应用和解决方案兼容的三维可视化外文文献及译文

1、本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：ApplicationsandSolutionsforInteroperable3dGeo-Visualization文献、资料来源：网络文献、资料发表（出版）口期：2006院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：外文文献:ApplicationsandSolutionsforInteroperable3dGeo-Visualization3Dvisualizationsofspatialobjectsareemployedinanincreasingnumberofapplicationsfromtheareasof(urban)pla

2、nning,citymarketing,tourism,andfacilitymanagement.Furtherapplicationfieldscouldbeentered,ifdistributedspatialobjectscouldbeintegratedontheflyintoone3dscene.Weargue,thatthisintegrationcanonlybesuccessful(andinsomecasesonlybepossible)ifitdoesnotmeantocopyandconcentratealldataintoonemonolithicsystem.In

3、thisarticlewesketchpromisingnewapplicationsandexaminetheirtechnicalrequirements.Wediscusshowtheseissuescanbeaddressedbytheuseofinteroperablegeowebservices,followingthestandardsproposedbytheOpenGISConsortium,theISO,andtheinitiativeGeodataInfrastructureNorthRhine-Westphalia(GDINRW)inGermany.Toovercome

4、currentlimitationsweintroduceanewwebserviceforthe3dvisualizationofspatialdata.Thepresentedapplicationscenariosarearesultofthefeasibilitystudy'VirtualRegionsintheRhine-Ruhrarea2006whichhasbeencarriedoutonbehalfofthestategovernmentofNorthRhine-WestphaliainGermany.1. INTRODUCTION3Dcityandlandscapem

5、odelsrevealahighinformationpotentialforavarietyofapplicationfieldsintheprivateandpublicsector.Besidesthewell-knownapplicationsinthefieldsofarchitecture,urbanandtransportplanning,surveyingandmobiletelecommunication,3dmodelsbecomeincreasinglyimportantinthefieldsofcityandregionalmarketing.representatio

6、nofregions,municipalities,companiesandFootballWorldCuplocations),tourism(recreation,culture),telematics(pedestrianandcarnavigation),civilprotection(floodprotection,noiseandpollutantdispersion,disastermanagement),realestatemanagement(broker,banks,assurances),andfacilitymanagement.Mostapplicationstypi

7、callyneedvariousgeoinformationfromdifferentdataproviders.anarchitecturefirmrequiresfortheplanningofanewshoppingmalldigital3dgeoinformationintermsofasmallscaledandlowdetailedcitymodelcoveringthewholeplanningarea,whichwillsupporttheidentificationofappropriatelocations.The3dobjectsalsohavetoberelatedto

8、socioeconomical2dgeoinformation.Whentheappropriatelocationhasbeenfound,detailedarchitecturalresp.buildingmodelswithdetailedtexturingarenecessaryforthetargetareainordertobeabletodemonstratetheintegrationoftheshoppingmallwithitsenvironmentby3darise,becausespatialdatasetsarenotonlyscatteredoverdifferen

9、tpublicandprivatedataproviders,butalsousedifferentmodels,dataformats,andlevelsofdetail.Becauseoftheseheterogeneousconditions,integrated3dvisualizationofthesedataresourcesprovestobecomplicated.Indeed,ageneralstrategyforinteroperable3dgeo-visualizationinthecontextofgeoinformationsystemsisstillmissing.

10、Atlarge,thewidespreadandsustainableuseof3dgeoinformationinthementionedapplicationfieldsishinderedbyhighpricing,limiteddataavailability,missing3danalysisinstruments,diversityofformatsandprocessingsystems,andinsufficientaccessmechanisms.Above,dataactualityandqualityof3dmodelsoftenislow,becauseinmanyca

11、ses3dcitymodelshavebeenacquiredforspecificprojectsonlyandwerenotupdatedafterwards.However,usersrequireimmediatedataaccess,meansfortheinteroperableintegrationofdifferent3dgeoinformationindifferentlevelsofdetail,toolsfor3danalysisandfurtherdataprocessing(basedondatastorageusingdatabases,generalpurpose

12、3dGISwithfunctionalitieslikevisibilityanalysesetc.)aswellassolutionsforinteractivevisualizationandpresentation.Furthermore,aspectsofmodelintegrity,security,dataupdating(anditscosts),2d-3d-integration,realtimevisualizationandtexturing(highlyresp.lessdetailed,photo-realisticorpseudotextures)areofutmos

13、timportanceforthequalityanduseracceptanceof3dgeoinformationsystems.ItistheaimoftheinitiativeGeoDataInfrastructureNorthRhine-Westphalia(GDINRW)toimprovetheavailability,useanddistributionofspatialdataandtherebyenablethegeoinformationmarketinNRWandbeyond.TheGDINRWrealizesanopennetworkbringingtogetherge

14、oinformationproducers,valueadders,brokersandusers.Bytheapplicationofwebservicetechnologythespatialdatafrompublicandprivatesourcescanberegistered,queriedandvisualizedinaninteroperableway(Bernardetal.2003).TheInitiativeGDINRWwasfoundedin1999asapublicprivatepartnershipbetweendataproviders,softwaremanuf

15、acturers,users,andparticipantsfromacademiaandadministration.TheCeGiCenterforGeoinformationGmbHmanagestheoperativebusinessoftheGDINRW.Interoperabi1ityofdistributeddataresourcesisthekeyissuewrt.Spatialdatainfrastructures.ToensureinteroperabilitytheGDINRWadopts(andisalsoinvolvedinthedevelopmentof)inter

16、nationalstandardsoftheOpenGISConsortiumandtheISO/TC211(seeAltmaierandMUller2002,GDINRW2003,CeGi2003a,OGC2003,ISO2003).Toovercometheabovementionedspecificproblemsof3ddatahandlingandvisualization,theSpecialInterestGroup3D(SIG3D)hasbeenfoundedasaworkinggroupintheGDINRW.Formorethanayearitisworkingonthed

17、evelopmentofuser-orientedconceptsfortheinteroperableintegrationofdifferentdistributed3dspatialdataresourcesofpublicandprivateproviders.Thegeneralideaistoavoidcentraldatastoragesandmonolithic,proprietaryapplications.Instead,3dspatialdatashouldbekeptatitssourcesandmadeaccessibleviastandardizedinterfac

18、esusingwebservices(seeKolbe2003,GrogerandKolbe2003).2. DEMANDSANDCHANCESFORDISTRIBUTED3DGEOVISUALIZATIONInthefeasibilitystudy,VirtualRegionsintheRhine-Ruhrarea2006"whichhasbeencarriedoutbyCeGiGmbHuntil”July2003onbehalfofthestategovernmentofNorthRhine-Westphalia,Germany,currentandfutureapplicati

19、onfieldsforinteroperable3dGISand3dvisualizationhavebeenidentifiedandrated.Theinvestigationsarebasedonnumerousandcomprehensiveinterviewswithexpertscomingfrombusiness,administration,organisationsandresearchinstitutionsfocusedontheirroleasaproviderresp.userof3dgeoinformation.Overallchancesofdistributed

20、3DdataresourcesAccordingtotheresultsofthefeasibilitystudy,aninteroperablesystemofdistributed3ddataresourcesprovidesthefollowingchancesandadvantages(CeGi2003b):2.1. 1.InteroperabilityandcompatibilityByensuringinteroperabilityofdataformatsandsystemstheuserscanaccessarbitrary3dspatialdatasourcesinahomo

21、geneousway.Itallowstheapplicationofthesameanalysisandvisualizationtoolsfordifferentdatasets.Theretrievalofappropriategeoinformationissupportedbyametadatainformationsystem,whichcurrentlyisdevelopedforNRW.AlthoughtherealreadyexistnumerousinternationalstandardsoftheOpenGISConsortiumfordataaccessandvisu

22、alization(OGC2003),sometechnicalissuesliketherealtimeexplorationof3dscenesovertheinternetpresentlyonlycanberealizedbyproprietarysoftwareapplications.Therefore,thequestionsconcerningtherightbalancebetweenstandardisationandproprietarysystemsaswellasconcerningthecapabilityof3dGISfunctionalitiesand3dvis

23、ualizationservices.staticordynamicvisualisation)havetobediscussed.Inthemediumterm,onlyamixtureofstandard-basedandproprietarysolutionscanberealized.However,eachapplicationofstandardisedservices,formatsandmodelingimprovesthesystem'soverallcompatibilityandthecompatibilityofprovidersandpossibleusers

24、.2.1.2. MultipleuseandsustainabilityInteroperabilityandcompatibilityoffermultipleusageofgeoinformationaswellasthecreationofaddedvalueandmoreconvenientdataupdating,andtherebyassurethesustainabilityandqualityof3ddataresources.Inmanycasestheacquisitionof3dgeoinformationhasbeenproject-based(especiallyin

25、projectsthatwerefocusedon3dvisualizationonly),whichmeansthatdatabasestorage,furtherdataprocessing,re-useanddataupdatingarenotassured.Mostly,aone-timeinvestmentisdonewithoutconsideringlong-termandsustainablere-usepossibilities.Therefore,inthecontextofsustainabilitythequestionarises,ifinthedifferentap

26、plicationfieldsthefocusisratheron3dpresentation,realismandaestheticsoron3dGISandanalyses.2.1.3. ImprovementofworkflowandefficiencyThesustainableuseofdistributed3dspatialdataresourcesinducessynergyeffectsbyavoidingrepeatedworkduetoredundantdatastorageandanalyses.Thusitbringsfacilitationofworkandimpro

27、vementofefficiency.Thisincludestheshorteningofinternalprocessesbyprovidingfastdataaccess.improveduseofgeoinformationinmunicipaladministrations),improvedvisualizationofurbanplanningprojects,moretransparentandcurtatedplanningprocedures,improvedcitizenparticipationprocessesorsimplificationandautomation

28、ofworkflows,whichallowahigheraccuracyandthebalancedloadofprocesscomponents.2.1.4. ChancesofrefinancingInteroperable3dgeoinformationsystemsshowmarket,economisationandrefinancingpotentials.Inthelongrun,onlysuchapplicationsrunningonaspatialdatainfrastructurecanbesuccessful,whichrevealrealmarketpotentia

29、ls,.thereisastrongdemandonthemarketbyusers,oraspecificneedandlong-lastingsalepossibilitiesbasedontheapplications1directandindirecteconomisationandrefinancingpossibilities.2.1.5. PublicPrivatePartnershipThecomplextechnical,socio-economicalandadministrativeconditionsconcerningthesustainablerealization

30、ofthespatialdatainfrastructureinNRWrequiretheparticipationofeconomy,administrationandacademia(PublicPrivatePartnerships).Onlybycollaborationandconcerteddecisionmakingtheexistingdeficienciesandlimitationscanbeovercome.Specialchancesof3Dvisualization3dvisualizationrevealschancesandadvantagesinthefollo

31、wingrespect:(1) .Itprovidesgraphicalpresentationsofandinsightsintostates,proceduresandprocesses.(2) .Itsupportsanalysis,decisionmaking,managementandplanningandtherebyimprovesworkflowsandefficiencyindifferentapplicationfields.Mosttechnologicalissuesconcerning3dvisualizationareclear.Therealreadyexistv

32、arioussolutionsfor3dvisualization.Whereasmostofthemareproprietaryapplications,theirtechnologicalbasicconceptscanbetransferredwhendevelopingstandardsforthevisualization,accessandretrievalofdistributed3ddataresources.Applicationfieldsfor3dgeo-visualizationInthefollowingthechancesandadvantagesofdistrib

33、uted3ddataandvisualizationsystemswillbehighlightedforthedifferentapplicationfields.Theanalyticalandmanagementsupportof3dvisualizationsinthegovernmentandbusinesssectortakesanimportantrole.3dapplicationsinthecustomersector,like.locationbasedservicesonmobilephonesandpersonaldigitalassistants(PDAs),arep

34、resentlyonlyofmarginalimportance.Generally,multiple-shiftusageaswellaseconomizationpotentialsof3ddataandapplicationsalsodependonthewaytheunderlyingdataisstored.locallyinfilesversusdatabasesor3dgeoinformationsystems).Inthesectorofsiteandcitymarketing,tourismandbusinessdevelopment,3dvisualizationenabl

35、esthepresentationofbusinesslocations,municipalities,touristicsitesandindustrialpresentationsserve.forcaptivemarketingactivities,municipaladvertisementofrecreationandtourismlocations,evaluationofaestheticalaspectsofcityplanningaswellasforthemarketingoftradeareasandindustrialbuildings.Marketingforspor

36、tingeventsaswellasrecreationinfrastructureslikebicyclepaths,museumsandexhibitionsarecountedamongthetourismsector.Aimofthebusinessmarketingistheacquisitionofinvestorsfor.tradeandindustry,companies,fairs,architects,hotels,restaurants,publictransport,realestateprovidingcompanies.Especiallyinthesectorof

37、eventandbuildingmanagement,3dvisualizationsupportsthemanagementaspect,.concerningthefacilitymanagementofindustrialbuildings,eventlocationsandpublicestablishments.Sitemodelsareusedforcalculationsofarea-andvolume-orientedserviceslikecommercialcleaning,seating,assurancevaluedeterminationorfirefightinga

38、ctivitiesaswellasforsecuritysurveillanceconcerningelectricityandgassystems,partiallyinconjunctionwithexternallocationbasedservices.Inthesectorofcity,trafficandregionalplanning,the3dvizualisationofdistributed3ddataresourcesfacilitatestheimprovementofplanvisualizationaswellasthesupportofdecisionmaking

39、,analysesandplanningactivities.Itcomprises.thevisualizationofbuildingstructures,civilengineering,andvisibilityapplicationsconcerningurbanlanduseplanningandbuildingpermissionproceduresaswellasmonumentprotectionandgreenspaceplanning(treeandgreenspaceregister).3dvisualizationcontributesinthissectorespe

40、ciallytotheimprovementofworkflowsandefficiency,firstofallinthecontextofmunicipaladministrations,.byprocesssimplification,higherdegreesofcitizenparticipationinplanningprocedures,moretransparentdecisionmakinginplanningprocesses,morereality-likepresentationsofplanningalternatives(analysisofimpacts),ear

41、lyrejectionofnon-realisticalternativesorwell-foundedsupportofcouncildecisions.Anactiveparticipationofcitizensincludes.theexaminationofplanningalternativesovertheinternetbyastandardwebbrowserintegratingannotationanddecisionpossibilities.3dGIS,highdataactualityandupdatingaswellasanon-demandaccesstodis

42、tributeddataresourcesareessentialinthisapplicationfield.Concerningthesectoroftrafficandtransport,3dvisualizationisemployedintelematicapplicationslikepedestrianandcarnavigationsystems.Currently,manufacturersofnavigationsystemsareacquiring3dspatialdataforthemostimportantandfamouslandmarksinEuropewhich

43、willbeintegratedintheirnavigationsystemsinthefuture.Thesectoroftrafficandtransportreliesonhighavailabilityandinteroperabilityofcontinuouslyupdated,georeferenced3ddata.Intheenvironmentalsector3dvisualizationisusedespeciallyforthepresentationofanalysesresults.Dispersionmodelsareemployedforanalysesofno

44、isecharacteristics,airflowsandemissiondispersions.3dvisualizationisalsousedforviewdeterminationsinthecontextofurbanplanning(newbuildingprojects,shadowandlightingeffects).Presentationsofwaterbodiesinfloodprotectionsimulationsandaspectsofcoastalandmudflatprotection(waterwayandportprotectionthroughmoni

45、toringofmudflatgeomorphology,seismologyandgeology)employ3dvisualizationaswell.Furthermore,3dvisualizationcanbeusedinthefieldsoflandscapeplanningandenvironmentalprotection.Scenariosforintegrated3dvisualizationIf3dspatialdataarestoreddecentralizedatdifferentplaces,thetotally,coveredspaceisfragmented.I

46、nhisworkontheconsistencyofdistributed2dspatialdataresourcesLaurinidistinguishesbetweenzonalandlayerfragmentation(Laurini1998).For3ddatazonalfragmentationmeansapartitioningofthemodeled3dspacewheredifferentresourcescontainspatialdataofdifferentregionsresp.subspaces.Layerfragmentationdescribesinsteadsi

47、tuationswheredistributeddatasetsrepresentdifferentaspects/elementsofthesamespace(andin2dmapsarekeptindifferentlayers).Accordingtothisdistinctiontwoscenariosforintegrated3dgeovisualizationfordistributed3dcityandregionmodelscanbedeveloped.Theso-calledmosaicscenariomanagesthe3dvisualizationoflargeareas

48、.3dcityandsitemodelsfromdifferentsourcesareembeddedatthetimeofpresentationintoaregionalmodelandarevisualizedtogether.Thisscenarioisespeciallysuitedforbuildingregionportals,wherearea-coveringpresentationisneededontheonehand,andpossibilitiesfordetailedexaminationoflocationsofinterestshouldbegivenonthe

49、otherhand("zoomintothelevelof3dbuildingmodels)Inthehierarchyscenariovisualizationisfocusedonaspecificareaforwhichdifferentprovidersatdifferentlocationscontribute3dspatialdata.Atypicalapplicationwouldbetheintegratedpresentationofa3dcitymodelconsistingofspatialobjectswithdifferentdegreesofdetail.

50、Forexample,whilebuildingmodelsmaybedeliveredbythecity'slandregistryofficeandthedigitalterrainmodelisretrievedfromthestate'ssurveyoffice,companyBprovidesvegetationandother3dobjectsliketrafficsigns/lightsthatareneededtoincreasethedegreeofrealism.Above,acompanyCmightcontributeahighlydetailed3dm

51、odelofaplaceofinterestlikeamuseumorastadiumwhichinteriorisalsomodeledandthereforecanvirtuallybeenteredandexplored.Theadditionofthematic3dspatialobjectsalsobelongstothehierarchyscenario.Applicationsmayalsocombineaspectsfrombothscenarios.However,theseapplicationsalwayshaveincommonthatspatialdataiskept

52、attheirsourcesbytheirownerswhoprovideonlineaccessbystandardizedinterfaces.Theadvantageisthatspatialdatahavenottobecopiedintoacentralsystem,butwillberetrievedatthetimeofpresentationfromthedifferentproviders.Byavoidingredundantdatastorageitisensuredthatevery3dvisualizationisbasedonthelatestdata.Above,

53、thisapproachallowsexactaccountingofthe3dspatialobjectsthatareactuallyusedinpresented3dscenes.3. INTEROPERABLE3DGEOVISUALIZATIONOVERTHEWWWAfterthedescriptionofthedifferentapplicationscenariosthetechnicalissuesregardingtheirrealizationhavetobediscussed.Severalmunicipalitiesandcompaniesnowadaysalreadyh

54、avebuiltupvirtual3dcitymodels.Sincenoneofthecommerciallyavailablegeoinformationsystemsprovidefullsupportfortherepresentation,storage,analysis,andvisualizationof3dspatialobjectsyet(seeZlatanova2002etal.),existing3dcitymodelstypicallyarestoredandmaintainedinCADsystems,visualizationsystems,orspecialsys

55、temsfor3dbuildingregistration.Ifdifferent3dmodelshavetobevisualizedtogetherinonescene,difficultiesarisebecauseofthefactthatthemajorityofthesesystemslacktheabilitytomanagedistributeddataresources.Inmostcasestransientintegrationofdistributed3dmodelcomponentsisnotsupportedandonlycanberealizedbyimportin

56、gallmodelcomponentsintothecurrentproject.Thelatterprocedurerevealsfollowingdisadvantages:first,dataintegrationpossibilitesarelimitedbytheimportcapabilitiesandprojectsizerestrictionsofthesystem.Second,thecontinualaccumulationofspatialdatawithinone(monolithic)systemteadilyincreasesthedependenceonthiss

57、pecificsystem.Ifconcentrationofspatialdataisnotpossible,.duetotechnical,legalorlicensingissues,orshouldbepreventedingeneral,mechanismsforthemanagementofdistributedspatialdataresourceshavetobeemployed.Geo-visualizationusingwebservicesConcerningthepresentationofspatialdatatheOpenGISConsortiumfollowsth

58、elineof(HaberandMcNabb1990).Theyintroducedtheconceptofthevisualizationpipeline,whichdescribesvisualizationasamulti-levelprocessstartingfromnon-graphicalobjectrepresentationsstoredinarepository.adatabase)andendingwiththefinalpresentationofgraphicalentitiesonadisplaydevice.IntheOpenGISframeworkpresent

59、ationofspatialdataisdiscussedunderthetermportrayalandisrealizedinafourlevelportrayalpipeline(seeDoyleandCuthbert1998).Thelowestlevelisbuiltbythespatialdataresources.Inaselectionsteptheinterestingobjectsareretrieved.Thesecondsteptransformstheselectedspatialobjectstoagraphicalrepresentation,.thespatialobjectsaremappedtodisplayelements.Inthethirdstepthegenerateddisplayelementsarerenderedtoanimage,whichinthefinalstepisdisplayedtotheuserbyanappropriateoutputdevice.Thecomponent