高粱和大麦的营养特性及其应用

1、高粱和大麦的营养特性及其应用万建美1 高粱1.1 营养特性（1）营养成分含量与玉米相似，淀粉含量可高达70%以上；v（2）CP含量略高于玉米，9-13%，变异大；v（3）脂肪含量略低于玉米；v（4）缺乏黄色素，70%以上的磷为植酸磷。v（5）分为5大类描述：混合型、高单宁、低单宁、红高粱、白高粱1.2 使用中潜在的限制因素1.2.1 单宁单宁影响肠道上皮细胞中依赖钠离子的物质转运系统，如葡萄糖转运系统和Na，K-ATPase活性，干扰机体钠的代谢。家禽：影响生长速度、产蛋率、损伤肠道上皮，影响蛋白质吸收；猪：影响采食量和生长速度，高、低单宁品种饲喂时料比相差可达5-10%；反刍：基本无负作用，

2、并在一定程度上防止胀气，增加过瘤胃蛋白；美国、欧洲、澳大利亚主要种植低单宁品种（约占产量的99%）。1.2.2 高粱醇溶蛋白高粱醇溶蛋白可点高粱总蛋白含量的50%以上，有、和三种类型。高粱醇溶蛋白含量高的高粱，硬度也比较高。高硬度的高粱氨基酸消化和淀粉消化率也比较低（淀粉颗粒外包裹的高粱醇溶蛋白影响淀粉的糊化和淀粉酶的作用）。1.2.3 植酸植酸在酸性的胃肠环境下易与带正电的蛋白质形成蛋白质-植酸盐复合物，影响蛋白质的消化。1.2.4 霉菌毒素：麦角碱麦角菌硬粒达1-20%，母猪可能拒食或泌乳减少；家禽，麦角菌硬粒小于1.25%可能无影响。1.3 饲喂价值配方单宁总含量不高于0.2%时，对动物

3、几乎无不良影响；1.3.1 猪氨基酸消化率比玉米低，但配方中用量无明显限制，根据市场接受度使用，低单宁用量可高达60-70%，高单宁高粱用量10-20%。1.3.2 禽低单宁品种用量上无明显限制，高单宁用量限制与猪料类似。1.3.3 缓减单宁负面效应的方法倍半碳酸钠、碳酸钾、尿素或氧化钙高温预处理；增加氨基酸的水平，0.15%的蛋氨酸或（胆碱+蛋氨酸）。配合使用植酸酸和蛋白酶。饲粮中添加碳酸钾或小苏打0.25%。2 大麦大麦分裸大麦和皮大麦。前者主要用于生产人用食品，饲料用大麦通常为皮大麦。2.1 营养特性（1）淀粉含量高，约60%DM（55-63%），略低于玉米和小麦；（2）蛋白含量9.5-

4、13%DM；（3）纤维含量高，CF4-6%，ADF5-7%，NDF18-24%；（4）品种多，营养特性差异大：高蛋白品种、低植酸品种、高支链淀粉品种、高直链淀粉品种、碏质品种（-葡聚糖含量高）。饲料用主要是皮大麦，裸大麦主要做食品。2.2 使用中潜在的限制因素（1）有芒品种：芒未清理干净时易造成家禽、牛等动物的胃炎；（2）霉菌毒素：湿热条件下大麦易得赤霉病，呕吐毒素（DON）污染风险较高，USDA规定限量<10ppm；（3）戊聚糖：-葡聚糖含量高（通常4-7%），粪便粘湿，肉鸡足垫或胸肉损伤，蛋鸡脏蛋率增加。要考虑酶制剂的合理使用。（4）皮大麦用量大时，水泡料表面会有明显的漂浮物。2.3

5、 饲用价值2.3.1 猪料注意呕吐毒素；适口性好，氨基酸、磷的消化率较佳；仔猪料中用量10-25%，中大猪用量小于40%。2.3.2 禽料幼禽料中长期使用影响生长，粪便湿，垫料湿，用量<10%(加酶30%)。非幼禽料中用量达20-30%不影响生长，但用量达20%或以上时影响垫料质量（粪便湿）；蛋禽中使用，可能增加脏蛋率，注意酶制剂的应用。3 高粱和大麦主要营养成分价值表表 1 高粱主要营养成分价值表（第1部分）高粱（混合）高粱（高单宁）主要养分单位平均SD最小最大样本数AvgSDMinMaxNb干物质% as fed87.42.18393.6163488.6285.89340粗蛋白% D

6、M10.81.18.114.3164810.218.612.543粗纤维% DM2.80.61.74.67003.70.82.54.842NDF% DM111.77.814.78612.21.910.614.76ADF% DM4.31.12.77.1866.424.39.36木质素% DM1.10.60.32.91042.91EE% DM3.40.42.44.45523.60.33.24.139灰分% DM2.10.91.36.67771.80.31.42.433淀粉（旋光法）% DM74.51.969.878.773672.868.776.82总糖% DM1.40.50.72.4701.11

7、总能MJ/kg DM18.80.518.320.18618.90.618.620.525矿物元素UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb钙g/kg DM0.30.20.10.91810.50.20.30.926总磷g/kg DM3.30.42.64.32293.40.42.74.127钾g/kg DM4.30.62.85.372钠g/kg DM0.20.100.423镁镁g/kg DM1.80.41.12.5972.40.222.723锰mg/kg DM1248171671锌mg/kg DM247143818171铜mg/kg DM543171931铁mg/kg DM120

8、1452449711241氨基酸UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb丙氨酸% protein90.58.29.9538.70.48.49.23精氨酸% protein40.43.34.7634.20.53.54.98天冬氨酸% protein6.90.467.6536.90.56.67.43胱氨酸% protein1.90.31.42.5521.60.11.41.87谷氨酸% protein20.9118.222.65321.10.620.621.83甘氨酸% protein3.20.32.73.7613.20.42.749组氨酸% protein2.30.21.92.

9、5572.30.21.92.69异亮氨酸% protein40.33.54.56840.43.14.511亮氨酸% protein13.30.811.614.56613.70.512.914.59赖氨酸% protein2.20.21.82.7832.20.21.82.611蛋氨酸% protein1.70.21.32591.50.21.31.910苯丙氨酸% protein5.30.34.65.7615.50.355.99辅氨酸% protein8.40.76.29.5396.72.15.39.13丝氨酸% protein4.50.245584.60.445.29苏氨酸% protein3.

10、30.22.93.7683.30.23.13.711色氨酸% protein10.10.81.2351.20.60.81.83酪氨酸% protein40.33.34.4504.20.43.54.89缬氨酸% protein4.90.34.45.5575.10.64.467次级代谢物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb单宁（游离）g/kg DM1.71.10.1638613.97.72.129.99单宁（缩合）g/kg DM28.631.40.11105955.731.32212133反刍动物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbOM消化率%884

11、.779.491586.2能量消化率%85.44.278.588.2483.7DEMJ/kg DM1615.8MEMJ/kg DM13.5112.114.6413.3N消化率%68.466.8a (N)%41.21b (N)%58.81c (N)h-10.0391氮降解率（有效，K=4%)%70氮降解率（有效，K=6%）%6443642猪UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb能量消化率，生长猪%85.74.376.691.91484.33.376.685.96DE，生长猪MJ/kg DM16.10.814.516.81615.90.614.516.16Men，生长猪MJ/

12、kg DM15.70.315.516.3515.5NE，生长猪MJ/kg DM12.512.3氮消化率%70.67.758.586.41563.53.358.568.76家禽UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAMEn，成年公鸡MJ/kg DM1615.7AMEn，肉鸡MJ/kg DM15.714.415.7215.4兔UnitAvgSDMinMaxNb能量消化率%77.7DEMJ/kg DM14.61MenMJ/kg DM14.2表 2 高粱主要营养成分价值表（第2部分）高粱（低单宁）红高粱白高粱主要养分单位AvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgS

13、DMinMaxNb干物质% as fed87.40.785.389.34289.82.985.193.91690.7285.493.720粗蛋白% DM11.80.810.3132210.71.98.715.91811.21.19.513.622粗纤维% DM2.20.21.92.4213.10.81.94.8172.90.81.84.222NDF% DM9.618.2118102.17.41359.62.17.3136ADF% DM4.20.14.14.333.50.72.74.863.10.62.64.26木质素% DM1.91.81.920.50.20.40.850.60.50.21.6

14、6EE% DM3.60.23.13.8183.50.42.94.4183.80.62.6521灰分% DM1.60.31.22.2101.90.31.42.61820.41.52.922淀粉（旋光法）% DM73.41.270.675.415751.772.977574.92.671.578.27总糖% DM10.10.71.1150.80.10.70.841.10.50.71.75总能MJ/kg DM18.90.218.419.31318.918.419.1218.90.618.319.64矿物元素UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb钙g/k

15、g DM0.20.10.20.330.30.10.10.4120.30.10.20.518总磷g/kg DM2.80.72.23.643.80.635134.10.53.44.918钾g/kg DM3.63.63.624.60.83.15.7104.40.92.45.315钠g/kg DM0.40.40.420.210.31镁镁g/kg DM1.111.121.70.31.32.3101.90.412.517锰mg/kg DM1513830399102118142锌mg/kg DM17414213241341铜mg/kg DM313433131铁mg/kg DM701801791氨基酸Unit

16、AvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb丙氨酸% protein8.60.58.29.658.80.68.29.658.80.58.39.65精氨酸% protein3.90.23.64.163.60.52.94.253.50.72.24.15天冬氨酸% protein6.50.466.956.50.35.96.856.40.35.96.75胱氨酸% protein1.80.31.62.341.90.41.62.551.70.41.32.35谷氨酸% protein20.31.318.721.7519.91.118.221.25200.918.8215甘氨

17、酸% protein30.32.83.553.10.22.83.3530.22.73.25组氨酸% protein2.40.22.32.762.10.41.62.4420.51.52.74异亮氨酸% protein3.70.62.34.173.80.33.64.253.70.23.54.15亮氨酸% protein12.41.110.113.4712.20.411.812.9512.30.611.713.15赖氨酸% protein2.20.222.582.20.222.552.20.12.12.55蛋氨酸% protein1.70.21.51.981.90.21.6251.70.21.425

18、苯丙氨酸% protein5.10.24.85.464.70.34.45.254.80.34.65.35辅氨酸% protein6.81.55.58.538.518.61丝氨酸% protein4.30.244.554.40.34.2554.40.34.255苏氨酸% protein3.20.42.73.983.20.233.553.10.22.93.45色氨酸% protein0.90.20.71.171011.141011.14酪氨酸% protein3.80.634.664.214.21缬氨酸% protein4.80.44.55.244.70.44.45.354.60.34.45.15

19、次级代谢物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb单宁（游离）g/kg DM0.50.10.40.876110.22.540.80.50.21.34单宁（缩合）g/kg DM0.50.60140002反刍动物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbOM消化率%89.18291287.387.7能量消化率%86.878.588.2284.785.2DEMJ/kg DM16.41616.1MEMJ/kg DM13.812.114.6213.413.5N消化率%70.567.568.3a (N)%b (N)%

20、c (N)h-1氮降解率（有效，K=4%)%氮降解率（有效，K=6%）%猪UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb能量消化率，生长猪%86.785.285.5DE，生长猪MJ/kg DM16.416.416.6216.116.2Men，生长猪MJ/kg DM1615.615.7NE，生长猪MJ/kg DM12.712.412.5氮消化率%83.480.486.4267.4175.51家禽UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAMEn，成年公鸡MJ/kg DM1616.116.3AMEn，肉鸡MJ/kg

21、 DM15.715.715.9兔Unit能量消化率%DEMJ/kg DMMenMJ/kg DM表 3 大麦主要营养成分价值表裸大麦皮大麦主要养分UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb干物质% as fed86.81.185.788.6787.11.382.891.617310粗蛋白% DM14.42.29.816.61511.81.18.516.115723粗纤维% DM2.30.31.72.8105.20.83.18.214398NDF% DM12.82.610.116.3721.73.214.7301068ADF% DM2.9125.286.40.94.48.7109

22、0木质素% DM0.60.20.5151.10.30.62987EE% DM2.30.12.12.4420.31.22.94388灰分% DM2.10.11.92.4112.60.31.93.44720淀粉（酶法）% DM616.0752.566.1459.72.352.266.89706总糖2.80.71.44.4594总能MJ/kg DM18.60.218.11914*18.40.118.118.7304矿物元素UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb钙g/kg DM0.510.80.40.11.8974总磷g/kg DM4.313.90.334.91613钾5.70.

23、64.57.287钠0.10.100.3233镁镁g/kg DM1.511.30.20.9288锰mg/kg DM151193132454锌mg/kg DM301304244465铜mg/kg DM5112552056铁mg/kg DM5511841195246857氨基酸UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb丙氨酸% protein4.514.10.33.54.6103精氨酸% protein5.40.45.15.944.70.43.95.5108天冬氨酸% protein615.80.456.6104胱氨酸% protein2.70.52.33.442.20.21.9

24、2.7109谷氨酸% protein21.6122.81.519.626102甘氨酸% protein4.4140.23.54.5105组氨酸% protein2.50.52.23.242.20.21.82.890异亮氨酸% protein3.80.13.63.943.60.23.24117亮氨酸% protein7.20.36.87.446.80.36.17.5117赖氨酸% protein3.80.13.63.943.70.33.24.3315蛋氨酸% protein1.80.11.61.941.70.21.42.1117苯丙氨酸% protein5.20.34.75.444.90.34.35.4113辅氨酸% protein9.6110.50.98.51253丝氨酸% protein4.214.20.23.74.7103苏氨酸% protein3.60.13.53.