谈东平湖水资源优化配置

1、谈东平湖水资源优化配置孙百启 王俊芝 王胜利（山东黄河河务局东平湖管理局，山东 梁山 272600）【摘要】通过分析东平湖水库的主要功能、优越的地理位置和丰富的水资源状况，提出优化水资源配置的途径和提高水资源蓄积量的设想。1、东平湖水库简况及区域概况1.1优越的地理位置。东平湖水库位于黄河下游山东境内，是黄河“上拦下排，两岸分滞”防洪工程体系的重要组成部分，是黄河下游的重要分滞洪区，主要功能是当黄河发生大洪水时向东平湖分滞黄河洪水，保障山东黄河下游防洪安全。水库分新老湖区二级运用，其中新湖区418km2，库容23.67亿m3，平时无水，当黄河发生大洪水时分洪滞蓄。老湖区常年有水，面积209 k

2、m2，库容11.94亿m3。水库地势较高，属水塔型水库，与京杭大运河、黄河、汶河、南水北调东线、山东胶东输水干线工程连通，构成以东平湖为中心的辐射状水系网络。在山东黄河下游区域内具有优越的地理位置优势。通过上述水系东平湖水南可以到济宁，北可以到聊城、德州等鲁北地区，东可以到济南、胶东地区。1.2具有丰富的水资源优势。东平湖是东西地表水和地下水汇集的地带，蕴藏着极为丰富的客水资源。汶河来水全部进入东平湖老湖，黄河水通过进出湖闸人工控制可以自流进出东平湖，东平湖水可自流进入京杭运河、南水北调东线和山东胶东输水干线工程。据黄河孙口水文站多年实测资料统计，黄河流经该地区多年平均径流量355.7

3、5;108m3。汶河是东平湖的主要补给水源，19522001年多年平均径流量10.6×108m3。南水北调东线水资源是进入东平湖的另一客水资源，东线一期工程规划调入东平湖的水量13.47×108m3，流量100 m3/s。出东平湖过黄河4.42×108m3，到山东半岛8.76×108m3，调水时间在非汛期。2、水资源优化配置的途径2.1弥补黄河水资源不足。黄河具有“水少沙多，水沙关系不协调”的特点，随着社会经济的发展和引黄用水量的增加，河道萎缩，河床淤积抬高，水资源污染。黄河水量实施统一管理调度后，河道断流现象得到有效控制，但仍出现低于维持河流健康生命所

4、需的河道和维持生态环境所需的基本水量要求，黄河水资源不足。可以将东平湖作为调节黄河下游水资源不足的节点，在黄河下游水资源不足时，利用东平湖水通过北排入黄河道补充黄河水，调节下游水沙关系，补充下游维持河道和生态环境所需的基本水量要求，冲刷河床，改善河道形态，稀释或降低污染，补充下游沿岸工农业和城市生活用水等。2.2作为南水北调东线工程的调剂水源，调剂东线东平湖以北鲁北地区和胶东地区水资源短缺。胶东输水干线已经按照输水50m3/s标准建成并试通水，东线东平湖以北至鲁北、河北、天津段也将实施。东线规划调水期为非汛期10月至竖年5月，汛期不调水。从长江调水成本很高，东平湖水成本低廉，可以适时引用东平湖

5、蓄水替代调水，发挥东平湖水资源效益，降低受水区用户成本。2.3洪水资源化利用。据19521990年戴村坝站统计资料，汶河年均进入东平湖老湖的水量 11.49×108m3，其中汛期710月份9.66×108m3，占年均来水量的84.1，非汛期占15.9。汛期来水，人们看做是一种危害而非资源，千方百计把水排掉，应当树立汛期洪水也是资源的理念，在保证防洪安全的前提下加以利用。将汛期划分为前汛期和后汛期，前汛期79月份控制水位42.0m以下，留足空库容防洪，后汛期10月抬高水位42.043.0m兴利。通过科学调度，汛期来水一是及时通过黄河排水入海。二是通过京杭运河南排入南四湖或补充

6、京杭运河航运用水。三是通过胶东输水干线和东线鲁北输水线路引水，将进入老湖的洪水资源引向黄河以北和胶东缺水区，利用沿线的输水网络补充地下水、农业灌溉、城市用水、河道污染稀释与冲刷、改善生态等。3、提高东平湖水资源蓄积量的设想3.1近期按设防46.0m防洪水位完善老湖周边工程，将目前老湖运用水位44.5m提高至46.0m防洪水位，提高水库的防洪效益和水资源蓄积量。目前影响老湖提高运用水位的主要因素，一是金山坝作为围湖造田民堰的存在，高度强度不足，影响老湖运用水位的抬高利用。金山坝以西保护区内有220国道，人口4.25万人，4.89万亩土地。只有当黄河向老湖分洪或汶河大洪水时才利用金山坝以西保护区蓄

7、滞洪外，一般情况下不用，金山坝破除或保留的问题，实际上是保护区内群众如何移民安置的问题，这个问题不解决，老湖运用水位就不可能抬高。建议按照二级湖堤标准加高加固，当黄河向老湖分洪时，临时爆破金山坝或修建分洪建筑物满足分洪要求。二是二级湖堤高度和护坡强度不足，不适应老湖防风浪要求。按照46.0m设计防洪水位要求加高加固二级湖堤，提高二级湖堤的防风浪能力。50.0m抬高老湖设计防洪水位，加高加固老湖周边工程。小浪底水库建成并发挥防洪减淤作用，下游河道河床淤积速度减缓，从长远观点来看，下游河道河床淤积抬高的趋势不会改变，东平湖滞洪区作为黄河下游的主要分滞洪区的地位保持不变，老湖水北排入黄困难的形势将依

8、然存在。将老湖周边工程加高加固，抬高设计防洪运用水位至48.050.0m，一方面可以增大老湖防洪库容，有效处置黄河洪水或黄汶相遇洪水。另一方面，可以提高水资源蓄积量，特别是汶河洪水资源蓄积量，提高汶河水资源利用率。（作者简介 孙百启，男，42岁，中国山东黄河河务局东平湖管理局总工程师，高级工程师）联 系 人 孙百启联系地址 中国山东梁山县城人民北路11号(邮政编码：272600)联系电话传真子邮箱 hhsunbaiqiOn Optimized Allocation of Water Resources of the Dongping La

9、keSUN Bai-qi, WANG Jun-zhi, WANG Sheng-li(Dongping Lake Administration of Shandong Yellow River Engineering Bureau, Liangshan, Shandong 272600)Abstract The paper puts forward the ways of optimized allocation of water resources and a tentative plan for increasing the storage volume of water resources

10、 through the analysis on the main functions, favorable geographical position and rich in water resources of the Dongping Lake. 1. Brief Introduction of the Dongping Lake and General Situation of the Region 1.1 Favorable geographical positionThe Dongping Lake, situated in the boundaries of Shandong P

11、rovince, is an important component of engineering system for “flood control of storing water in upper stream, facilitate the flood conveyance downstream and detention at the both sides of banks in the lower Yellow River” and a key detention basin of the lower Yellow River. Its main function is to di

12、vert the flood water to the lake when the Yellow River has a major flood, ensuring the flood control security of the river in Shandong. The lake is divided into two-level operation of new lake and old lake, of which, the new lake area is 418 km2 and the storage capacity 2.367 billion m3. During the

13、normal period, it is no water in the lake and it will be used for storage as the Yellow River occurs a major flood. The old lake has water all the year round and the area is 209 km2 and the storage capacity 1.194 billion m3. The terrain of the lake is higher, belonging to the type of elevated water

14、tank. It connects with the Jing-Hang Grant Canal, the Yellow River, Wenhe River, East Route of the South North Water Transfer Project and Jiaodong Water Transfer Project of Shandong, forming a radial water system network of taking the Dongping Lake as the center. It has favorable geographical positi

15、on in the downstream region of the Yellow River in Shandong. Through the above water system, the lake water can reach to Jining in the south, Liaocheng and Dezhou in the north and Jinan and Jiaodong region in the east.1.2 Rich in water resources The lake has collected the surface water and groundwat

16、er from east to west, containing extremely rich in foreign water resources. The coming water of Wenhe River totally flows into the lake. The Yellow River water can flow in and out of the lake by gravity through manual control of inlet and outlet gates. The lake water can flow into the Jing-Hang Gran

17、t Canal, East Route of the South North Water Transfer Project and the water transfer project of the eastern Shandong by gravity. According to the statistics of long-period observed data of Sunkou Hydrometric Station of the Yellow River, the normal annual runoff of the Yellow River flowing through th

18、e region is 355.7×108m3. The Wenhe River is the main water source supply to the lake and the normal annual runoff from 1952 to 2001 is 10.6×108m3. The East Route of the South North Water Transfer Project is another foreign water resources of the lake and the planned diversion into the lake

19、 in phase 1 is 13.47×108m3 with discharge 100 m3/s, the outflow to the Yellow River 4.42×108m3 and to the Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong 8.76×108m3. The diversion time is during the non-flood season. 2. The Ways of Optimized Allocation of Water Resources2.1 Making up the insufficient

20、water resources of the Yellow River The Yellow River has the characteristic of “deficient in water and abundant in sediment”. Along with the social and economic development and the increase of diversion from the Yellow River, the channel had been withered, riverbed deposited and raised and water res

21、ources polluted. After conducting integrated management and regulation, the situation of zero flow of the river has been effectively changed, but the quantity of water is still lower than the requirements for keeping the healthy life of the river and the basic water for keeping ecological environmen

22、t and insufficient water resources frequently happens. It can take the Dongping Lake as a nodal point to regulate the insufficient water resources of the lower river, regulate sediment discharge rating of the downstream, supplement the basic water required by the channel and ecological environment o

23、f the lower reaches, scour the riverbed, improve the channel morphology, dilute or reduce pollution and replenish water for industry, agriculture and domestic use of the lower reaches.2.2 Being as regulated water source of the East Route of South North Water Transfer Project, it regulates the shorta

24、ge of water resources of the north Shandong and Jiaodong region where situated in the north of the Dongping Lake of the East Route ProjectThe Jiaodong Water Transfer Project has been completed and put into operation based on the standard of diversion 50 m3/s. The East Route section, situated in the

25、north of Dongping Lake up to north Shandong, Hebei and Tianjin also will be implemented. The planned diversion period of the East Route is in the non-flood season from October to May of the following year and no diversion during the flood season. The cost of diversion from the Yangtze River is very

26、high, but the water cost of the Dongping Lake is low. It can timely divert the stored water of the lake instead of diversion for making the best benefit of water resources of the lake and reducing the cost of users in the reception basin.2.3 Utilization of flood resourcesAccording to the statistical

27、 data of Daicunba Station in 19521990 period, The water of Wenhe River flowed into the old lake is 11.49×108m3, of which, 9.66×108m3 in the flood season from July to October, making up 84.1% of the annual mean coming water and 15.9% in the non-flood season. People regard the coming water i

28、n the flood season as a kind of endanger not resources and will try every possible way to discharge. It should establish the idea that the floods in the flood season are also resources and should be utilized under the conditions of guaranteeing the security of flood control. It divides the flood sea

29、son into early flood season and late flood season. In the early flood season from July to September, the water level is controlled lower than 42.0 m, reserving sufficient storage capacity for flood control. In the late flood season in October, the water level is raised to 42.0 43.0 m for promoting t

30、he beneficial. Through scientific regulation, the coming water in the flood season is a) timely discharged into the sea through the Yellow River; b) discharged into Nansi Lake through the Jing-Hang Grant Canal or as make up water of the Grant Canal; c) diverted the flood resources of flowing into th

31、e old lake to the north region of the Yellow River and water-deficient area of Jiaodong through the Jiaodong Water Transfer Project and the East Route diversion line in the north of Shandong and to recharge groundwater, for irrigation, domestic use, dilution of channel pollution, scouring and improv

32、ing ecology by utilizing the delivery networks along the projects.3. A Tentative Plan for Increasing the Storage Volume of Water Resources of the Dongping Lake3.1 Improving the engineering works on the surrounding of the old lake based on 46.0 m water level for flood control, increasing the present

33、operational water level of the old lake from 44.5 m to 46.0 m and increasing the benefit of flood control and the storage volume of water resources in the near futureAt present, the main factors that effect to increase the operational water level of the old lake are a) the height and strength of the

34、 existing Jinshanba, a civil weir for reclaiming land from a lake are not enough, affecting the increase of operational water level of the old lake. Within the protected area on the west of Jinshanba is National Highway 220, population 42,500 and land area 48,900 mu. This area can be used as a deten

35、tion basin only when the Yellow River diverts flood water to the old lake or a major flood occurs in the Wenhe River. It would not be used under the normal conditions. The issue of demolishing or keeping Jinshanba, in fact is the issue of how to arrange the relocatees in the protected area. If the i

36、ssue can not be solved, the operational water level of the old lake can not be increased either. It suggests heightening and consolidating the weir according to Grade II lake dyke standards and blowing up temporarily the weir or building flood diversion structure for meeting the requirements of floo

37、d diversion when the Yellow River diverts flood water to the old lake. b) The height and strength of the Grade II dyke are not enough that can not meet the requirements of wave and wind-break of the old lake. It requires heightening and strengthening the Grade II dyke and increasing the capability o

38、f wave and wind-break of the dyke according to the design flood control level of 46.0 m. 3.2 Heightening and consolidating the engineering works on the surrounding of the old lake based on the designed 48.0-50.0 m water level for flood control at a specified future dateThe Xiaolangdi Reservoir has been completed