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1、非谓语动词用法总结非谓语动词是历年高考英语的重要考点之一,同 时也是较难掌握的难点之一。它贯穿于英语学习 和考试过程的始终。但是,只要认真分析、透彻 理解、看透本质、准确把握,就一定能在高考中 运筹帷幄,游刃有余。,非谓语动词区别简表类别 区别to dodoingdone含义主动被动 同位或将 来主动或(正在)进行被动或元成成分(名词)主 语、宾语、 表语(不定式)(动名词)主 语、宾语、表语、 定语(表用途) (现在分词)定(过去分词) 作定语、状 语、补语、表 语(多表状定语、状语、状语、补语态)语、补语否定(not ) to(not)doing(not)donedo时态一般:to一般:d

2、oing一般:donedo进行:本身进行:无进行:to完成:having完成:本身be doingdone完成:to(只作状语)havedone语态一般被动:一般被本身tobe动:beingdonedone进行被动:进行被动:tobebeing donebeing完成被动:donehaving完成被动:to have been donebeen done作用作目的状作时间状语、条作时间状语、语、条件状件状语、原因状条件状语、原语、原因状语、结果状语、因状语、方式语、结果状方式状语、伴随状语、伴随状语状语、让步状语语、让步状语二不定式的用法不定式不可作谓语,但它可以有自己的宾语、 状语,构成不定

3、式短语,在句中可以作主语、宾 语、表语、定语(表用途)、状语或补足语。高考 对不定式的考查主要有不定式的时态、语态、作 用、否定、省略、连词+不定式等。作主语不定式作主语表示具体的动作,通常指一件已知的事或目的。 不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数。eg:To say is a thing,to do is another.(说是一回事,做是另外一回事。 )( 2 )不定式短语较长时,通常放在谓语之后,用 it 作形式主语。eg: It is important to learn Englishwell.( 学好英语是重要的。 ) It is necessary for us to do the

4、jobwell.( 我们做好这项工作是必要的。 ) It is a great honor to be invited to give aspeech here.( 被邀请在这儿发表演讲是一个极 大的荣幸。 )2. 作宾语(1)常只用不定式作宾语的动词有: want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend ,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,l earn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend"XT oeg: He refused to help me.( 他拒绝帮助 我.) S

5、he has agreedto cometomorrow.( 他已同意明天来 .)(2) 不定式较长时,作宾语,也可用it 代替,放在后面。eg;I find it difficult to do the job well.(3) “特殊疑问词十不定式to do结构”具有名词特征,可作宾语。eg: She didn 't know whether to go or not. They haven ' t decided when and where to build the school.(4) 不定式可作介 but,except,besides( 除之外 )的宾语, 介词前有

6、实义动词 do 的任何一种 形式,后边的不定式就无 to, 否则必带 to 。eg: I want to do nothing but play the computer games 。 I have no choice but to wait 。3. 动词不定式作表语(1 )不定式作表语放在 be 和其他系动词后, 说 明主语的内容。 同样,“特殊疑问词不定式” 具 有名词特征,也可作表语。eg: My job is to sweep the floor. His goal was to enter the key university of Beijing. The first quest

7、ion is how to find a better way to learn English well.(2) 不定式作主语时, 表语也必须为不定式, 结构 必须保持一致。eg:To see is to believe.(3) 如果主语部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词是实 义动词 do 的某种形式,那么作表语的不定式可 以省去 to.eg: The first thing to do is find her. The only thing he could do was tell the truth.4. 不定式作定语 不定式作定语常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。 eg: I have someth

8、ing important to tell you.( 不定式与被修饰名词构成被动关系。 ) His wish to an artist has never come true.( 不定式与被修饰名词构成同位关系。 )He is the right man to do the job. ( 不 定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系。 )The little girl was unhappy because she had no friends to play with. ( 不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关 系。 )(注:若不定式为不及物动词,其后须加上 相应的介词。 )5. 不定式作状语 不定式作状语主

9、要是表示目的、条件、原因和结 果,可位于句首或句末,但句首时通常用逗号隔开。eg: We set off early that morning to catch the first bus. (目的) To get a good result,she worked very hard. (目的) I feel it an honor to be invited to the party.( 条件 ) She was very happy to get the first prize.( 原因 ) He worked hard only to fail.(结果 )( 注:1. 不定式常用在 so

10、 as 或 in order 后 ,与它 们一起作谓语,表示目的,但 so as 引起的不定 式不可置于句首。eg:In order to avoid mistakes,check your homework.2. 不定式表目的常和 only 连用,往往表示出乎 意料的意想不到的不愿得到的结果。only to findeg:He hurried to the station the train had left.)3 “形容词 enough 不定式”和“ too 形 容词或副词 (不表情感) 不定式” 也可作结果 状语。eg: He is old enough to go to school.

11、 He is too weak to raise the stone.但“ too 表情感形容词( pleased,ready,glad,willing,anxious等)to do ”表示肯定意义, too 前面可用 only,but 等词修饰。eg: They were (only) too anxious to leave.( 他们只是太急于离开了。 ) She is (only) too pleased to go home.( 她非常高兴可以回家了。 )6. 不定式作补语 不定式作补语表示动作的完成。宾语与作补语的 不定式之间是主动关系。1 )后接动词不定式作宾补的常见动词有: wa

12、nt,wish,expect,prefer,like,hate,ask,beg, request,require,beg,get,advise,persuade,i nvite,order,remind,permit,allow,send,call on,wouldlike/love,arrange for,depend on 等。eg: She wanted me to arrive there early. Our headmaster call on us to work hard.( 2 )动词不定式可作感官动词(五看二听一感 觉即: see,look at,watch,observe

13、,notice , hear,listen to , feel )和使让动词( let,make,have 等)后面的宾补时,不定式符 号 to 要省略,但如果句子变被动结构,必须带 to. 表示动作的完成。eg: He made them climb the hill. They were made to climb the hill.(3) 动词不定式可作形容词的补足语 动词不定式可作形容词的补足语,句型为: ( 一 ) 主语系动词表语( adj 为 convenient/easy/expensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasent 等) + to d

14、o.( 注:to do 常用主动表被动,其中 do 为 vt, 主语为 to do 的宾语。 )(二) 主语 find/think/consider/believe等宾语 adj to do.( 注:其中 to do 常用主动 表被动,其中 do 为 vt, 主语为 to do 的宾语。 ) eg : CHe is easy to fool Thewomanis hardtoworkwith. He findthejobdifficult to do.(4) “特殊疑问词+不定式 to do ”具有名词特 征,可作宾补。(谓语动词多为 show,know,teach,tell 等。 ) eg:

15、I 'll tell you how to get there7 不定式作评注性状语或插入语不定式可以作评注性状语或插入语, 放在句子前面、中间或末尾。常见的有 to be frank,to behonest,to tell the truth,to begin with , to start with,to be short等。eg:To begin with,I thinkyou are wrong. 三动名词用法 动名词具有动词和名词的特点,有一般式和完成 式,有主动式和被动式,可作主语、宾语、表语 和定语 . 否定形式在其前面加 not.( 1 )动名词作主语 动名词作主语表示

16、抽象动作,指一件已知的事或 经验。eg: Driving a car on the crowded road is boring. Reading is my hobby.(2)常只用动名词作宾语的动词有: admit,avoid,appreciate,consider ( 考 虑 ) dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,sugge st 等。eg: I can 't imagine marrying her. She managed to escape being

17、 punished. 以下动词词组后面只接动名词作宾语: give up,belong to,look forward to,keep on,insist on,be busy,get down to,be devoted to,have difficulty/trouble(in),have agood/wonderful time (in)等。eg: I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon. He gave up smoking three years.(3) 动名词可作表语 动名词可作表语, 一般为主语的内容 .表示一般性 或习惯

18、性的动作。在概念上可以和主语划等号。 把主语和表语倒过来,句子的基本含义不变。eg:His hobby is painting.(4) 动名词可作定语动名词可作定语, 表示所修饰事物的功能或用途。 eg:He often studies in the reading room. 四现在分词 现在分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特征,在句 中作定语、状语、补语和表语。1 作定语现在分词作定语, 单个 v.-ing 放在被修饰的名词 前;如果短语作定语,则放在所修饰词的后面。 动词 -ing 作定语和被修饰词之间为主动关系, 表 示动作正在同时进行或经常性发生。eg: thefallingleaves

19、 = theleaveswhichare falling therisingsun = thesun which isrising I saw himgo into thehousefacingsouth.2 作状语动词 -ing 或其短语作状语时, 可以表示时间、 条 件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随等。表示时 间关系的动词 -ing 短语可由连词 while 或 when 引出。eg: Hearing the news,they got excited.( 时间 ) Having finished his homework,she was playing on the playground

20、.(原因 ) Studying hard,you are sure to get the first prize.( 条件 )3 作补语 现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行,宾语与作补 语的现在分词之间是主动关系。后面常接现在分词作宾补的动词有感官动词(五 看二听一感觉 see,lookat,watch,observe,notice,hear,listento,feel )使让动词( have,get )以及其他类动词 leave,keep,catch,set 等。表示动作正在进 行。eg: I saw them playing games on the playground yesterday.

21、 Don 't leave him waiting outside the room.4作表语现在分词作表语相当于形容词,常表示主语所具 有的特征,含有主动意味。大多数使动词的现在 分词通常可作表语,常见的有: interesting,amusing,boring,tiring,pleasin g,exciting,moving,disappointing,surpring ,encouraging 等。eg: His story was very moving. The speech is really boring.5作评注性状语或插入语可以作评注性状语或插入语 ,放在句子前面、

22、中间 或末尾。五过去分词过去分词既有副词的特征又有动词的特征,在句 中可作定语、状语、补语、表语等成分。( 1 )作定语过去分词作定语,它和被修饰词之间是被动、完 成关系,单个过去分词作定语放在前,过去分词 短语作定语放在后。其中及物动词的过去分词表 示完成或被动概念,不及物动词的过去分词只表 示完成概念,没有被动的意味。eg:the risen sun = the sun which hasrisen fallen leaves = leaves which has fallen This is the house built several years ago. = This is the

23、 house which was built sveral years ago.(2) 作状语过去分词在句中作状语,说明动作发生的背景或 情况。它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中 可以作时间、条件、原因、方式、让步和伴随状 语。eg: Tired out,they rest.( 原因 ) Taken around impressed by the city Though warnedstopped to have athe city,we weres new look.of the danger ,hestill went skating on the thin ice.(3) 作补语 及物

24、动词的过去分词作补语,和宾语之间构成被 动关系。不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表状态和 完成。(1) 可以带过去分词作宾补的动词有感官动词 (五 看二听一感觉) ,使役动词 have,get,make 等, 以及其他类动 keep,leave,like,want,wish 等。 eg: I can 't get the car going. I had my leg broken last week.4)作表语过去分词作表语表示被动意义,主语常是人,一 般用来表示感受和状态,可以用作表语的常见的 过去分词有: astonished,delighted,disappointed,excite

25、 d,experienced,exhausted,frightened,inter ested,puzzled,qualitied,satisfied,upset等 ,有些过去分词作表语实际上已经构成固定短语。 如: be interested in,be satisfied with,be covered with,be dressed in,be seated,be locked 等。能用这些分词作表语的系动词有 be,get,remain,stay 等。 eg: The door remained locked. We were greatly encouraged when we he

26、ard the speech. 六非谓语动词的独立结构 非谓语动词的独立结构为“名词或代词非谓语 动词” 或“ with 名词 /代词非谓语动词” 。在语法上是一个独立的短语,不是句子(即:非 谓语动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致,须保留 之后所构成的结构) 。可放在句首或句尾。( 一) 名词或代词非谓语动词(1)名词 / 代词不定式 名词或代词通常为动作的执行者,与不定式构成 逻辑上的主谓关系,可位于句首或句末。eg:He will send me $ 100 first,the rest to follow in a year.(2)名词/ 代词现在分词 名词或代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作

27、的执行 者,与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。eg :Time permiting,we finish the work.( 表条件 ) Spring coming on,the trees turnsgreen.( 表时间 )(3)名词 / 代词过去分词 名词或代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受 者。与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。eg: The sigal given,the bus started. Their strength exhausted,they sank down one by one.( 表原因 )(二) with 名词 / 代词非谓语动词(1)with 名词

28、/ 代词不定式 不定式和宾语之间是被动关系,表示动作尚未发 生。eg:With nothing to do,they went out for awalk. (表原因)(2)with 名词 / 代词现在分词宾语和动词 -ing 之间是主动关系, 表示的动作和 谓语动词的动作同时发生。eg:The boy slept with the light burning. (表伴随)(3)with 名词 / 代词过去分词 不定式和宾语之间是被动关系,表示动作已经完 成。eg:They stayed inside with the door locked. (表伴随)七非谓语动词的区别问题 (一)动词后接

29、 to do 不定式还是动名词 ( 1 )只能接 to do 不定式的动词有:want,wish,hope,long,expect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,l earn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend(2)常只用动名词作宾语的动词有: admit,avoid,appreciate,consider( 考 虑 )dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine ,keep,mind,miss( 错 过 ),practise,risk,resi

30、st,suggest等。(3)动词后二者都可跟,意义不同的有: forget to do sth忘记要做某事forget doing sth忘记做过某事regret to do sth 后悔要做某事regret doing sth后悔做过某事go on to do sth接着做另外一件事go on doing sth接着做同一件事stop to do sth停下来开始做某事stop doing sth停止做某事try to do sth尽力做某事try doing sth试着做某事mean to do sth打算(意欲,企图)做某事mean doing sth意味着做某事can ' t

31、 help ( to )do sth 不能帮忙做某事can ' t help doingsth 情不自禁地做某事(4)动词后二者都可跟,意义相同的有: begin,start,like,love,prefer,hate 等。但是区 别在于:后接动名词时表示经常性的动作,后接不定式时表示的是具体的特定的动作。eg:I like playing football,but I don ' t like play now.重点提示: 在下列情况下 begin 和 start 后只接不定式:I 主语是物不是人 eg:Spring came on and the snow began to

32、 melt.n .二者用于进行时eg:It ' s begin to rain.川.二者后接表示心理活动或状态的动词。eg:I began to realize how stupid I was.IV .二者后接不定式的被动式。eg:The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980 ' s.to do表示事实表示片段( 二 )“ 感 官 动 词 宾 语 宾 补 sth/doing sth )”的区别 感官动词宾语宾补(to do sth )或全过程感官动词宾语宾补(doingsth )或进行eg:The mis

33、sing boys were last seen playing near the river.Did you see a pencil-box lying on the ground just now.(三)个别“使让动词宾语宾补”的特别词的 用法1 )have 宾语宾补have +宾语+ do “让做某事”,不定式作 宾补可以指现在、将来或可能发生的动作。eg:They had me repeat the message. I won ' t have you say such things. I won ' t have you blame it on me.have +

34、宾语+ doing “让一直做某事” ,现在 分词作宾补可以表示主语有意让别人去做或无意 引起某人可能去做或表示遭遇。eg:Tom tried to have her talking.But nouse. I won ' t have you speaking to your parents like that. (注:have +宾语+ doing 用于否定句, have 有容忍之意。 ) Why should we have the boy standing in the corner the whole morning.have +宾语+ done “让被做”过去分词作宾 补可表

35、示主语有意识的行为或表示“遭遇” 、“经 历”(动作违背主语的意愿)eg:We ought to have her examined by a doctor.The old woman had her handbagstolen.2)get +宾语+宾补get +宾语+ to do( = have +宾语+ do) “让做某事”有时则是“说服或劝说某人做某事”eg:I will get the publisher to illustrate( 加 上插图 ) the book.get +宾语+ doing “使 (静的物体) 动起来”, 具有进行含义。eg:I shall soon get t

36、he machine working.3) get +宾语+ done “让被做”用法与have+宾语+ done基本相同。eg:He got his wrist broken.习题练习:1.(2009 全国 l)Now that we'e discussedour problem,are pople happy with thedecisionsA.takingC.takenB.takeD.totake2. (2009 全国 I)The children all turnedthe famous actress as she entered theclassroom.Ao oked

37、atB.to look atC.to looking atDook at3. (2009 全国H )They use computerskeep the traffic .tosmoothly.B.runA. being runC.to runD.running4.(2009 北京)For breakfasthe only drinksjuice fromfresh fruiton his ownfarm.grownC.to be grownD.to grow5.(2009北京)twice,thepostmanrefusedto deliver our lettersunless weA.gr

38、ownB.beingchained our dog.B.BittenD.To beA. Being bittenC.Having bitten bitten6. (2009 湖南Nowadays people sometimesseparate their waste to make it easier forit.A. reusingB.reusedC.reusesD.to bereused7. (2009 陕西)1 still remember tothe Famen Temple and what I saw there.A. to takeB.to betakenC.takingD.b

39、eing taken8. (2009 重庆)Michael ' s new house is like ahuge palace, with his old one.A. comparingB. comparesC.to compareD.compared9. (2009 重庆)With the world changingfast,we have something newwithall by ourselves every day.A.dealB. dealtC. to dealD. dealing10. (2009 山东)We are invited to a party in

40、our club next Friday.A. to be heldB.heldC. being heldD. holdingthe11. (2009 福建) not to miss the flightat 15:20,the manager got out for airport in a hurry.A.RemindingB.RemindedC.To remindD.Havingreminded12. (2009 福建)In April,2009,President Huinspectd the warships in Qingdao,the 60th anniversary of th

41、e founding ofthe PLA Navy.A.markingB.markedD.beingC.having marked marked13. (2009 安徽)The playnext monthaims mainly to reflect the local culture.A. producedB.being produedC.to be producedD.having beenproduced14. (2009 天津)by the advances intechnology,many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.B

42、.EncouragingD.Havingtheproject inA. Being encouragedC.Encouragedencouraged15. (2009 天津)time,the staff were working at weekends.B.HavingD.ToA.Completing completed C.To have completed complete16. (2009 辽宁)When we visited my oldfamily home,memory cameback.B.toA. floodingfloodC.floodD.flooded17. (2009 辽

43、宁),you need to give allyou have and try your best.A. Being a winnerB. To be a winnerC.Be a winnerD.Having been awinner18. (2009 江苏Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers,almost three times the number hired last year, reduce unemployment pre

44、ssures.A.helpB.to havehelped C.to helpD.having helped19. (2009 浙江)There is a great deal ofevidence that music activitiesengage different parts of the brains.A.indicateB.indicatingC. to indicateD.to be indicating20. (2009 浙江), the pay isn ' tattractive enough,though the job itself isquite interes

45、ting.A.Generally speakingB.On thecontrary Cn particularD.To behonest21. (2009四川)He told us whether a picnic was still under discussion.A. to haveB. havingC.haveD. had22. (2009四川儿adies andgentlemen,please remain beforethe plane has come to a complete stop.A.seatedB.seatingC. to seatD.seat23. (2009四川)

46、many times,hefinally understood.A.ToldB.TellingC.Having toldD.Having beentold24. (2009 江西)the right kind oftraining,these teenager soccer players may one day grow into international stars.A.GivingB.Havinggiven C.To giveD.Given25. (2009 江西)The government plans tobring in new laws parents totake more

47、responsibility for the educationof their children.A.forcedB. forcingC. to be forcedD.having forced26. ( 2008 全国 1)1 like getting up very earlyin summer.The morning air is sogood .A.to be breathedB.to breatheC.breathingD.beingbreathed27 . (2008 江苏)一They arequiet,aren ' t they?Yes.Theyare accustom

48、edatmeals.A.to talkC.to talkingB. to not talkD. to nottalking28.(2008 江 苏)To learn English well,weshould find opportunities to hear Englishas much as we can.A. speakC.spokenB. speakingD.to speak29. (2008 湖南)the project as planned,weII have to worktwo more hours a day.A.CompletingB. CompletedC. Compl

49、etedD. To complete30. (2008 辽宁)Please remain ;theB.seatedD.to bewinner of the prize will be announced soon.A.seatingC. to seat seated31. (2008 山东)Lucy ' s new job paid twice as much as she had made in therestaurant.A. workingB. workC.to workD. worked32. (2008 上海Something as simple as some cold w

50、ater may clear your mind and relieve pressure.A.to drinkB.drinkingC.to be drinkingD.drunk33. (2008 上海)ldeallyfor Broadwaythe theatres and Fifth Avenue,theNewYork Park hotel is afavorite with manyguests.Ao catingB.being locatedC.having been locatedDo cated34.(2008 浙江)that he was ingreat danger,Eric w

51、alked deeper intotheforest.A.Not realizedB.Not to realizeC.Not realizingD.Not to have realize35.(2008 陕西)around the WaterCube,we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.B.To beA.Having shownshownC.Having been shownD. To show36. (2008 福建)in the queue for half anhour,the old m

52、an suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.A.WaitingB.To waitC. Having waitedD.To havewaited37. (2008 福建)Can those at the backof the classroom hear me.A.seatB.sitC. seatedD.sat答案解析:1. C本题主要考查“with +名词/代词+过去分词”的用法。不定式和宾语之间是被动关系,表 示动作已经完成。2. B 本题主要考查 “不定式作状语” 。不定式作状 语主要是表示目的、条件、原因和结果,可位于 句

53、首或句末,但句首时通常用逗号隔开。3. D 本题主要考查 “现在分词作补语” 。后面常接 现在分词作宾补的动词有感官动词(五看二听一 感觉 see,look at,watch,observe,notice/hear,listen to/feel )使让动词( have,get )以及其他类动 词 leave,keep,catch,set 等。表示动作正在进 行。4. A 本题主要考查”过去分词作定语” .过去分词 短语作定语放在后,表示完成或被动概念。5. B 本题主要考查 “过去分词作状语” 。过去分词 在句中作状语,说明动作发生的背景或情况。它 和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中作原因状

54、语。6. D 本题主要考查 “不定式作形式宾语” 。不定式 较长时,作宾语,可用 it 代替,放在后面。7. D 本题主要考查 “只用动名词作宾语” 。常只用 动名词作宾语的动词有: admit,avoid,appreciate,consider (考虑) dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,imagine ,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,su-gg est 等。8. D 本题主要考查 “过去分词作状语” 。过去分词 在句中作状语,说明动作发生的背景或情况。它 和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中作方式状 语。9. C

55、本题主要考查 “不定式作定语” 。不定式作定 语常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。不定式与被修 饰名词构成被动关系。10. A 本题主要考查“不定式作定语” 。不定式作 定语常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。不定式与被 修饰名词构成被动关系。11. B 本题主要考查“过去分词作状语” 。过去分 词在句中作状语,说明动作发生的背景或情况。 它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中作原因 状语。12. A 本题主要考查” 现在分词作状语” 。动词 -ing 或其短语作状语时,作伴随状语。13. C 本题主要考查“不定式作后置定语” 。不定 式作定语常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。表目的 或将来。14. C 本题主要考查“过去分词作状语”

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