第十六单元 文章的逻辑结构决定出题方向

1、第十六单元 文章的逻辑结构决定出题方向文章的结构是对讨论的中心词的一种论述的逻辑顺序。重复模式是加强中心词的过程，而作者的情感是对中心词的看法。文章的内容的表达的顺序，语言的排列的顺序就是文章的结构。文章论述的目的和语言风格如果不同，那么构建文章的逻辑模式就不同。认识到文章的结构可以帮助读者更好的预测信息，更好把握段落之间以及段落内部的逻辑联系，更好的理解中心词被论述的轨迹。一个段子有主题句，扩展句和结论句。同样，一篇优秀的文章也有论点段，论据段或原因分析段，结论段或解决问题层。一 、先总后分模式这种模式通常是给出一个论点，然后后面用大量的论据来论证，；论据的目的不是分析原因或预测趋势，而是告

2、诉读者论点的权威性，以及如何让论据更加让观点变得丰满和有说服力。其中论据的排列方式有两种：真题回放：Exercise：（文章的主题是人类的进化论）Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the grea

3、t universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, by babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when the are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fif

4、ty years ago, the chance of a baby(particularly a boy baby)surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to com

5、mit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offsprin

6、g. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today everyone being th

7、e same in survival and number of offspring means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change No other species fills

8、so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years even the pass 100year our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as av

9、erage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension." No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. 2000年全国研究生入学考试英语试题Passage 2

10、1.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?AA lack of mates.BA fierce competition.CA lower survival rate.DA defective gene.2.What does the example of India illustrate?AWealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.BNatural selection hardly works among

11、the rich and the poor.CThe middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.DIndia is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.3.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because_ .Alife has been improved by technological advanceBthe number of female babies has be

12、en decliningCour species has reached the highest stage of evolutionDthe difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?ASex Ration Changes in Human EvolutionBWays of Continuing Man's EvolutionCThe Evolutionary Future of Natur

13、eDHuman Evolution Going Nowhere启发思维：本文的中心是人类的进化已经结束，其中第一段讲的是进化结束的第一个方面，第二段讲的是进化结束的第二个方面。最后一段总结上文，强调进化论的结束。答案：1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 二、问题解决型这种思维模式的程序是：首先说明情况，然后提出问题，随后做出反应，做出的反应可能解决了问题，也可能没有或没有完全解决，最后对此做出评价（evaluation）。注意在手段经常谈一种现象，结尾谈的是解决方法。分析原因是在中间的段子，分析原因有两种方式，包括：1.平行并列，即分析原因没有主要和次要之分。2. 层层否定，即给出原因后马

14、上给否掉，不断分析不断否定上文的原因，直到给出最根本的原因。真题回放：Exercise:(本文的中心是美国人为什么不喜欢记者)Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibi

15、lity project. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalist

16、s learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. There exists a so

17、cial and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropoli

18、tan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedes, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do

19、 volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but

20、in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibil

21、ity project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and

22、gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. 2001 Passage 31.What is the passage mainly about?Aneeds of the readers all over the worldBcauses of the public disappointment about newspapersCorigins of the declining newspaper industryDaims of a journalism

23、credibility project2The results of the journalism credibility project turned out tobe .Aquite trustworthyBsomewhat contradictoryCvery illuminatingDrather superficial3The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies intheir _.Aworking attitudeBconventional lifestyleCworld outlookDed

24、ucational background4Despite its efforts, he newspaper industry still cannot satisfy thereaders owing to its _.Afailure to realize its real problemBtendency to hire annoying reportersClikeliness to do inaccurate reportingDprejudice in matters of race and gender 启发思维：本文开门见山谈了美国人不喜欢记者的现象，后面层层分析，层层否定。第

25、二段是新闻可信度的调查工程的研究结论，这是次要的原因，因为作者所调查过于肤浅。后面论证的原因分别是：记者的工作态度，生活方式，教育背景等等，都被作者否定了。倒数第二段的最后一句用了“But”说明根本原因是世界观的不同答案分析：1. 答案B 本题问的是，本短文主要谈的是什么?通读全篇短文，并理解短文主题句Why do to many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers?之后，我们就能抓 住本篇短文的中心思想。同时，在第二段作者提到新闻工作者协会对读者究竟想要看什么 感到十分搔头。第三段作者谈到读者对报纸不信任的原因是大部分新

26、闻工作者以一套标准 的模式来观察世界，而且在编辑室文化中有传统的新闻报导方法。这种方法对不同的令人 困惑的新闻提供主要的现成的报导结构。因此，答案是(B)本短文主要是谈人民群众对报纸 感到失望的原因。2. 答案D 本题问的是：发动新闻工作可信度工程的结果怎样?第二段作者谈到“这项工程的结果证 明大部分是低水平的成果，有事实上的错误，拼写与语法错误”。因此，答案是(D)新闻 工作可信度工程的结果证明是很肤浅的。3. 答案C 本题问的是，作者指出的新闻工作的基本问题是什么?作者在第三段中谈到读者对报纸的 不信任时指出新闻工作者观察世界是通过一套标准的模式。他们把每天的新闻事件都放在 这个模式中去观

27、察。作者在短文第六段中又指出，对新闻媒体的令人惊奇的不信任不是基本 报导 的不准确或者报导技巧很差，而是新闻记者与读者之间的世界观不一致。因此，答案是(C) 作者指出的新闻工作者的基本问题在于他们的世界观。4. 答案A 本题要求考生回答报纸企业尽管作了努力仍不能满足读者要求的原因是什么。作者在短 文的最后一段谈到，混乱的报纸企业似乎从未能注意到许多老顾客正在抱怨的文化与阶级的 偏见。现在他们只有把注意力局限在种族与性别上，并寻找在世界观上、价值上、教育上和 阶级上大不相同的读者。可见报纸企业尽管作了努力但仍不能满足读者的要求是由于没 能认识到它的真正的问题。因此，答案是(A)。三、 时间变化型

28、这种模式是在文章或自然段的大多数句子中包含表达时间的词汇，通过这些时间词汇来描述重复的话题词的变化过程。这些变化是考试的重要的考点，读者对叙事篇章的理解是靠一句一句延续下来的框架，这些句子提供确定的时间、地点和有行为的人物系列，这个框架往往是不能改变的。这种文章时间前后的变化是很明显的，比如：理论的变化往往是推翻前人的理论，生活态度的变化可能是从高节奏的生活到放慢生活节奏。其中的成分包括过去进行式和时间、方式、地点状语。评价事者以直接或间接方式告诉读者或听者故事的可听性。评价包括情节发展的特定时刻对角色发出的评论。评价手段包括否定形式、将来时、情态词、比较词等。真题回放：Exercise: (

29、本文的中心词是生活方式的转变)When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a

30、disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family". Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term "downshifting" has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I hav

31、e been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of "having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized res

32、ignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to

33、 the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed:12 hour working days, pressured deadlines, and the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on "quality time". In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a

34、 well-established trend. Downshifting-also known in America as "voluntary simplicity"-has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed ant consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsle

35、tters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out. While in America the trend star

36、ted as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late'80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down-shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. For

37、 the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the'80s,downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations. 2001年英语试题Passage 567Whi

38、ch of the following is true according to paragraph 1?AFull-time employment is a new international trend.BThe writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.C"A lateral move" means stepping out of full-time employment.DThe writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family

39、.68The writer's experiment shows that downshifting _.Aenables her to realize her dreamBhelps her mold a new philosophy of lifeCprompts her to abandon her high social statusDleads her to accept the doctrine of she magazine69"Juggling one's life" probably means living a life characte

40、rized by _.Anon-materialistic lifestyleBa bit of everythingCextreme stressDanti-consumerism70According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a resultof _.Athe quick pace of modern lifeBman's adventurous spiritCman's search for mythical experiencesDthe economic situation启发思维： 本文

41、的首段在讲作者的生活的大的变化，从有工作到没工作。第二，三段谈两年半之后生活观念的变化，从紧张的生活到放慢生活节奏。第四段谈这种变化是八十年代到九十年代的趋势，第五段谈的是放慢生活节奏的原因，第六段讲的是这种变化的好处。答案注释：1答案 B。本题要求考生在选项中辨认哪一项是第一段中的事实。从短文第一段中第二句A lateral movocarecr(伤我自尊并阻碍我业务进步的侧面动作使我决定放弃我的工作)， 我们可以看到作者是受环境所迫才决定离开她的工作的。2. 答案B本题问的是：作者的实验显示出什么?我们从短文第二段中可以看出生活减速的实验使她 形成新的人生观。3. 答案C本题是测试考生对“

42、juggling one's life”意思的理解。动词juggle的意思是“变戏法 ”，“耍把戏”，此处应作“挣扎”理解，也就是说工作有压力或环境有压力，很紧张，要 挣扎求生，活得很累。因此，答案是(C)Juggling one's life可能意味着以特别紧张为特征的生活。4答案D本题要求考生回答美国出现生活减速是什么原因?短文第五段第一句话 While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline(美国生活减速的趋势是 经济衰退的反应)就说明了美国生活减速是由于经济情况造成的。1本节所

43、谈的篇章的逻辑思维方式也可能从论点与论据的角度来理解，当然也可以从主题与发展的角度来理解。其本质的道理是相通的。2读者在阅读或解读篇章或段落时应该注意区分哪些是表达中心的层次或句子，哪些是支持中心的层次和句子。而重要的是需要判断作者是使用怎样的发展方式，怎样的论证方式，或者采用什么逻辑来论证自己提出的观点。3。在实际篇章中，一种模式可独立出现，也可能与其他模式结合在一起构成更大篇章，又可能互相交错或嵌入，因此一个问题解决模式篇章可能包含时间变化模式，也可能在评价部分包含一个对比比较模式。但是，篇章往往有一种主导模式。 模拟题四篇Text 1Gene therapy and gene-based

44、 drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years.While its true that just about ev

45、ery cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to

46、 turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when socalled stem cells havent begun to specialize.Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells brain cells in Alzheimers, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic

47、 cells in diabetes, to name a few; if doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue.It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to

48、grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still cant be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations; but if efforts to understand and master stemcell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.The same applies to cloning, which is reall

49、y just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a fullfledge

50、d animal, genetically identical to its parent.For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows wh

51、at Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year.Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undevelop

52、ed state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true “miracle cure.”1.The writer holds that the potential to make healthy body tissues willA aggravate m

53、oral issues of human cloning.B bring great benefits to human beings.C help scientists decode body instructions.D involve employing surgical instruments.2.The word “rejuvenated” (Para. 5) most probably meansA modified. B re-collected. C classified. D reactivated.3.The research at the University of Wi

54、sconsin is mentioned to showA the isolation of stem cells. B the effects of gene therapies.C the advantages of human cloning. D the limitations of tissue replacements.4.Which of the following is true according to the text?A The principle of gene therapy is applicable to that of cloning.B The isolati

55、on of stem cells is too difficult to be feasible.C It is reasonable for all body instructions to be activated.D Cloned animals will eventually take control of the world.5.Towards the genetic research, the authors attitude can best be said to be that ofA Frustration. B Indifference. C Amazement. D Op

56、position.Text 2The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (14441510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed unease with Botticellis work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolu

57、tionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predece

58、ssors, Botticellis work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.)The primary reason for Botticellis unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most