追求生态旅游外文翻译

1、追求生态旅游外文翻译 外文翻译原文In pursuit of ecotourismMaterial Source: Biodiversity and Conservation 5, 277-291 1996Author: Harold Goodwin Ecotourism is expected, by the tourism industry and academics, to grow rapidly over the next 20years. Much has been written about ecotourism, often with missionary zeal, but

2、there is little consensus about its definition. It is argued here that conservationists and protected area managers should adopt a definition of ecotourism which contributes to the maintenance of biodiversity and an appropriate definition is suggested. Ecotourism is not merely an alternative to mass

3、 tourism, nor is it the only alternative. The literature on nature tourism and the environmental impacts of the industry dates back to the late 1970s. Tourism is now the world's largest industry and it has an increasing impact on protected areas. Our understanding of these mechanisms, their ecol

4、ogical impacts and our capacity to manage tourism in protected areas lags behind the growth of tourism to protected areas. A rapid growth in nature tourism and tourism to protected areas has coincided with a shift in protected area management strategies towards integrated development. Tourism is one

5、 means available to protected area managers seeking to increase the economic value of a protected area and to offer sustainable opportunities for economic development to local people. This paper argues that potentially conflicting commercial protected area and development interests all contribute to

6、 the emergence of ecotourism and have been doing so for many years. Ecotourism needs to be tightly defined if it is to benefit conservation. Protected area managers should consider how they can take control of nature tourism to the parks they manage and convert it into ecotourism for the benefit of

7、conservation and the livelihoods of local people.Keywords: ecotourism; nature tourism; protected areas.Competing definitions of ecotourism The word 'ecotourism' has been coined relatively recently and there remains no consensus about its meaning. 'Ecotourism' has spread rapidly first

8、 because it has a number of different meanings and second because it has been extensively used opportunistically in marketing, where the tag 'eco-' has come to be synonymous with responsible consumerism. The tourism industry has been quick to exploit the marketing value of ecotourism; the mo

9、re so since its meaning is unclear and there is no requirement for the operator to do more than alter the packaging The ecotourism has been variously defined in terms of visitor behavior and philosophy. The advertising appeals to and promotes these approaches. Ecotourism is 'a niche market for e

10、nvironmentally aware tourists who are interested in observing nature' Wheat, 1994, described by Steele 1993 as 'an economic process where rare and beautiful ecosystems are marketed internationally to attract visitors'. Kerman put it bluntly 'a tour advertised as environmentally frien

11、dly can be just as suspect as many of the products started up with green packaging at your grocery store' Wight, 1994 Ecotourism is often defined prescriptively. Consider for example the National Eco-tourism Strategy published in 1994 by the Mexican Secretariat of Tourism in cooperation with the

12、 World Conservation Union Table 2. It has developed a long list of characteristics of ecotourism which constitute a highly prescriptive definition, one which has been taken-up by the World Tourism Organization WTO, 1995. It is interesting to note that there is only one reference to protected areas a

13、nd that where ecotourism is identified as a suitable mechanism for improving links between local communities and protected area managers. Definitions of this nature are difficult to use analytically. The World Tourism Organization WTO definition of ecotourism will be the one which is used to determi

14、ne the volume of ecotourism and to measure its value world-wide. The emerging definition of ecotourism within the WTO and the one which will therefore prevail is derived from Australia. Australia's National Ecotourism Strategy defined ecotourism as 'Nature-based tourism that involves educati

15、on and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable" Commonwealth Department of Tourism, 1994. The report recognizes that the natural environment includes cultural components and that to be "ecologically sustainable" there must be an appropri

16、ate return to the local community and a contribution to the long-term conservation of the resource WTO, 1995.Alternatives to mass tourism As foreign tourism became available in "package tours" at lower prices to a mass clientele, and the polluting effects of tourism became more evident, al

17、ternative forms of tourism were identified and promoted. There is a plethora of alternatives to mass tourism which are used in the marketing, and sometimes the design, of tourism products. Ecotourism is only one of many. Responsible tourism, science tourism, ethical tourism, soft-tourism. Environmen

18、tally-friendly travel, green tourism, sustainable tourism, adventure travel, low-impact tourism are just some of the marketing terms coined to describe these "superior' alternatives. Less-developed countries LDCs have particular advantages in attracting alternative tourists, they have areas

19、 of undeveloped land often rich in landscape, habitat and wildlife interest and they have so far maintained their cultural diversity, although the impact of tourism may threaten its continuation. The concepts of appropriate tourism Krippendorf, 1982; Richter, 1987 and alternative tourism Gonsalves,

20、1987; Smith and Eadington, 1994 have considerable relevance in rural areas. Alternative tourism activities are likely to be small scale, locally owned with low import leakages and profits re-invested locally Gonsalves, 1987; Cater, 1993. In the development of tourism in rural areas, there is a stron

21、g case to be made for alternative tourism. Alternative tourism recognizes that local communities are affected by tourist development, and seeks to give the local community an effective voice in decisions about the forms of tourism which use its environment. It also seeks to ensure that a reasonable

22、share of the incomes and profit derived from tourism goes to the local community.Environmentally responsible tourism As long ago as 1982, Krippendorf argued that the landscape is the real raw material or tourism. Travel companies are merely a means to an end, and the tourist uses their services in o

23、rder to "consume the landscape and the countryside'. The landscape can lose its tourist value through its over-use by the tourist - 'tourism destroys tourism' - but it is the monetary value of tourism which keeps the land productive. Tourism, 'the countryside devourer', is a

24、n extractive industry, it can consume landscapes, it 'damages the environment of the native inhabitants and thus reduces the quality of their life'. Krippendorf concluded that 'ecology should be placed before economy in tourism, not least for the sake of the economy itself and all who pa

25、rticipate in it'. Enlightened elf-interest requires the tourism industry to address and prevent the destruction of its essential raw-material. Tourism is far from a smokeless industry. The tourism industry is increasingly being blamed for environmental and social/cultural damage. There is a long

26、 catalogue of literature documenting the environmental impacts of tourism encompassing all sectors of the industry: aircraft emissions and noise, hotel water consumption and waste, tourist litter and polluted beaches. Tourists destroy vegetation, cause trail erosion, degrade coral reefs and endanger

27、 traditional cultures Beed, 1961; Pigram, 1980; WTO, 1981; Travis, 1982: Jenner and Smith, 1992, Cater and Goodall, 1992: UNEP, 1992. Some hotel chains and tour operators conduct environmental audits into waste management, recycling and energy use in pursuit of sound environmental practice and a gre

28、ener image WTTERC, 1993. Environmental impact assessment EIA and physical, economic, social and environmental carrying capacity analyses have become a regular part of the process of tourism development. The tourism industry responds to the environmentSustainable tourism Tourism has been widely endor

29、sed as one of the primary strategies for environmentally benign development. Farrell and McLellan 1987 argue that 'In terms of modern thinking and ecodevelopment, if tourism is sustained significant steps have then been taken toward maintaining environmental integrity. A healthy environmental in

30、tegrity means the possibility of successful tourism which, when managed properly, becomes a resource in its own right'. The logic of this argument is attractive. However, there are other, potentially more profitable, models of tourism development which appear to thrive on environmental degradati

31、on - it is not clear that unregulated tourism development will be sustainable. Carefully managed tourism can provide significant economic returns from the low-impact use of protected areas and can be less erosive than some alternative land uses. Tourism to protected areas, if adequately regulated an

32、d controlled, offers one of the least damaging economic uses. Sustainable tourism requires that the host population achieves rising living standards, that the tourist 'guests' are satisfied with the product and continue to arrive each year. It also requires that the natural environment is ma

33、intained for the continued enjoyment of the hosts and guests, all of which requires careful management. If nature-based tourism is to benefit conservation there must be a clear link between the tourist destination choice and locally protected nature Valentine, 1992. Local people and the industry nee

34、d to appreciate the economic value of the protected or vulnerable area as a tourist destination. It must be clear to local people and the tourist industry that the protected or vulnerable area is one of the reasons that tourists are attracted to the area, only thus can it be accorded an economic val

35、ue. The development goal is to attract 'visitors to natural areas and use the revenues to fund local conservation and economic development' Ziffer, 1989. The impetus for ecotourism development often comes from outside and it behoves conservationists, development experts and the tourism indus

36、try to be aware of the conflicts between the immediate interests of the rich tourists and the local people. Eco-missionaries can expect to be accused of green imperialism and eco-colonialism. If tourism is to make any adequate recompense for the non-development of relatively pristine sites it will n

37、eed to generate significant revenue for the benefit of those expected to sacrifice these potential sources of income Cater and Lowman, 1994. The World Tourism Organization, UNEP and UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme jointly sponsored the first World Conference on Sustainable Tourism in Ap

38、ril. 1995. The conference adopted a Charter on Sustainable Tourism which applies Agenda 21 to the industry. The Charter on Sustainable Tourism establishes a set of imperatives for major changes in the tourism industry as a whole, applying the recommendations of the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environmen

39、t and Development WTO, 1995. The Charter asserts that tourism development should be based on criteria of sustainability: 'it must be ecologically sound in the long term, economically viable, as well as ethically and socially equitable for the local communities'. Tourism development, the Worl

40、d Tourism Organization asserts, 'must respect the fragile balances that characterise many tourist destinations, in particular small islands and environmentally sensitive areas'.Nature tourism It is important to distinguish between ecotourism and nature tourism. Nature, or nature-based, touri

41、sm encompasses all forms of tourism - mass tourism, adventure tourism, low-impact tourism, ecotourism - which use natural resources in a wild or undeveloped form- including species, habitat, landscape, scenery and salt and fresh-water features. Nature tourism is travel for the purpose of enjoying un

42、developed natural areas or wildlife. Not all forms of nature tourism are compatible one with another; trekking, mountain biking and white-water rafting may not be compatible with birdwatching or photo-safaris. Some forms of nature tourism may quickly transform the undeveloped and unspoilt nature of

43、the areas in which they develop. Consider for example the transformation of the beaches of Goa, Bali and the Mediterranean. Nature tourism involves the marketing of natural landscapes and wildlife to tourists. It has the potential to provide developing countries with the finance and motivation requi

44、red to boost conservation efforts. National parks and protected areas are one of the primary resources for nature tourism, which is of increasing economic importance, providing foreign exchange and an economic return for the preservation of natural habitats and their dependent species. Nature touris

45、m includes a wide range of activities from relatively passive scenery and wildlife viewing to physically exerting 'adventure tourism' activities mountaineering or white-water rafting often involving elements of risk. Nature tourism may be consumptive sport hunting or non-consumptive and it m

46、ay or may not be sustainable. Nature tourism may be the primary focus of a tourism activity or part of a package of leisure, recreational or cultural tourism activities. However, only some forms of nature tourism make a positive contribution to conservation. It is these forms of nature tourism which

47、 constitute ecotourismConclusion Ecotourism can benefit protected areas in three ways. First, ecotourism is one of the most important ways in which money can be generated to manage and protect the world's natural habitats and species. Ecotourism can contribute directly to conservation through pa

48、rk admission fees and payments for guiding, accommodation and interpretation centers. Central to the definition of ecotourism is re-investment by the industry in the maintenance of habitats and species. Second, ecotourism can enable local people to gain economically from the protected area with whic

49、h they live. Protected areas cannot co-exist in the long term with communities which are hostile to them. Local people are important stakeholders with whom protected area managers must cooperate. More of the benefits of conservation need to be delivered to local people by enabling them to benefit fr

50、om the protection of the park their use of which is now regulated. If local people secure a sustainable income a tangible economic benefit from tourism to these protected areas, they will be less likely to exploit them in other less sustainable ways - obvious examples are over fishing, poaching or c

51、oral blasting. If local people gain from the sustainable use of, for example, a coral reef or wild animals through tourism they will protect their asset and may invest further resources into it. Third, ecotourism can offer a means by which people's awareness of the importance of conservation and

52、 ecological literacy can be raised, whether those tourists are domestic or international. The clients on whom the ecotourism section of the tourism industry depends are potential voters, taxpayers and leaders who may help to build constituencies of support to lobby for conservation US OTA, 1993. How

53、ever, as Aylward and Freeman 1992 cautioned: 'If the revenues of ecotourism do not accrue to national park systems or local communities, there will be little economic incentive for investment in the recurring costs of conservation activities'. The often voiced injunction to 'take only ph

54、otographs and leave only footprints' is not enough. Ecotourism must ensure that nature tourists contribute financially to the maintenance of the biodiversity contained in protected areas.译文追求生态旅游资料来源: 生物多样性和保护5,277-2911996作者:哈洛德古温 在接下来的20年里,旅游产业和学术界人士意料之中的生态旅游将迅速增长。已经有很多写过生态旅游,但很少有舆论认为它定义。在这里,争论的是区域经济和保护自然资源保护论者应采取适当的定义来促进生态旅游和维护生物多样性是建议。 生态旅游不仅是一种大众旅游项目,也不是唯一的选择。这文学对自然