author has not taken into account that not all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain suffer from secondary injuries, which cast

8、 doubt on the result of the study. Due to the absence of data about the faction of patients suffering from secondary infections, it is unfair to infer all the patients would benefit from taking antibiotics as part of the treatment.In asserting that antibiotics are advised to taken by muscle stain pa

9、tients, the author overlooks negative effects that antibiotics might bring to the patients. On the contrary, certain patients allergic to antibiotics are likely to accept this treatment at the risk of life. Moreover, it is proven by research that the long-time effects of antibiotics contain enduranc

10、e of the drugs of the same kind and weakening our natural immune system. In those cases, the necessity of the advice is open to doubt.To sum up, the arguers conclusion that antibiotics should be included in the treatment of patients with muscle strain is not well supported as it stands. To bolster i

11、t, the author should provide detailed information about the medical service provided by dr.n and dr.a, the severity of muscle strain of two groups of patients. Whats more, more researches are required to ensure what fraction of the patients suffering from secondary infection to throw light on the ac

12、tual effect of antibiotics. It is also essential to reveal the side effects of antibiotics through thorough investigation.53In this argument, the author draws the conclusion that the increased levels of melatonin of mothers would lead to their children's shyness, which might also shadow on their

13、 future life. To bolster this argument, the arguer cites that 25 infants given birth by mother with a high level of melatonin are more likely to possess signs of mild distress and develop it into shyness in their youth hood. At the first glance, the argument might seem somewhat reasonable, but close

14、 scrutiny reveals it contains several logical flaws, and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.Lack of accurately definition in the research, the term "shy" is not well qualified as a precise scientific standard, and thus different individuals could define it in different ways. It is fair

15、ly reasonable that the disparity of evaluating criteria exist among all the researchers and participants. Therefore, the result of the follow-up study is open to doubt.the author fails to prove that the mothers' mounted levels of melatonin could directly affect the infants. The mere fact that mo

16、thers production of melanin increases before giving birth does not substantiate the assumption that same change would happen to the infants as well. Without further evidence concerning the correlation between high level of melanin and the physical condition of the infants, I cannot accept convincing

17、ly that the risen level of melatonin of the mother should be responsible for the same change in infants.the author observes a correlation between the increase in the levels of melatonin and signs of distress. While it might be a strong evidence for a causal relationship, in itself is not sufficient.

18、 The arguer fails to consider and rule out other alternative explanations accounting for the mild distress, such as genetic propensity, environmental factors or parenting ignorance. Without eliminating those factors, it is unfair to assign melatonin as a cause of distress.In asserting that those tes

19、ted teenagers' shyness is the signs of distress, the author overlooks the facts that other genetic and environmental reasons could be responsible for the shyness too, such as low self-esteem or lack of appropriate self-image. Common sense and experience tells us that lots of teenagers have not f

20、ormed a confident self-image of them and feel awkward to socialize with other people, which might leads to the sign of shyness.To sum up, the conclusion that increased levels before birth is responsible for individuals shyness during infancy and later life is not well supported as it stands. To bols

21、ter this argument, a clear definition of the term ”shy” would be extremely useful. The author should also provide valid evidence to lend strong support to the argument that there is a causal relationship between mothers and infants in the aspects of levels of M and warrant the argument that teenager

22、s' shyness would be the signs of distress .45.Since The authors conclusion about the decline of deer population simply depends on the report from local hunters, the statistics could be cast doubt on, for a variety of reasons.The conclusion has been weakened by the fact that the author has not ta

23、ken into account that alternative explanations besides the frozen sea could be in the way of deers age-old migration.There might be a correlation between the absences of migration and decreasing number of deer, but in itself is not sufficient to prove their causal relationship.Without ruling out oth

24、er possible genetic or environmental factors, the author might assign the disappearance of migration to deer to the shrink of deer herd as a false cause.The global warming could affect other areas.7.The author offers no evidence to prove that ann could be more inclined to implement environmental-fri

25、endly policies according to the fact that she is a member of GECNo evidence is demonstrated in this letter could substantiate the assumption that ann got the ability to solve those problems.the author ignore the alternative explanations for the air pollution. Instead he Unfairly blame the town counc

26、il for their breach of duty in environment protection, increased number of factories and more patients with respiratory illness.(三个分开写)Even assuming the town council might be responsible for the deterioration of environment, the author provides no proof that FB is a factor in city councils decision.

27、188 Other differences between men and women might also explain their feelings on pain.The effect of KO in the process of extracting wisdom teeth should not be hastily generalized to all the conditions that pain medications are required Even assuming kappa opioids has better effect on women than men,

28、 it is unfair to infer that all the pain killers would perform the same.The sample is insufficient to be representative and to substantiate the assumption.35 S and aspirin might be in the same chemical family, but they might differ in effect of treating heachesThe author observed a correlation betwe

29、en the decline in the number of headaches reported by participants and the use of S. yet it might be a strong evidence of a causal relationship, in itself is not sufficient. other alternative explanations might also be responsible for the decline in headaches.One problem with the argument is that th

30、e author assume that ss effects on headaches as a kind of food preventatives apply equally to it as a food additive. The author failed to take into account that other factors might increase the the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of mentia.Even assuming that S are effective in tr

31、eating headaches, it is hasty to infer that its outcome of preventing headaches would be the same.169The author failed to take into account that factors other than happiness would also influence whether professors will accept the job offers or not.Even consuming that it appeals to gifted teachers th

32、at their spouses work in the same geographic area ,the author ignore the differences between B and P, which could bring about a different result.The recommendation of employing professors spouse would possibly lead to a variety of negative results. such as financial problem or teachers qualification

33、.With the lack of detailed information about the research in B, we cant identify the reasons for professors happiness, whether it is about living in the small town or just because of the same geographic area.203Fewer complaints in M than S can not prove anything about efficiency or the quality of me

34、dical service. Though the number of complaints might be smaller, the percentage of patients complaining might be higher.Without detailed information about medical service provided by two hospitals, it is unfair to assume that treatment in M is more economical according to its shorter patient stay.Th

35、e author fails to consider and rule out other factors accounting for higher cure rates and shorter length of patient stay.The assumption that S could provide better service than M simply depends on the fact that Ss cure rate is higher. Since the author ignores the difference in severity of their pat

36、ients, the evidence is not sufficient to substantiate the assumption.Even I concede that statistics above are reliable, it is hasty to draw the conclusion that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospital M and S can

37、 represent all the large, for profit hospital and small, non-profit hospital.14the mere fact that customers are not satisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables does not substantiate the assumptions that customers are willing to growing vegetables on their own.Alternative explanations have been ig

38、nored for the phenomenon that the GG has sold out 3 months in a row.The argument based on a dubious assumption that the national surveys of satisfaction with store-bought grocery can reflect the condition of a certain area.Even I concede that customers might be interested in growing vegetables on th

39、eir own now, it is unfair to infer that the trends will continue to the coming spring.In asserting that expanding the variety of vegetables seed would make more profits, the author overlooks the negative effects that the actions might bring. 238The conclusion that graduates in g college are more pop

40、ular in the job market than graduates in m college simply depend on the assumption that information from placement office and students self-report are statistically reliable. Yet the author offers no evidence to substantiate this assumption. （not all the MVC students are included）The author fails to

41、 consider and rule out other factors accounting for the higher employment rate of M college, as the excerpt only offer an incomplete comparisons.The author offers no evidence to establish a causal relationship between the number of job counselors and business courses and employment rate.Even assumin

42、g that more business courses and job counselors are attributable to the higher employment rate of graduates in G college, the author still overlooks the difference between g college and m college, which might lead to a distinct result in m college.Even I concede that the recruitment of job counselor

43、s and scheduling more business courses might help to improve the employment rate in M college, it can not be ignored that the actions might lead to negative effects in a variety of ways. (Neither sufficient nor necessary)11Since it is a telephone survey, the statistics is suspicious in various of as

44、pects.The argument depends on the assumptions that the self-report from automobile factory workers reveals thoroughly reliable statistics.The author fails to compare a actual working performance among separate age group in the presence of immediate supervisor.Even assuming that older employees will

45、be more productive in the absence of supervisors, the author still has not taken into account that the difference between PPC and AFW will lead to a distinct result in PPC.In asserting more senior employees will bring about increased productivity and decreased cost, the author overlooked the negativ

46、e effects the recommendation might result in.161Without detailed information about the interviewee, it is unfair to assert that the sample in the first research is representative of the L citizens.(open to doubt)Without the actual number of mystery books and literary classics in the public libraries

47、, the conclusion that mystery books are more preferred than literary is unwarranted.Even assuming that borrowers are more inclined to choose mystery books, it is hastily predicted that other citizens share the same interest.The author has overlooked alternative ways in which L citizens might get a b

48、ook.(unfairly assume that respondents in the first research borrow book from the library)(other reasons to borrow a book)We do not know how long the intern period is between those researches, any conditions may change after sufficiently long time.76The author does not reveal the actual number and fe

49、atures of volunteers, thus making it impossible to assess the samples representativeness.Another problem with the research is that the claim that most volunteers reported the improvement in their skin reveals nothing but vague data and incomplete information about the actual function of L.Without fu

50、rther demonstration of standardized procedure and certain inflexible criterion in the research, the conclusion that L is truly effective has to be given little credibility.The researcher fails to consider and rule out other possibilities accounting for the skin improvement.（mild soap）Negative effect

51、s18The author fails to rule out the possibility that the lowered speed limit might not be effective in controlling traffic accidents merely because it is recently implemented.The number of reported accidents could be much smaller than the actual number due to a variety of reasons.The improvement of

52、highway safety in BC may be a response to other alternative explanations, instead of increasing lane widths and resurfacing rough roads. (Offer no evidence to demonstrate that road improvement is necessary and sufficient enough to decrease the incidence of road accidents)In asserting that increasing

53、 lane widths and resurfacing rough roads will help to cut down the number of highway accidents, the author ignores the fact that there are differences between BC and PC, which may bring about a distinct result in BC.137The author simply assumes that the quality of water leads to citizens unwillingne

54、ss to enjoy water sports in M river without ruling out other possibilities.M river suitable for water sportsCleaning up plan not efficiently implemented Increase in use of M river= increase in use of land along it15The author fails to prove that the respondents to the survey are representative of th

55、e overall population where OD products are sold.Low-fat products abound in stores do not indicate a great demand for low-fat food.Without detailed information about other products in OD company, it is unfair to assume that decreased sales of food products containing fat and cholesterol make the stoc

56、k not worth investingEven assuming that the trend of replacing high-fat food with low-fat food will result in deficit in OD Company, it is hard to envision that no adjustment will be included in ODs future policy.Negative effects37Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have

57、previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea.

58、 The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the riverthe woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game. It follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea. The mere fact there is no evidence the the paleans had boats could not ru