计算机英语课后习题第四版总结

1、UNIT 1词组翻译1. artificial intelligence 人工智能2. paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3. optical computer 光计算机4. neural network 神经网络5. instruction set 指令集6. parallel processing 并行处理7. difference engine 差分机8. versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件9. silicon substrate 硅衬底10. vacuum tube 真空管11. 数据的存储与处理 the storage and handlin

2、g of data12. 超大规模集成电路 very large-scale integrated circuit13. 中央处理器 central processing unit14. 个人计算机 personal computer15. 模拟计算机 analogue computer16. 数字计算机 digital computer17. 通用计算机 general-purpose computer18. 处理器芯片 processor chip19. 操作指令 operating instructions20. 输入设备 input device完形填空We can define a

3、computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital. They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All else (for example, the age of the mac

4、hine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computers speed, size, cost, and abilities.Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC (通用自动计算机), introduced in the early 1950s, were b

5、ased on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first a

6、ppeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processin

7、g.翻译P9计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用。语音识别的改进将使计算机的操作更加容易。虚拟现实，即使用所有人类官能与计算机进行交互的技术，也将有助于创建更好的人机接口。人们正在开发其他的奇异计算模型，包括使用生物机体的生物计算、使用具有特定属性的分子的分子计算，以及使用遗传基本单位 DNA （脱氧核糖核酸）存储数据和执行运算的计算。这些都是可能的未来计算平台的例子，而它们迄今还能力有限或完全属于理论范畴。科学家们研究它们，是因为嵌入硅中的电路的微小型化受到物理限制。还有一些限制与即使最微小的晶体管也会产生的热量有关。UNIT 2词组翻译1. function key 功能键，操作键，

8、函数键2. voice recognition module 语音识别模块3. touch-sensitive region 触敏区4. address bus 地址总线5. flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪6. dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机 （针式打印机）7. parallel connection 并行连接8. cathode ray tube 阴极射线管9. video game 电子游戏10. audio signal 音频信号11. 操作系统 operating system12. 液晶显示（器） LCD (liquid crystal display)

9、13. 喷墨打印机 inkjet printer14. 数据总线 data bus15. 串行连接 serial connection16. 易失 性存储器 volatile memory17. 激光打印机 laser printer18. 磁盘驱动器 disk drive19. 基本输入 输出系统 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)20. 视频显示器 video display完形填空CD-ROM stands for compact disc read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks, which use m

10、agnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, optical discs use reflected light. On a CD-ROM disc, 1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy (高低不平的) areas (called “pits”) on its bottom surface. The CD-ROM disc is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam of light on these areas. The amount of refl

11、ected light determines whether the area represents a 1 or a 0.Like a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD-ROM is a “read-only” disc. Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user. Thus, you as a user have access only to the data imprinted (压印) by the publisher.A single CD-ROM di

12、sc can store 650 megabytes (兆字节) of data. That is equivalent to 451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single disc, the time to retrieve or access the information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is their access rate.翻译P31调制解调器是在模拟与数字信号之间进行转换的设备。计算机使用的是数字信号，

13、这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列 1和0 表示。模拟信号是连续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一个例子。调制解调器经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号。信号到达目的地后，另外一个调制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理。如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调 制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。UNIT 3词组翻译1. storage register 存储寄存器2. function statement 函数语句3. program stat

14、ement 程序语句4. object-oriented language 面向对象语言5. assembly language 汇编语言6. intermediate language 中间语言，中级语言7. relational language 关系（型）语言8. artificial language 人工语言9. data declaration 数据声明10. Structured Query Language 结构化查询语言11. 可执行程序 executable program12. 程序模块 program module13. 条件语句 conditional stateme

15、nt14. 赋值语句 assignment statement15. 逻辑语言 logic language16. 机器语言 machine language17. 函数式语言 functional language18. 程序设计语言 programming language19. 运行计算机程序 run a computer program20. 计算机程序员 computer programmer完形填空A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer. It lets the

16、 programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard to machine-specific details.The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to the development of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics (助记符) for instructions and symbols

17、for variables. Such programs are then translated by a program known as an assembler (汇编程序，汇编器) into the binary encoding used by the computer. Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders (连接装入程序) combine pieces of assembled code and load them into the machines main memory unit, where the

18、y are then ready for execution. The concept of linking separate pieces of code was important, since it allowed “libraries” of programs to be built up to carry out common tasksa first step toward the increasingly emphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to be sufficiently inco

19、nvenient that higher-level languages (closer to natural languages) were invented in the 1950s for easier, faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers, programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code. As programming languages became more powerful and abstrac

20、t, building efficient compilers that create high-quality code in terms of execution speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer science problem in itself.翻译P55面向对象程序设计语言，如C+和Java，基于传统的高级语言，但它们使程序设计员能够从合作对象集而非命令列表的角度进行思考。诸如圆之类的对象具有像圆的半径一类的属性，以及在计算机屏幕上绘制该对象的命令。一个对象类可以从其他的对象类继承特征。例如，定义

21、正方形的类可以从定义长方形的类那里继承直角等特征。这一套程序设计类简化了程序设计员的工作，带来了更多“可复用的”计算机代码。可复用代码使程序设计员可以使用已经设计、编写和测试的代码。这使得程序设计员的工作变得比较容易，并带来更加可靠和高效的程序。UNIT 4词组翻译1. inference engine 推理机2. system call 系统调用3. compiled language 编译执行的语言4. parallel computing 并行计算5. pattern matching 模式匹配6. memory location 存储单元7. interpreter program 解

22、释程序8. library routine 库程序，程序库例行程序9. intermediate program 中间程序，过渡程序10. source file 源文件11. 解释执行的语言 interpreted language12. 设备驱动程序 device driver13. 源程序 source program14. 调试程序 debugging program15. 目标代码 object code16. 应用程序 application program17. 实用程序 utility program18. 逻辑程序 logic program19. 墨盒 ink cartri

23、dge20. 程序的存储与执行 program storage and execution完形填空A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code into object code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languages that people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code,

24、 but need a compiler to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code.Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computers machine code. If the obj

25、ect code is the same as the machine language, the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is not in machine language, other programssuch as assemblers, binders (联编程序), linkers, and loaders (加载程序)finish the translation.Most computer lan

26、guages use different versions of compilers for different types of computers or operating systems, so one language may have different compilers for personal computers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produce versions of the same programming language, so compilers

27、 for a language may vary between manufacturers.翻译P78在软件中，错误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错误。较轻微的错误，如光标表现异常，会造成不便或带来挫折，但不会对信息产生破坏性影响。较严重的错误会导致程序“中止”（对命令停止反应），可能使用户别无选择，只能重新启动程序，结果致使任何前面已经做好但尚未保存的工作丢失。两种情况无论是哪一种，程序员都必须凭借称为调试的过程，发现并改正错误。由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险，商用应用程序在发行前要经过尽可能全面的测试与调试。程序发行后发现的较轻微错误在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误有时可

28、用称为补丁的特殊软件加以修补，以规避问题或减轻其影响。UNIT 5词组翻译1. system specification 系统规格说明2. unit testing 单位（或单元、部件）测试3. software life cycle 软件生命周期（或生存周期）4. system validation testing 系统验证测试5. evolutionary development process 演化开发过程6. linear model 线性模型7. program unit 程序单元8. throwaway prototype 抛弃式原型9. text formatting 正文格式编

29、排，文本格式化10. system evolution 系统演变11. 系统设计范例 system design paradigm12. 需求分析与定义 requirements analysis and definition13. 探索式编程方法 exploratory programming approach14. 系统文件编制 system documentation15. 瀑布模型 waterfall model16. 系统集成 system integration17. 商用现成软件 commercial off-the-shelf ( 或 COTS) software18. 基于组

30、件的软件工程 component-based software engineering (CBSE)19. 软件维护工具 software maintenance tool20. 软件复用 software reuse完形填空There are three different types of software maintenance. Firstly, there is maintenance to repair software faults. Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors are

31、more expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components. Requirements errors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may be necessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operating environment. This type of mainte

32、nance is required when some aspect of the systems environment such as the hardware, the platform operating system or other support software changes. The application system must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmental changes. And thirdly, there is maintenance to add to or modify the

33、 systems functionality. This type of maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in response to organizational or business change. The scale of the changes required to the software is often much greater than for the other types of maintenance. In practice, there isnt a clear-cut dis

34、tinction between these types of maintenance. When you adapt the system to a new environment, you may add functionality to take advantage of new environmental features. Software faults are often exposed because users use the system in unanticipated ways. Changing the system to accommodate their way o

35、f working is the best way to fix these faults.翻译P104软件过程比较复杂，而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样，依靠人们作出决定和判断。由于需要判断和创造性，使软件过程自动化的尝试只取得了有限的成功。计算机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。然而，至少是在未来几年内，不可能实现更广泛的软件过程自动化，使软件能够接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事创造性设计。计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是软件过程多种多样。不存在理想的过程，而且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发方法。软件过程不断演变，以利用组织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特

36、点。对于一些系统来说，需要的是一个高度结构化的开发过程，而对于另外一些系统来说，一个灵活 敏捷的过程很可能更为有效。UNIT 6词组翻译1. end user 最终用户，终端用户2. atomic operation 原子操作3. database administrator 数据库管理员4. relational database model 关系数据库模型5. local data 本地数据6. object-oriented database 面向对象数据库7. database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统8. entity-relationship

37、 model (ERM) 实体关系模型9. distributed database 分布式数据库10. flat file 平面文件11. 二维表 two-dimensional table12. 数据属性 data attribute13. 数据库对象 database object14. 存储设备 storage device15. 数据类型 data type16. 数据插入与删除 data insertion and deletion17. 层次数据库模型 hierarchical database model18. 数据库体系结构 database architecture19.

38、关系数据库管理系统 relational database management system (RDBMS)20. 全局控制总线 global control bus完形填空A database is any collection of data organized for storage in a computer memory and designed for easy access by authorized users. The data may be in the form of text, numbers, or encoded graphics. Small databases

39、 were first developed or funded by the U.S. government for agency or professional use. In the 1960s, some databases became commercially available, but their use was funnelled (传送) through a few so-called research centers that collected information inquiries and handled them in batches (批，批量). Online

40、 databasesthat is, databases available to anyone who could link up to them by computerfirst appeared in the 1970s. Since their first, experimental appearance in the 1950s, databases have become so important that they can be found in almost every field of information. Government, military, and indust

41、rial databases are often highly restricted, and professional databases are usually of limited interest. A wide range of commercial, governmental, and nonprofit databases are available to the general public, however, and may be used by anyone who owns or has access to the equipment that they require.

42、翻译P126在关系数据库中，表的行表示记录（关于不同项的信息集），列表示字段（一个记录的特定属性）。在进行搜索时，关系数据库将一个表中的一个字段的信息与另一个表的一个相应字段的信息进行匹配，以生成将来自这两个表的所要求数据结合起来的另一个表。例如，如果一个表包含 EMPLOYEE-ID 、LAST-NAME 、FIRST-NAME 和HIRE-DATE 字段，另一个表包含 DEPT、 EMPLOYEE-ID 和SALARY 字段，关系数据库可匹配这两个表中的 EMPLOYEE-ID 字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有挣到一定薪水的雇员的姓名或所有在某个日期之后受雇的雇员所属的部门。换言之，关系数据

43、库使用两个表中的匹配值，将一个表中的信息与另一个表中的信息联系起来。微型计算机数据库产品一般是关系数据库。UNIT 7词组翻译1. file server 文件服务器2. carrier sense 载波检测，载波监听3. protocol suite 协议组，协议集4. peer-to-peer model 对等模型5. bus topology network 总线拓扑网络6. inter-machine cooperation 机器间合作，计算机间合作7. Ethernet protocol collection 以太网协议集8. proprietary network 专有网络9. u

44、tility package 实用软件包，公用程序包10. star network 星形网络11. 局域网 local area network (LAN)12. 令牌环 token ring13. 无线网络 wireless network14. 封闭式网络 closed network15. 环形拓扑结构 ring topology16. 客户机服务器模型 client/server model17. 网络应用程序 network application18. 进程间通信 interprocess communication19. 打印服务器 print server20. 广域网 wi

45、de area network (WAN)完形填空Computers can communicate with other computers through a series of connections and associated hardware called a network. The advantage of a network is that data can be exchanged rapidly, and software and hardware resources, such as hard-disk space or printers, can be shared.

46、 Networks also allow remote use of a computer by a user who cannot physically access the computer.One type of network, a local area network (LAN), consists of several PCs or workstations connected to a special computer called a server, often within the same building or office complex. The server sto

47、res and manages programs and data. A server often contains all of a networked groups data and enables LAN workstations or PCs to be set up without large storage capabilities. In this scenario (方案), each PC may have “local” memory (for example, a hard drive) specific to itself, but the bulk of storag

48、e resides on the server. This reduces the cost of the workstation or PC because less expensive computers can be purchased, and it simplifies the maintenance of software because the software resides only on the server rather than on each individual workstation or PC.翻译P149在计算机科学中，网络是指由通信设备连接在一起的一组计算机

49、及其相关设备。网络可采用电缆等永久性连接，或者采用通过电话或其他通信链路而实现的临时性连接。网络可以小到由少数计算机、打印机以及其他设备构成的局域网，也可以由分布在广大地理区域的许多小型与大型计算机组成。计算机网络无论大小，其存在的目的均在于为计算机用户提供以电子方式进行信息通信与传送的方法。有些类型的通信是简单的用户到用户消息；有些称为分布式过程，可能涉及数台计算机，以及在执行任务中分担工作量或进行协作。UNIT 8词组翻译1. cell phone 蜂窝电话，移动电话，手机2. IP address 网际协议地址， IP 地址3. autonomous system 自主系统4. dial

50、-up connection 拨号连接5. network identifier 网络标识符6. binary notation 二进制记数法7. mnemonic name 助记名，缩写名8. Internet-wide directory system 因特网范围的目录系统9. name server 名称服务器10. Internet infrastructure 因特网基础结构11. 助记地址 mnemonic address12. 网吧 cyber cafe13. 宽带因特网访问 broadband Internet access14. 顶级域名 top-level domain (

51、TLD)15. 因特网编址 Internet addressing16. 点分十进制记数法 dotted decimal notation17. 因特网服务提供商 Internet service provider (ISP)18. 专用因特网连接 dedicated Internet connection19. 主机地址 host address20. 硬件与软件支持 hardware and software support完形填空Early computer networks used leased telephone company lines for their connection

52、s. Telephone company systems of that time established a single connection between sender and receiver for each telephone call, and that connection carried all data along a single path. When a company wanted to connect computers it owned at two different locations, the company placed a telephone call

53、 to establish the connection, and then connected one computer to each end of that single connection.The U.S. Defense Department was concerned about the inherent risk of this single-channel method for connecting computers, and its researchers developed a different method of sending information throug

54、h multiple channels. In this method, files and messages are broken into packets that are labeled electronically with codes for their origins, sequences, and destinations. In 1969, Defense Department researchers in the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) used this network model to connect four c

55、omputers into a network called the ARPANET. The ARPANET was the earliest of the networks that eventually combined to become what we now call the Internet. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, many researchers in the academic community connected to the ARPANET and contributed to the technological developm

56、ents that increased its speed and efficiency.翻译P170因特网只是提供了将许许多多的计算机连接在一起的物理与逻辑基础结构。不少人认为，是万维网（ WWW或简称 the Web）为这个全球网络提供了“制胜法宝”。万维网被视为因特网的内容，它通过使用管理与链接文本、图形、声音和视频的一套丰富工具来提供各种信息。在万维网上提供和查看信息，是使用服务器应用程序和客户应用程序完成的。如果你已经探索过万维网，你就会看出客户端应用程序就是万维网浏览器。万维网浏览器接收、解释和显示来自万维网的网页信息。用户可以在网页之内浏览，可以通过点击超文本链接跳到其他网页，也

57、可以指向万维网上的几乎任何网页。UNIT 9词组翻译1. server farm 大型机服务器2. access protocol 存取协议，访问协议3. storage area network 存储区域网（络）4. high-throughput computing 高吞吐（量）计算5. server cluster 服务器集群6. public cloud 公共云7. grid computing 网格计算8. security-aware cloud architecture 具有安全意识的云体系结构9. social networking 社交网络10. utility computing 效用计算11. 云计算提供商 cloud computing provider12. 存储芯片 memory chip13. 基于内部网的私有云 intranet-based private cloud14. 网络带宽 network bandwidth15. 混合云 hybrid cloud16. 磁盘阵列 disk array17. 软件即服务 Software as a Service (SaaS)18. 集群计算 cluster computing19. 虚拟化计算机资源 virtualized computer resources20.