高中英语语法重点难点回顾DD定语从句

1、高中英语语法重点难点回顾定语从句用来说明主句中某一名词或代词(有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。一.词引导的定语从句1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词句子成分用于限制从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语Who which that主语Whom which that宾语Whose(=of whom whose(=of which例1:This is the detective who came from London.例2:The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hard

2、y.例3:The desk whose leg is broken is very old.例4:This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.2.关系代词的用法(1 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which。例如:All the people that are present burst into tears.(2 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, fe

3、w, mush, no, some, very等词修饰,关系代词常用that,不用which, who,或whom。例如:(3 非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如: There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. (4 which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与and this

4、 相似,并可以指人。例如:He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.(5 that可指人或物,在从句中作表语,(指人作主语时多用who仅用于限制性定语从句中。(6 which可作表语,既可指人,以可指物。指人时,一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征.品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。(7 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who。(8 先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用that。例如:The boy

5、and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(9 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用who 或whom,不用which。例如:Is there anyone here who will go with you?3.“介词+关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构(1 “介词+关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词+关系代词“结构中的介词可以是in, on, about, from, for, with, to a

6、t, of, without 等,关系代词只可用whom 或which,不可用that 。(2 from where为“介词+关系副词“结构,但也可以引导定语从句。例如:We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.(3 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如:This is the boy whom she has taken care of.二.关系副词引导的定语从句

7、1.关系副词也可以引导定语从句关系副词在从句中分别表示时间.地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语,where 充当地点状语,why充当原因状语。2. that可引导定语从句表示时间.地点或原因That有时可以代替关系副词when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间.地点或原因,在that 引导的这种定语从句中,that也可以省去。三.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1.二者差异比较限制定语从句紧跟先行词,同先行词这间一般不加逗号,仅修饰先行词,可以由关系代词.关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明,用逗号与主句隔开,既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句,不可

8、用that引导。2.关系代词和关系副词的选择依据(1 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词,作主语.宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。3. 先行词与定语从句隔离定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后,但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分,构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如:1 This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about.2 He was the only person in this country who was invited四.As在定语从句中的用法1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句(1

9、as多与such 或the same连用,可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。(2as 也可单独使用,引导非限制性定语从句,作用相当于which。例如:The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.3the same that与the same as在意思上是不同的。2.As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活,可以位于主句前面.中间或后面,一般用逗号与主句隔开,但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如:(1 As is expected, the England team won the

10、football match.(2 The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.冠词用法不用愁,巧记两段顺口溜有些同学总感到冠词难用,尤其是不知或拿不准什么时候要“加冠”,什么时候“免冠”。这里着重”和“不定冠词的几种情况”的两段口诀: 世上独无二,序数最高级;某些专有名,习语及乐器。以上口诀归纳了用定冠词的一般情况,即:特指某些人或物谈话双方都熟悉的人或事上文已经提到的人或事世界上独一无二的事物前序数词回形容词最高级前某些专有名词前一些习惯短语play the violin / piano。 专有名词不可数,学科球类三餐饭;复

11、数名词表泛指,两节星期月份前;颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。以上口诀主要概括了一般应“免冠”的几种情况,即:名词前已有作定语用的this、that、some、any、my等限定词。专有名词和不可数名词前。表示学科的(如:maths、Chinese、physics名词前。球类活动的名词前及三餐总称前。复数名词表示泛指(一类人或事时。节日、季节、星期、月份前。表示颜色(如:It's red / yellow.、语种(如:speak English/Japanese和国家的非全称名词(如:We live in China. They come from America.。在称呼或表示头衔的

12、名词前。某些习惯短语中(如:in bed、go to school等。情态动词的推测性用法1. Possibility (may/might/can/coulda.在疑问句中表示“可能”,须用can而不用may.b.在肯定陈述句中,用can表示“可能”与用may往往产生含义上的微妙差别:用表示“可能”往往指逻辑上的;用表事实上的。Mr Reed is in poor health. He can be ill at any time.Mr Reed looks pale. He may be ill.c.用can表“可能”,较多地用于否定句和疑问句,could不受此限。If you don&#

13、39;t have a guide, you could lose your way.It cant/couldn't be true.Can/Could the news be true?d.表过去的“可能”可用“may/might+不定式完成体或不定完成进行体”,也可用“can/could+不定式完成体”。She may/might have been expressing her true feelings at that moment.She can't/couldn't have missed the train.e.用“might/could+不定式完成体”

14、有时可以表本来可能发生但没有发生,或本来可能完成却没有完成的动作。You might have killed yourself.I could have reported you.使用半倒装的几种情况1 当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时Never have I found him in such a good mood.No longer these days is it necessary for women to wear veils.Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains.2 当

15、句首状语由only+副词/介词词组/状语分句时Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.以关联词not only(but also开头的句子或成分Not only did he complain about the food, he also

16、refused to pay for it.3 以关联连词so(that开头的句子,在这种结构中,"so+a"是主语补语的前置;"so+ad."是状语的前置So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.4 当方式状语、频度状语移至句首Gladly would I pay more if I could get better service by doing

17、so.Many a time has Mike given me good advice.定语从句学习容易出错的几方面1、在定语从句中加了多余的或缺少宾语成分。Some of the boys I invited the didn't come.She told the wrongs had been done to her by the boss.2、把定语从句的主谓一致问题。Those who has finished may go now.3、当先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时,分不清关系词在定语从句中所作的句子成分。Is this the school where Mr. Whi

18、te visited last month?4、分不清限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。The naughty boy often knocked at the Wangs' door, that made the family unhappy.5、与强调句混淆。It was in the afternoon when I saw him in the park.应该为:It was in that afternoon that I saw him in the park.6、忽视只能用that,不能用which的情况。We should do all which is useful

19、to the people.略谈作后置定语的不定式的语态形式不定式作后置定语的时态和语态形式在一般情况下是不难理解和使用的。例如,下列句子中的不定式都应用主动形式:The next train to arrive was from Macao. 下一列到站的火车是从澳门开来的。Do you know anything about her intention to study medicine? 你知道她为什么想学医吗?但不定式作后置定语还有几种特殊情况:1.当不定式所修饰的名词与该不定式的动作有动宾关系时,则常用被动形式(这个不定式短语相当于一个含被动语态的定语从句。例如:An agreeme

20、nt to be signed (=which is to be signed next week will concern every one of us. 下周要签定的一项协定关系的我们每一个人。The medical teams to be sent to the flood-stricken areas will start off next month. 派往洪灾地区的医疗队下个月即将启程。2.当不定式所修饰的名词是have,get等动词的宾语时,常用主动形式表示被动含义,其不定式与所修饰的名词也有动宾关系。例如:I have two letters to write. (=I ha

21、ve two letters that I am going to write. 我有两封信要写。I'm going to get a cup of tea to drink. 我要喝杯茶。3.当不定式与其所修饰的名词(直接宾语为动宾关系,而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时,则此不定式宜用主动形式。例如:I handed him a pair of slippers to put on. 我递给他一双拖鞋穿。Mother bought me a new coat to wear. 母亲给我买了一件新大衣穿。4.在“there be”句型中,修饰主语的不定式如果与主语有逻辑上的动宾关系,则既

22、可用主动形式也可用被动形式。例如:There is not a second to lose / to be lost. 一秒钟也不能耽误。There are two experiments to do / to be done. 有两个实验要做。但在“there be”句型中,修饰主语的不定式有时用主动形式表示“必要,责任”,而其被动形式则表示“可能性”。试比较:There is nothing to do now. (=We have nothing to do now. 现在没有什么事情可做。There is nothing to be done now. (=We can do not

23、hing now. 现在没有什么办法以-e结尾的动词加后缀时何时省略-e?以-e结尾的动词变现在分词或加后缀构成新词时是否省略-e,有一定规律可循。一、符合下列三种情况之一者,通常省略-e:1、-e为默e(e不发音时,如hope-hoping,bone-bony2、-e前为辅音字母或元音字母u时,如ache-aching,cleave-cleaving;value-valuing,argue-argument3、所加后缀以元音字母开头时,如machine-machinist,love-lovable。二、符合下列情况之一者,通常保留-e:1、词尾的-e发音,如be-being,see-seei

24、ng,agree-agreement2、-e前是除u以外的元音字母,如dye-dyeing,shoe-shoeing3、所加后缀以辅音字母开头,如care-careful,encourage-encouragement。三、以-ce,-ge结尾的词,所加后缀以a,o开头时,要保留-e,以保持原词中c,g的读音,如embrace-embraceable,singe-singeing,encourage-uncourageous。记住以上规则最简单的办法是:牢记省略-e的规则及例词,注意以-ce,-ge结尾的动词定语从句练习1、The knife we used to cut the bread

25、is very sharp.A.whichB.withC.with itD.with which2、The brave man, the tiger was shot, is a good hunter.A.of whomB.by thatC.by whomD.by which3、The clever boy made a hole in the wall, he could see what it was going on inside the house.A.on whichB.at whichC.through whichD.in which4、The beautiful dress M

26、iss Jones went to the ball was borrowed from a friend of hers.A.in whichB.worn byC.through whichD.on which5、During the days , he worked as a servant at the Browns.A.that followedB.to followC.followingD.followed6、You may take anything useful .A.which you wantB.you want themC.what you wantD.you want7、

27、My hometown is no longer the same it used to be.A.likeB.thatC.asD.which8、The old woman has two sons, one is a teacher.A.of whoB.of whomC.of whichD.of them9、You can take any seat is free.A.in whichB.thatC.whereD.which10、Is there anything to you?A.that belongB.which belongsC.that belongsD.that is belo

28、nged11、We hope to get such a tool he is using.A.whereB.thatC.asD.which12、Finally came the day he had to begin his study for the next term.A.tillB.thatC.sinceD.which13、She hasnt got enough money she buys the rings.A.for whichB.with whichC.thatD.which14、Ive read all the books were borrowed from the li

29、brary.A.theyB.whichC./D.that15、This is the best hotel in the city I know. Ait Bwhere Cthat Dwhich 16、Is oxygen the only gas helps fire burn? Ait Bwhich C/ Dthat 17、The Second World War millions of people were killed ended in 1945. Aon which Bwhere Cin that Dduring which 18、The train she was travelin

30、g was late Aon that Bfor which Con which Dwhich 19、Winter is the time of year the days are short and nights are long. Aon which Bthat Cwhen Dwhere 20、Ill show you a store you may buy all you need. Athat, that Bwhich, that Cwhere, which Din which, / 21、I still remember the day she first wore that pin

31、k dress. Aon which Bon that Cin which Dwhich 22、Do you know the reason she got so angry yesterday ? Awhy Bwhich Cfor that Dfor why 23、Is some German friends visited last week ? Athis school where Bthis school one Cthis the school Dthis school 24、Is there any one in your class family is in the city.

32、Awhose Bwhich Cwhos Dwho 25、Can you lend me the book the other day ? Awhich you talked Bthat you talked Cabout that you talked Dyou talked about 26、This is one of the best films this year. Awhich has been shown Bthat have been shown Cthat have shown Dhave been shown 27、Do you know the man ? Athat I

33、spoke BI spoke to Cto who I spoke Dwhom I spoke 28、There are two thousand students in our school, are girls. Atwo-thirds in which Btwo-thirds in them Ctwo-thirds of them Dof whom two thirds 29、I have bought two ball-pens, writes well. Aneither of them Bnone of them Cneither of which Dnone of which 3

34、0、He built a telescope he could study the skies. Aby it Bthrough which Cwith that Din which 31、Do you know the reason he was late? Afor which Bfor what Cwhich Dthat 32、 has been said above, grammar is a set of dead rules. AAs BThat CWhat DWhich 33、John got beaten in the game, had been expected. Awho

35、 Bwhat Cthat Das 34、Theyre invented me to their party, is kind of them. Athis Bthat Cwhich Das 35、Crusoes dog became ill and died, made him very lonely. Athis Bthat Cwhich Das 36、There isnt so much noise in the country in big cities. Aas Bwhere Cwhich Dthat 37、I often thought of my childhood, I live

36、d on a farm. Awho Bwhen Cwhere Dwhich 38、Next month, youll be in your hometown, is coming. Awhere Bwhen Cthat Dwhich 39、The next thing must be done is to make a plan. Awhich Bthat Cwhen D/ 40、He talked happily about the men and books interested him greatly in the school. Athat Bwhen Cwho Dwhich 、Fill in the blanks： 1、This is the professor taught me chemistry in 1980 . 2、The hospital was built five years ago has been modernized. 3、This is the boy father died three years ago. 4、The film we saw the day before yesterday is very interesting.