句子结构常见错误

1、本文档如对你有帮助，请帮忙下载支持！句子结构常见错误Sentence Structure Problems英语句子是受严格的语法规则制约的，在写作中如果违背这些规则，那么写出的句子就会使人无法理解，或引起歧义。要想避免发生这些情况，在写作时就必须处理好句子结构方面的几个问题。我们对常犯的写作错误进行了归纳。残缺句、接排句、误置修饰语和悬垂修饰语是句子结构中最常见的错误。我将对这些问题逐一进行分析，以帮助大家弄清写作中出现这些问题的原因，并掌握纠正错误的方法残缺句 (Sentence Fragments)所谓残缺句，顾名思义，就是指不能独立成句的一个不完整的句子片断。尽管残缺句在形式上像句子一样

2、是以大写字母开头，并在结尾处带有标点，然而在逻辑上并不能单独表达一个完整的意思,仅是一组词而已。请看下列句子：FragmentWondering what his son was going to do Revised SentenceMr Smith had been wondering what his son wasgoing to doFragmentSome errors in writing are serious For example，fragments and run on sentencesRevised Sentences Some errors in writing a

3、re serious ， for example， fragments and run on sentencesORSome errors in writing are serious ， among which arefragments and run-on sentences虽然句子的残缺以各种形式出现，但最常见的形式是被分隔开的从句和以各种形式拆开的短语，如句号错误(period fault) 。FragmentsHaving driven across the desert We enjoyed the cool weatherHe enjoys flowers and shrubs

4、Which help screen his yard fromthe streetRevised SentencesHaving driven across the desert， we enjoyed the cool weather He enjoys flowers and shrubs ， which help screen his yardfrom the street 0RHe enjoys flowers and shrubs They help screen his yard fromthe street在写作中要经常检查句子的残缺问题，特别要注意那些以从属连词或短语等开头的句

5、子，这些词都是“危险词 ”。要确定以这些词开始的每个从句，都应附属于一个独立的句子。避免残缺句的最好办法是注意区别句子和句子的一部分。我们知道句子的最基本特点是在语法和逻辑上是一个完整的意义表达单位。它至少具有一个主语和谓语。动词的非限定形式不能在句中作为谓语单独使用，除非是在如Where to go tonight? 简短的问句中。因此在写句子时要特别注意。改写残缺句主要有以下两种方法：1 将句中用的句号变成逗号，或把分隔开的短语或从句同它所属的句子合并成一个能表达完整意思的句子。例如：FragmentsSince there is a lack of interest There is a

6、 great lack of information You should make a determined effort to avoid sentence fragments Because they are considered serious mistakes in writing I look forward to holidays For example, Thanksgiving and ChristmasRevised SentencesSince there is a lack of interest， there is a great lack of informatio

7、n.You should make a determined effort to avoid sentence fragments because they are considered serious mistakes in writing I look forward to holidays ， for example， Thanksgiving andChristmas2）把残缺句扩展到主句中，或通过添加或减少某些成分。把残缺改写为独立、完整的句子。例如：FragmentsI am interested only in the properties of citrus fruit Suc

8、h as lemons， oranges， and grapefruitHaving no money and being lonely in the big city.It was difficult to decide. which choice to make To return to school or to accept the job Revised SentencesI am interested only in the properties of citrus fruit. Examples are lemons， oranges， and grapefruitHaving n

9、o money and being lonely in the big city ， the women committed suicide It was difficult to decide whether to return to school or to acceptthe jobDirections ： Try to revise the following fragments in one or more thanone way1 Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to going to school2 Th

10、e table was covered with fresh vegetables Such as lettuce， carrots， spinach， and squash3 Joe tries to call home once a week To be in touch with his family4 He made a point of entering each misspelled word in a notebook. Which he kept for that purpose.5 It was a wonderful week. Fishing and swimming e

11、very day and dancing every night.Revised sentences1 Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to full-time class work ， they have very little free time2 The table was covered with fresh vegetables such as lettuce， carrots ，spinach and squash 3 Joe tries to call home once a week to keep i

12、n touch with his family4 He made a point of entering each misspelled word in a notebook which he kept for that purpose 5 It was a wonderful week We went fishing and swimming every day and dancing every night OR： It was a wonderful week We fished and swam every day and danced every night 2接排句(Run-on

13、Sentence)所谓接排句就是两个或更多的句子混合交织在一起，而没有正确的标点符号标明它们之间关系的句子。这样的句子，意思含混不清，使读者不能理解各部分之间的关系。接排句有两种形式:一是融合句(fused sentence),即在句子之间没有标点符号和句间连接词； 另一种更为常见的形式是逗号连接(comma splice),即没有并列连词，只用逗号代替分号和句号，把两个完整的意思连接起来.请看例句 :Fused Sentences1. The girls scored higher in math the boys scored higher in verbal skills 2. Gest

14、ures are a means of communication for everyone they are essential for the hearing-impaired Comma Splices1. Education is an elusive word, it often means different things to different people 2. Hikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone National Park， the park consists of two million acre

15、s of backcountry 改正接排句的基本方法可根据句子之间的不同关系分为以下5 种1 .用句号分隔。当长句或两个句子之间的关系不是很密切或毫无关系时，可使用这种方法。例如：Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math The boys scored higher in verbal skills Gestures are a means of communication for everyone They are essential for the hearing-impaired Education is an elusive w

16、ord It often means different things to different people Hikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone National Park The park consists of two million acres of backcountry2 用分号隔开。用分号连接两个独立的分句时，它们之间的关系 在意义和语法结构上比起使用句号时，关系较紧密。Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math ； the boys scored h

17、igher in verbal skills Gestures are a means of communication for everyone ； they are essential for the hearing impaired Education is an elusive word ； it often means different things to different people Hikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone NationalPark； the park consists of two mi

18、llion acres of backcountry 3 使用并列连词连接。当接排的句子之间关系紧密，容易辨别且合乎逻辑时，可以借助并列连词来连接，通常在这些连词前要加上逗号。Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math ， and but the boys scored higher in verbal skills Gestures are a means of communication for everyone ， but they are essential for the hearing impairedEducation is

19、an elusive word ， for it often means different things to different people Yellowstone National Park consists of two million acres of backcountry， and hikers would especially enjoy a vacation there4 使用连接副词连接。根据作者的意图和句子的需要。接排的句子可以使用连接副词来连接。这时，句子之间要用分号。在连接副词的后面还要加逗号，但是一般在单音节的连词后不加逗号。如 so, yet。thus 等.Re

20、vised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math ； however， the boys scored higher in verbal skills Gestures are a means of communication for everyone; neverthe1ess， they are essential for the hearing-impaired Education is an elusive word; indeed, it often means different things to different people Ye

21、llowstone National Park consists of two million acres of backcountry; therefore, hikers would especially enjoy a vacation there 5 .使用从属连词、关系副词或关系代词连接. 当可以判断出一个句子从逻辑上或意义上从属于另一个句子时, 可以将此接排句改写成复合句。Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math ， while the boys scored higher in verbal skills Although

22、gestures are a means of communication for everyone ， they are essential for the hearing-impaired The power failure caused a blackout which created a lot of problemsHikers would especially enjoy a vacation at Yellowstone National Park， which consists of two million acres of backcountry Directions: Re

23、vise the following run-on sentences1 Women no longer need to move into the traditionally maleprofessions they have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths2 I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town ， all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival 3 Eric

24、was late to work he ran all the way Revised sentences1 Women no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions ， for they have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths OR： Women no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions ； they have already opened m

25、ost of the doors to desirable career paths OR： Women no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions They have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths OR： Because women have already opened most of the doors todesirable career paths ， they no longer need to move into

26、 the traditionally male professions2 I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in townAll the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat FestivalOR： I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town，butall the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat FestivalOR： I called for a reservat

27、ion at a famous restaurant in town；however ， all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival OR： I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town； allthe tables were taken before the Dragon Boat FestivalOR： Although I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant intown ， all th

28、e tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival3 Eric was late to work ， so he ran all the way or ： Eric ran all the way ； otherwise ， he could have been late to work or ： Because Eric was late to work ， he ran all the way or ： Eric ran all the way because he was late to workor ： Eric was late t

29、o work although he ran all the wayDirections: Identify and correct serious errors(such as fragmentsfused sentences and comma splices)in each of the following 1 Without telling anyone ， even her sister， Mary ， going to the park， meeting her friends 2 The physics problems were just impossible , they t

30、ook all day to do3 That the course was so hard we all studied day and night, with no one getting an A or a B 4 I knocked on at the door when the lady came I gave her most ingratiating smile 5 Why do you ask what concern is it of yours?6 Getting married is easy ， staying married is a different matter

31、.7 Michelle tried each of the appetizers on the table And then foundthat, when the dinner arrived , her appetite had gone8 She didn t know what to say to his announceme， ntshe was not at a complete loss for words ， eitherRevised sentences1 Without telling anyone ， not even her sister ， Mary went to

32、the park to meet her friends 2 The physics problems were just impossible ； therefore ， they took all day to do 3 The course was so hard that we all studied day and night， with noone getting an A or a B 4 I knocked on at the door When the lady came ， I gave her most ingratiating smile 5 Why do you as

33、k? What concern is it of yours?6 Getting married is easy ； staying married is a different matterOR： Getting married is easy ， but staying married is a differentmatter OR： Although getting married is easy ， staying married is a different matter 7 Michelle tried each of the appetizers on the table She

34、then found that ， when the dinner arrived ， her appetite had gone 8 She didn t know what to say to his announcement ， nor was she ata complete loss for words ， either.OR： She was neither ready with a response nor at a complete loss for words3. 误置修饰语(Misplaced Modifiers )在写作中，为了使句子生动和更具有吸引力，常常需要添加修饰语

35、。按照英语构句规则，充当定语或状语的词、短语或从句必须尽可能地靠近所修饰的成分。如果忽视了这个规则，在修饰语和其所修饰的中心词之间不恰当地夹进了其他成分，就可能造成句子意思混淆，产生歧义。请看下面句子：Misplaced ModifiersHe sold the old car to the man with leather seats Please give the book to the boy with the blue cover That cat belongs to my neighbor with five kittens Revised SentencesHe sold the

36、 old car with leather seats to the man Please give the book with the blue cover to the boy That cat with five kittens belongs to my neighbor 如果一个修饰语既可以修饰其前面的词也可修饰其后面的词，这样的修饰语称为歧义修饰语(squinting modifier) 。歧义修饰语会使读者对其修饰目的感到困惑不解。所以，应该把易产生歧义的修饰语放在它所惟一修饰的词的前面。例如：The equipment without the accessories sold

37、the best (Different types of equipment were available ， some with and somewithout the accessories )The equipment sold the best without the accessories (Onetype of equipment was available ， and the accessories wereoptional )Squinting ModifiersWe agreed on the next day to make the adjustmentsStudents

38、who practice writing often will benefit Revised SentencesWe agreed to make the adjustments on the next day(We agreed that on the next day we would make the adjustments)- OrOn the next day， we agreed to make the adjustments(On the next day， we agreed that we would make the adjust-ments )Students who

39、often practice writing will benefit Students who practice writing will often benefit 所以，在写作中我们要特别注意副词的位置，要把它们放在使读者对句子的意义更清楚的地方。请分析下面这个句子：He only suggested three rules for us to follow 除非我们在这里确实是指“ He only suggested them； he didn tinsist on them ”，否则 only 这个词就应放在它所修饰的词前面：He suggested only three rules

40、 for US to follow 要注意句子会随着only 位置的改变而改变其意义。Directions ： Identify the misplaced word or words in each sentence Then rewrite the sentences and make the meaning clear1 Our team didn t even score once2 . She is teaching a seminar this term on market economy at theOsaka International University.3 The cit

41、y almost spent twenty million dollars on the new stadium4 Tony bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission5 The suburbs nearly had five inches of rain 6 We could see the football stadium driving across the bridge 7 I almost had a dozen job interviews after I sent out my resume

42、8 There were strong calls for an immediate ceasefire in the UNSecurity Council9 The exchange students we met for coffee occasionally questioned us about our latest slang.10 I put the chair in the middle of the room that I had recently purchased. Revised sentences1 Our team didn t score even once .2

43、This term she is teaching a seminar on market economy at the Osaka International University 3 The city spent almost twenty million dollars on the new stadium4 Tony bought an old car with a faulty transmission from a crooked dealer 5 The suburbs had nearly five inches of rain.6 Driving across the bri

44、dge ， we could see the football stadium.7 I had almost a dozen job interviews after I sent out my resume.8 There were strong calls in the UN Security Council for an immediate ceasefire9 The exchange students we occasionally met for coffee questioned us about our latest slang OR： The exchange student

45、s we met for coffee questioned us occasionally about our latest slang.10 I put the chair that I had recently purchased in the middle of the room 4悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)悬垂修饰语是与句子的主语不能构成逻辑关系的修饰语。悬垂修饰语可以出现在句中的任意位置，但大多位于句首。请看下面例句：Dangling ModifiersBy going to the various sorority houses on campus and

46、 meeting hundreds of new girls ， my conversation ， manners， and poise became more polishedTo write the proposal ， research must be done两句中斜体的修饰语与句子的主语不存在逻辑关系。在第一句中，当作者想当然地认为“I是句子的主语，并打算对自己做个描述。但是由于用了"my conversation 做句子的主语就破坏了句子中的逻辑关系而引起荒谬可笑的解释：It was her conversationthat visited the sorority h

47、ouses 动词的非限定性短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致，否则就会形成悬垂性修饰语。如果把句子的主语改成“I,”就可改成一个令人满意的句子了。同样，在第二句中，动词不定式在逻辑上不能修饰句子的主语，theresearchRevised SentencesBy going to the various sorority houses on campus and meeting hundreds of new girls ， I polished my conversation ， manners， and poiseTo write the proposal, the profe

48、ssor must first do some re- search2悬垂动名词(Dangling Gerund)Dangling ModifiersBy installing a birdbath the birds were given a source of water After finishing the research ， the paper was easy to writeRevised SentencesBy installing a birdbath ， we gave the birds a source of water After finishing the res

49、earch ， I found that the paper was easy to write 3悬垂动词不定式(Dangling Infinitive)Dangling ModifiersTo ski properly， a course of instruction is necessaryTo write well ， good books must be readRevised SentencesTo ski properly ， a beginner should take a course of instruction.To write well, I must read goo

50、d books. 4悬垂省略从句(Dangling Elliptical Clause)Dangling ModifierWhile climbing the hill , the rain began to fallWhen only a small boy , my father took me with him to ChicagoRevised SentencesWhile climbing the hill , she felt the rain beginning to fallWhen I was only a small boy ， my father took me with

51、 him toChicago常用的修改悬垂性修饰语的方法有：1 .找出句子中隐含的主语，对所修饰的短语提供行为者(actor)( 承担动作行为的人或物).Dangling ModifiersAt the age of six my uncle bought my first pet ， a goldfish.While leaving the house , the phone rangUsing this drug ， many undesirable side effects are experiencedRevised SentencesAt the age of six, I rece

52、ived my first pet, a goldfish from myuncle While leaving the house, I heard the phone ringUsing this drug ， patients experience many undesirable side effects2 .补足悬垂短语或省略从句必要的成分，扩展其成为一个完整的从句，由行为者做主语.Revised SentencesWhen I was six , my uncle bought me my first pet , a goldfishAs I was leaving the hou

53、se ， the phone rang.Many undesirable side effects are experienced when this drug is used.Directions ： Please revise the following sentences with dangling modifiers 1 Thumbing through the magazine ， her eyes automatically noticed the cosmetic ads 2 To please the visitors， a cross talk was performed3 On entering the teacher s office， a terrestrial globe caught his attention ；4 Though only seventeen ， the army accepted his application 5 From attending professional meetings ， important lessons can be learned6 With fifty pages left to read ， War and Peace was absorbing7 On the n