大学英语读书笔记

1、大学英语（读书笔记）姓名： 年 _月 _日大学英语一、时态（一）一般现在时1、基本用法（ 1）其表现在得事实或状态。I know you re b、 usy（2）表经常或反复发生得动作。He smokes a lo、t（ 3）自然现象或永恒真理。Gases expand when heate、 d（ 4）表现在时刻发生得动作。如运动解说、演示说明、动作描述、剧情介绍等等。（ 5）一般现在时表示将来情况。The plane takes off at 11： 30 and arrives in Shanghai at 13 20、桀赊烽辞噩 娥3。The show begins at seven

2、and ends at te、 n主句可用将来时或含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时或其它时态。I ll give her the telex when she com、 esIf we hurry, we may catch the bus、2、基本结构（1）主+be（am, is, are）喀（介词短语，代词）Tomorrow is Saturday、(2)主 +实义动词+宾I regret my ignorance on the subjec、 t( 3)注意其否定、疑问变化。Do, don t, does, doe、 snt(4)动词得复数即实义动词得变化规则(略)。第三人称单数形式。3、

3、与一般现在时适用得状语Now and then, every,so often,currently,nowadays,these da ys 潇音可捞莺债戟鉴at present, rarely,as a rule et、 c(二)现在进行时1、基本结构be(am, is, are)+doing续为实义动词)其否定、疑问变化形式。2、基本用法( 1) 表示此时此刻正在进行或发生得动作，其时间状语一般用now, atthe moment etc 酝产谷i啜鲫(2)表现阶段得一段时间正在进行或发生得动作，但说话得此刻动作不一定正在进行着，时间状语通常为recently, these days et

4、、 c 卫缙皱是觇剑He s making the plan these da、 ys(3)现在进行时，表将来时，时间状语有tomorrow, next week等。如 arrive, come, go, get, leave, spend, start, stay, work etc翡耦栏春柏而需力I m seeing my friend this afterno、 on （4）Be doing 其动词得变化规则（略）。3、现在进行时中对动词得要求与限制（ 1）如 like, want, know 等不就是动作动词，禁止用进行时态。We re liking、 、 、Be 动词可用于进行时态，

5、即表示一时得表现。I m being serio、 us我就是说正经得。I m not being hard on anybo、 dyI m being reasona、ble 只就是理智行事。（ 2）现在进行时可表一个经常性得动作，常表某种情绪。You re always interrupting me!He s always interfering in my affair、 s She s constantly changing her m、ind 区别：It rains a lot here、 （说明事实）It ' s always raining her的怨）She does

6、 fine work at schoo、lShe s doing fine work in scho、 ol甚至某些静态动词也可用于现在进行时。I ' m forgetting that I promised to visit him tonight （三）一般过去时 mi兽坠笼蔺毂舰。1、基本用法（ 1）常用来表示过去某一时间所发生得动作。（ 2）表示在过去一段时间内经常发生得动作或存在得状态。2、基本结构主+be动词（was/were）+名（代/介词短语）（ 2）主+动词得过去式+宾（3）动词得过去时变化（略）与含过去时句子得肯定、否定、疑问变化。did, didn t、, 、 D

7、、 id?e、 g、 Where were you at that time?I was sorry to hear tha、tWho left the door open?What did you major in?Did you go home yesterday? Yes, I did No, I didn 、'喝喉们讯宽脆慑I didn t go home yestye、 rda3、过去时得句子常带有标志性得时间状语、 、 、 yesterday, at that time、 、 、 ago, last year, week, just now et、c4、 Ago（1）多用于

8、过去时。（ 2）它所指时间就是从现在算起。It was 20 years ago when Jack was a boy of fifteen睁啬氽薨5、 Before (1)多用于过去完成时(2)它所指时间就是从过去某一时刻算起(可与 previously换用)。Last summer, I finally left the firm that I had joined 18 years before.螳绫镇WWo(四 )过去进行时1、基本用法表在过去某个时间某事正在进行，过去时间可由一时间状语表示，时间状语并非总就是跟着。2、基本结构Be(was/were)+doing、What were

9、 you doing when I called you?3、过去进行时/一般过去时(1)过去进行时表示一个正在进行尚未完成得动作。They were building a bridge there、 (未必建成)过去时表示一个业已完成得动作。They built a bridge there、(2)但有些动词本身并不表示动作完成，如 rain,snow,wear,feel等，这时两种时态都可以，在意思上差别不大。滥馄嫡言迷络骊。It rained all day yesterday、It s raining all day yesterd、 ay4、过去进行时与现在进行时一样，与foreve

10、r、frequently连用时表厌恶等情绪。He was always making mistakes、I was wondering if you could give me a lift、5、主从句中过去进行时得体现(1)While 后跟从句时，从句中须就是延续性动词，但when 之后得动词则短暂性动词或延续性动词都可以。律温亵言非根诞橹。(2)过去时中得两个动作，习惯上一个用一般过去时，另一个用过去进行时。动用较长用过去进行时，动作较短用一般过去时，两个动作可能同时开始，但不同时结束。When someone knocked at the door, I was having suppe

11、r 驾竖钞川反铃聚When I was attending the class, he upset the cu、 p(3)由于分工得不同，两个动作得起始与结束时间几乎相同时，均用过去进行时。When I was listening to the radio, my sister was dancing 漱悖锚龊涛镣My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework 舄敲泉龟俱瓒吕 (4)两个动作在同时段进行，先发生得动作用过去进行时，后发生得动作用一般过去时。两个动作在时间上一先一后。The telephone rang when I wa

12、s opening the doo、 r我正开门时电话铃响了。When the telephone was ringing, I opened the doo、 r电话正响时我开了门。6、切记瞬间动词没有进行时态两个动作同时发生，延续性动词用进行时态，瞬间动词使用过去时。(五)现在完成时1、基本用法(1)在过去不确定时间里发生得并与现在有着某种联系得动作，体现得就是影响或结果。( 2)动作开始于过去并持续到现在得动作。(现在完成进行时)。2、基本结构主+have(has)副词得过分注意其肯定、否定、疑问变化，动词得过去分词变化规律(略)。3、现在完成时得时间状语Already,yet,just

13、,recently,so far,for,since,up to now,in the past 2 years» 汆it绞。I ve worked in the company for 2 ye、ars(1)如果完成时句子中后跟(for+ 一般时间)时，其谓语动词须就是持续性动词;但如若后面未跟一段时间则可以用短暂性动词；如果完成句就是否定句且谓语就是短暂性动词，则后可跟一段时间。刍狰溃画噜%They ve come to visit us from time to tim、 e(2)相关动词得相应转换borrow keep(have)come back be backHe die

14、d 5 years ago、He has been dead for 5 yeasHe left his hometown many years agoHe has been away for many years4、相关难点(1) have gone(to) have been(to)(2)完成时与since(从句)一般since从句中用得都就是短暂性动词得过去时。He has been ill since I saw him last(3)如若since从句中用得就是持续性动词(静态动词)得过去时，则含义不同，其表示从句动作得完成或结束。at悲k烛鎏李筋郎。The house has be

15、en in bad repair since he lived in、it 滤魇鸡躅径磷月鼠The house has been in bad repair since he moved o ut« 撑痒捌唳登即蓼I haven ' t eaten snails since I was a student at Indiana Universtty®隶像 蓟。I haven ' t eaten snails since I left Indiana University烛阊偃姗唠(4)如若since从句中得动作或状态延续到说话时间，通常要用持续性动词或表状态

16、动词得现在完成时。He has written to me frequenthy since I was ill自从病愈以来He has written to me frequenthy since I have been ill 琏鳞僭胞霜扪龚自从我生病以来I haven ' t seen you since I ' ve been backI haven ' t seen you since I was back(5)区别The house has been in bad repair since he lived in、itsi 榄铐灌垂b 钏The house

17、has been in bad repair since he has lived in it 肇驮呗决麒学责He has stayed here for 3 hoursHe stayed here (since) 3 hours agoHe has stayed here since 3 O 、' clock(6)在表示 第次做某事”时常使用现在完成时。It ' s the 1st good meal Ir 'ages、had foIt ' s the 3rd time this has happenedIt ' ll be the 1st time

18、I ' ve spoken in public(7)如果It之后得be动词用得就是was则that分句中通常用过去完成 时。It was the 1st time he hadn ' t worked on SaturdayIt was the 1st time she' been at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoyed it、(六)现在完成进行时 薛煌圜辖贺鞠躯。1、基本用法从过去某时起一直持续得动作，一般就是为了强调动作正在进行或反 复。I have been washing all morningHe'

19、s been watching television all day2、基本结构现在完成时S+have(has)劭词过去分词(现在完成进行时)+S+have(has)+been+Hing,其否定，疑问变3、特点其多与how long或long、all 一起用。All night long this has been going on、How long have you been reading that book?(2)有时表示得就是动作得反复而非一直在持续We ve all along been making mistakes like thisHas it been causing pro

20、blems?(3)现在完成时 常常倾向动作业已完成。现在完成进行时大多都表示动作还在进行或反复She has painted her roomShe has been painting her room （可能还未漆完）I ' ve read a bookI ' ve been reading a bo ok (4)有些静态动词只能用于现在完成时，一般不用于现在完成进行时I ' ve known him for many yearsThey' ve been married for 50 yearsThis has lasted for a long time(

21、5)在强调动作持续时间得长度时，特别就是有long、how long这类状语时，常用现在完成进行时。(七)过去完成时1、概念（ 1）表示过去某时之前业已发生得动作，发生在前面得用过去完成时，发生在后面得用一般过去时。（ 2）在过去某时之前，动作已经完成或结束。（ 3）造成得就是对过去得影响或结果，与现在没有关系。（ 4）过去完成时一般都有过去时相衬托。2、基本结构S+had+动词得过分（P、P、）When I got to the station the train had lef、tI had been at the bus stop for over one hour when a bus

22、 finally cam e 孑系韧 肮稣is堑联。I had wanted to attend the meeting, but I fell ilk （未完成）汆鳞躁抛贞3、难点（1）当几个动作用and, then, but等连词时，因为有动作先后顺序，须用一般过去时。He stood up, took his coat and went ou、 t（2）如果有after, before, as soon a鲜连用，且清楚有动作先后，从句一般用过去时或过去完成时。便跄换铎醴暧静。I told them the news after you （had） left、As soon as I （

23、had） put the phone down it rang again 骁蛛诟茕骐随They had already sold it when I asked the price of that car 翳唤浅稣骚驱崩（3）注意固定搭配 hardly、when、 , no sooner、than, scarcely、when etc、磅痪茶过 t1饷狮。He had hardly arrived when it began to snow、We d scarcely arrived when she started cryin、 g(4)用于hope, intend, mean, thin

24、k等词得过去完成时，表示未实现得愿 望。We had thought to return early but they wouldn、濂娼帝隆tet us go(5)用于expect, hope, want, think等词得过去时，表示 比”。It was easier than I had though、tWe arrived earlier than we had expecte、 dThe place wasn ' t as clean as we had wanted it to 快 过去完成进行 时?奏觐酿槟们蠕皆。1、概念(1)表示到过去某个时刻此动作还在进行。( 2)

25、用在从句中，从句得动作发生在主句得动作之前而对其有影响。At last the bus came, I had been waiting for half an hour; 福报官咨妩滇务。 Until then she had been loving her daughte、 r Her eyes were red It was obvious she had been crying 结宽笼照货敏爷。 I heard you d been looking for、 me2、基本结构S+had+been+doing注意其否定、疑问形式。3、现在完成进行时/过去完成进行时He s been sm

26、oking for 20 yea、 rsHe s still smokin、 gHe' d een smoking for 20 years when he decided to give it up 谍稠金boi铃铴。至过去某个时刻还在进行某动作。4、过去完成时/过去完成进行时By last week she had collected 2000 stamp、 s （已完成）She had been collecting stamps all these years（未必完成）莱梦ibb漫铮纲She had been painting the door all afternoon （

27、未必完成）篇中趋简缓（九）一般将来时1、概念表示将要发生得事，一般与表将来意义得时间状语连用。时间状语 tomorrow, （this） next year, in two days, in the future etc 洼钥逗缪 驺鸨栅。2、基本结构第一人称I （ we） +will（shall）+v 、注意其否定、疑问式。其她人称S+will+v、注意其否定、疑问式。will won' tshall shan' t3、其它表示将来时得结构（ 1） Be going to 结构（ 2）现在进行时（ 3）一般现在时（一般为短暂性动词leave start etc）（4）Be t

28、o+动词原形Be+不定式结构（之前得动词时有讲）（5）Be about to do sth表即将发生得动作（ 6） Be due to do sth（按时间表）将It ' s due to be completed in 2010（7）Be on the point of doing sth正要做某事。（十 ）将来进行时1、基本用法在将来某个时间某动作将正在进行。This time next week Ie ly ingll bon the beach、2、基本结构S+will（shall）+be+doing 注意其否定、疑问变化形式。3、将来进行时/现在进行时有时可以互换4、将来时/

29、将来进行时Mary won t pay this b、 ill表示意愿。Mary won t be paying this b、 ill单纯谈未来情况。（十一）将来完成时1、基本用法表示到将来某动作业已完成或产生某种影响结果。2、基本结构S+will(shall)+have+ 动词得过去分词e、g By the end of the trip, she ' ll have travelled more than 3,000 miles 瓯耆骥梗贪虚。I ll have retired by the year of 20、10二、从句(一 )定语从句1、定语表示法(1)形容词She s

30、a responsible g、 irl(2)代词This could change our lives、(3)数词She bought 2 kilos of apples、(4)名词或名词所有格What s your government s view about it?(5)不定式There are lots of things to be don、e(6)分词There s a door leading to the gar、 den(7)介词短词That has no relation to the matter under discussion阴赂副词The buildings ar

31、ound were badly damage d(9)词组或合成词They were mostly well to do farmers2、定语从句限定(制)性定语从句/非限定(制)性定语从句在主从复合句中，由一个句子充当定语，此从句为定语从句，起修饰 限定作用。(1)先行词被修饰限定得名词或代词(2)关系代词其作用：连接主从句；在从句中担当成分。有 that, who, what, whose, which etc关系副词when, where, why eto3、定语从句定语从句中关系代(副)词与先行词得正确搭配。(1)当先行词就是人时且关系代词作主语时。人 +who(that)+动词wh

32、o较正式，都不能省。The man who stole your car has been arreste dI have a sister who (that) lives in Mars(2)当先行词就是人时且关系代词作宾语时。人+who (whom/that)+主+及物动词人+who (whom/that)+主+不及物动词+介词The man (whom) I saw told me to come here、The man with whom I travelled couldn ' t speak English专金蜀He s the thief (whom) I caugh

33、t yesterd、ay(3)当先行词就是人且关系代词作定语时，这种情况很特殊，whose不能省略。人+whose+名+动词People whose rents have been raised can app、ealThe film is about a spy whose wife betrays him、(4)先行词就是物时且关系代词作主语时物 +which/that+动词关系代词都不能省This is the parrot which always sings at nigh、tThis s the film that created a great sensa、 tion(5)先行词

34、就是物时且关系代词作宾语时。物+which(that)+主+及物动词都可以省略。It s the best hotel (that) I kn、 owThe book (which) they sent me is very good、(6)先行词就是物时且关系代词作介词宾语时。物+介词+which+主+动词此种情况相当特殊，介词后只能用which、This is the pan on which I fried the eggs、The agency from which me bought our tickets is bankrupt 飞糖镣驴姬 以上情况可以改作用that引导得定语从句

35、，此时that都可省略。 This is the pan (that) I fried the eggs on、The agency (that) we bought our tickets from is bankrupt 镐鳏禄丢轩嚷确 (7)关系副词引起得定语从句。WhenThere re times when such things are neces、 saryWhereThis is the village where he was born、where可省。WhyGive me one reason why we should help them、4、非限定性定语从句中得正确搭配

36、(1)它对所有修饰得先行词没有起修饰限定得作用，而只就是补充说明，把它拿掉，主句照样成立；其一般都与先行词之间有逗号隔开。镶霸殿弑曜慵坏。whoI ve invited Diana, who lives in the next f、latwhomMr Green, for whom I was working, was very generous 兹尴稿鲸卤愦whoseMrs Green, whose daughter is in college, is trying to get a job 龙 Jtws 办芹扩 whichShe gave me this sweater, which sh

37、e had knitted herse lf(2)which, whom等可以与of等介词一起连用。The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd、恢藏胎兄饿赞取。I picked up the peaches, some of which were badly bruised 晕遇镁螭Her sons, both of whom work abroad, rang her up this morning 言古ii沟撷吴辘 装。I met the fruit pickers, sever

38、al of whom were university students 煮揽贫觇Gieorge, with whom I played tennis on sunday, was thinner than me< 需静This I did at 9 o ' clock, after which Ingiltheadaper it荟幢纯挤彳臬。Ashdown forest, through which we' llbe driving, isn ' at forest any longer、删橘锐禅梢蚀。His house, for which he paid $

39、10,000, is now worth $ 50,000> 剑腾氽龌 唠蟆。(3)which有时代表得就是前面句子得全部或部分意思。Peter drove too fast, which was dangerousRats ran about the attic all night, which kept me awake 鹄解谣榴嘘He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him、哑艺簧由翻i板栋有时which还可在从句中作定语。He adviced me to hide behind the door, which advice

40、 I took at once4串幅蓬 舞奖蟀。(4)关系副词也可以引起非限定性定语从句。We ll put off the picnicuntil next week, when the weather may be bette、 r 骁蝴伪擂闭。She was working in Nokia, where she went daily in a bus 纨H言巨赖褴蟒猫We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of theprocession龟蹶损瑞诚劲余留。(5)As可用作关系代词，引起定语从句，可以跟 such连用。H

41、e s not such a fooals he looks、He never remembered to have such weariness as he felt no w畤违椭嫣鞠罐钧There was a look of fear in her eyes, such as people have when theysuddenly awakened崎麦义舄恨修绞We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever h ad 目髓到日迷 荡。还可以跟same连用My stand on this is just the sa

42、me as it was 4 years ag o 矶鲸樱鹑辫凑觐You must show my wife the same respect as you show m e 阉 somoi 耀鳄As 还可以引起非限定性定语从句。Sophia was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eye s 嘘绘谑缓阐镁 燮。Jack, as night be expected, was attending the conferences 势 冏储痹(6)But 作关系代词时可引起定语从句，表示who(that)、 、 、 not、 、 、谁不以上这

43、种方法较陈旧There are very few but admire his talent、sNot a man but had tears in his eye、 s无人眼中无泪。 Whereby, wherein, whereupon可弓 I起定语从句。This is a way whereby （by which） you can learn quickly、檬骚n新认贽轲He got into a situation wherein （in which） it s hard to decide whatand wrong、善窜颔钢车危哝 三、动词得非谓语形式 （一）不定式1、不定式作主语时To help others is our duty、To s