平行结构讲义

1、SAT讲义Parallel Structure平行结构平行结构的知识点考察在SAT的考试中是必考的一项，然后在中国的高考中 对于这个知识点却只有极少的关注度；因此造成了很多同学对于此知识点的掌握不牢固，必然会造成在 SAT考试中会丢分。所以综合 SAT语法考试的 特点总结出以下的考点。考点聚焦:A favorite SAT questi on concerns parallelism, the way a sentence keeps its balanee. The basic principle is simple: Everything doing the same job in a s

2、entence must be the same type of grammatical eleme nt.The different elements in the sentence balance each otheithis is a little bit like making sure that the two sides of a mathematical equation are balaneed. To make sure that a sentence is grammatically correct, check to see that phrases, clauses,

3、verbs, and other sentence eleme nts parallel each other.The coord in ati ng conjunctions and, but, or, nor, and yet sig nal a n eed for parallelism.Examples: In correct:“1 took a bath, sleep ing, and wak ing up refreshed.”Correct:“1 took a bath, went to sleep, and woke up refreshed.”In correct:“ The

4、 only way to know is tak ing the plun ge.”Correct:“ The only way to know is to take the plun ge.”找出一下句子的错误。例句 After working all day, Alice likes to relax by listening to music, lighting can dles and read poetry.Carmela spends her free time at home, at the gym and the movie theater.（1）三者之间的平行-N, N, a

5、nd N （名词，名词，and名词）此种题型就是我们常说的 名词，名词，and名词”的形式，这三个名词是相 互并列的。出题的习惯通常划线部分放在第三个，即在and名词上面划线。注意，三个以上名词并列时，在最后两个名词间用and （不用as well as）连接。as well as适用与两个N并列例句 1: Each time Mary turns on her compute， she has (A) to enter a company code, the n her in itials, and the n en ters a password (B) before (C) she ca

6、n begin working (D). No error (E).例句 2 Of the hundreds of warm-water coral species, only a few (A) are highly prized (B) for use in jewelry because of their (C) beauty, luster, and they are hard (D). No error (E).例句 3 The tribal council's program familiarized young people with (A) Cherokee histo

7、ry, taught them (B) tribal traditions, and gave (C) the opportunity (D) to learn skills used by an cie nt artists. No error.(E)例句 4： Without the invention of the compass, Mike might not have sailed around the world, Lewis and Isaac might not have traveled to Bonn, nor might Kevin ' s search for

8、the cities of gold have occurred, either.(A) nor might Kevin ' s search for the cities of gold have occurred, either(B) nor might Kevin search for the cities of gold(C) and Kevin ' s search for the cities ©idgmight not have taken place(D) and Kevin might not search for the cities of gol

9、d(E) and Kevin might not have searched for the cities of gold例句 5： Con sumers are beg inning to take no tice of electric cars because they are quiet, cause no air polluti on, and gasoli ne is not used.(A) cause no air polluti on, and gasoli ne is not used(B) air pollutio n is not caused, and gasoli

10、ne is not used(C) cause no air polluti on, and use no gasoli ne(D) caus ing no air polluti on and using no gasoli ne(E) air pollutio n is not caused, and no gasoli ne is used例句 6 A radio system con sists of a mea ns of tran sformi ng sounds in to electromag netic waves and of tran smitti ng those wa

11、ves through space: after this those waves must be transformed back into sounds.(A) waves and of tran smitt ing those waves through space： after this those waves must be tran sformed(B) waves, tran smitt ing the waves through space, and tran sformi ng them(C) waves, of transmitting them through space

12、, and then the translation of them(D) waves and of transmitting them through space： after this the waves have to be tran slated(E) waves, of the tran smitt ing of those waves through space and of tran slat ing same waves增补题 The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding,

13、 with in dividual bulls and cows recei ving awards, fetch ing un precede nted prices, and excited enormous interest whenever they were put on show. GMAT OG P663.29(A) excited(B) it excited(C) excit ing(D) would excite(E) it had excited(2) 两者之间的平行两者之间的平行一般的几个标志如下：not only ,but also neither.nor ./ eit

14、her (在SAT中被视为送分题).and / but. . as well as n ot A but / rather BA rather than / instead of B 不要想当然把 rather than 中的 than 当做介 词！然后认为than后面只跟doing. Rather than后面到底跟动词原形还是 doing,要看前面，构成平行。Prefer to do A rather than do Bwould rather do A tha n do Bfrom A to BEither I will go to the store or I will order i

15、t online.Either the store or the Internet will have the sweater I want.Spending some time with children on extracurricular activities is very meaningful for kids since they can build up health as well aseleasing (release) stress.Nineteenth-century nihilists were concerned with neither the origins of

16、 philosophical thought nor how societal laws developed. (x)结构不对称)Nineteenth-century nihilists were concerned with neither the origins of philosophical thought nor the developme nt of societal laws. (V)In correct: “lhave called not only to tha nk her but also I told her about the n ext meeti ng.“ lha

17、ve called not only to thank her but also to tell her about the next meeting. ”Con fide nt that she was fully prepared, Elle n decided to spe nd the ni ght before the recital read ing and relax in g but not to be practici ng. P469-1(A) but not to be practici ng(B) and not for practic ing(C) more tha

18、n to practice(D) rather tha n practic ing(E) rather tha n hav ing practiced特殊情况：如:either plan to do, or risk doing(这种句型出现是正确的，句子当中的主体结构完全对应，“ plan和“risk已经做到对应，后面的 “ to do和”“ doi ng只是固定用法。)例句 1: The labor union is n egotiat ing (A) a con tract with the hospital that (B) will satisfy (C) the dema nds

19、of the workers and be acceptable to (D) all levels of management. No error (E) (OG P601 13)例句 2 As (A) adults, male golden silk spiders live not (B) in webs of their own (C) making but rather in webs made by (D) female spiders. No error.(E)3. A lack of (A) job opportunities for recent graduates rest

20、ricts their (B) independence, often forcing them (C) to remain at home or else they move back (D) home. No error.(E)例句 4 She claimed that the "representational" actor is having to imitate (A) a character's behavior, whereas (B) the "prese ntatio nal" actor attempts to reveal

21、(C) human behavior through self-understanding (D). No error. (E)例句 5 Social scientists agree that a system for exchanging goods and services is not only present but also of necessity (D)in all societies. No error. (E)6. The decline in scienee education during the period had(A) two causes: lessfundin

22、g for(B) scientific research with a decrease(C) in jobs related to(D) space and defe nse. No Error (E)例句 7: Most drivers know not only that excessive speeding on highways wastes gasoline, but also that it is dangerous. (OG P678.13)(A) know not only that excessive speed ing on highways wastes(B) know

23、 that excessive speedi ng on highways could be wasteful of(C) are kno wledgeable that excessive speed ing on highways not only wastes(D) have known that excessive speedi ng on highways wastes not only(E) know that excessive speedi ng on highways not only by itself can waste8. Richard Avedon was cele

24、brated by the New Yorker not only as a great photographer but also he documented brilliantly decades of history of America and the world.(A) he docume nted brillia ntly decades of history(B) hav ing docume nted decades of history brillia ntly(C) documenting brilliantly decades of history(D) being a

25、brillia nt docume nter of decades of history(E) as a brillia nt docume nter of decades of history9. A healthy economy can be measured not only by the growth of bus in ess but it has a psychological effect on people.|7 |7 |7 |7 !7 rr ABODE7/l 7/l 7/l 7/l 7/l 百诈it has aas well in thealso by thealso th

26、ein the way of hav ing aIn a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps ofEngineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, so that it absorbs the energy of crashi ng waves and protecti ng the bea

27、ches. GMAT OG P717.65(A) act as a buffer, so that it absorbs(B) act like a buffer so as to absorb(C) act as a buffer, absorb ing(D) act ing as a buffer, absorb ing(E) acting like a buffer, absorb(3) 两个句子之间的平行A考点：同类比较，比较对象要一致特点：-er, more, than, as, like, similar to, unlike, compare to/with thesame .a

28、s 如：The populati on of China is larger tha n that of America.所有格和所有格之间比较时，第二个所有格是不能省略的，需要补充thatof/those of/。 's错误例句： The climate in Shanghai is more humid than Beijing. 改为：The climate in Shanghai is more humid than that of Beijing. 此句中“that表示句子开头的 “the climate ”s garde n.Harry grew more vegetabl

29、es tha n his n eighbor 改 Harry grew more vegetables than his neighbor.Like Mary, Judy' s legse also long.句中划线部分显然不可比，应把 Mary改为Mary' s (legs)在SAT的考题中，常常用上述词(组)开头，在其后加一个名词，而该名词的 性质又和句子的主语不同，以此迷惑考生。Compared with Tom, the works of Alle n are more in tellige nt.句子compared with后面的名词Tom为 人”，而句中的主语是

30、 “the works of Allen，”为 物”，两者显然不可比。应把 Tom 改为 those of Tom.注意指示代词that, those的用法The money spe nt by her pare nts is less than THAT SPENT by her childre n. Her company is outperforming THAT OF her competitor.Wrong: Her company is outperforming THOSE OF her competitors. Right: Her company is outperformi

31、ng THE COMPANIES OF her competitors.例句 1: In (A) the Uni ted States, the in dustrial use of (B) plastic is (C) greater than steel (D), alumi num, and copper comb in ed. No error (E) (OG P777 28)2. Because they(A) pain ted sce nesof life as ordinary people lived it(B), rather than(C) sce nes from myt

32、hs, many nin etee nth-ce ntury America n artists differed from earlier times(D). No Error (E)3. Delgado ' dilemma was like many other(A) young writers: he had to choose(B) betwee n assured publicati on in a stude nt magaz ine an d(C) probable reject ion(D) by a popular magaz ine. No Error (E)例句

33、4： In a recent year, more tourists from the United States visited museums in Great Britai n tha n Can ada.(A) Canada(B) Canada did(C) compared to Can ada(D) Canadian ones(E) in Canada5. A study found that the en vir onmen tal costs of produci ng and recycli ng paper cups were as high as, if not high

34、er than, to produce and recycle polystyrene cups.(A) to produce and recycle(B) produc ing and recycli ng(C) if they produce and recycle(D) the producti on and recycli ng of(E) those of produci ng and recycli ng6. Galileo was convin ced that n atural phe nomena, as mani festati ons of the laws of phy

35、sics, would appear the same to some one on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and un iformly through the water as a pers on sta nding on land. GMAT OG P663.32(A) water as a(B) water as to a(C) water; just as it would to a(D) water, as it would to the(E) water; just as to theB两个句子之间的平行，后一个句子之间用逗号加上连词

36、隔开，或者直接用 一个分号隔开.标志：and, but，分号等例句 1 Driving less (A) frequently is one way to save energy; to turn off all (B) appliances when they are (C) not being used is another (D). No error (E) (OG P720 18)2. To insist that a poem means whatever one (A) wants it (B) to mean is often ignoring (C) the intention

37、 and even (D) the words of the poet. No error (E)Whe n two complete senten ces are joined together, usually the verbs are both active or both passive. In an active-verb senten ce, the subject is doing the action or is in the state of being expressed byhe verb. (“Archie flies well. ”“Archie is happy.

38、” )a passiveverb senten ce, the subject receives the acti on of the verb. (“ The wind，was broken by a high-speed pitch. A'parallel sentence generally doesn ' t switch from active to passive or vice versa平行的两个句子的主语要对应例句 1: To Joseph ine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashi on ab

39、le to be an expatriate, and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an in tellige nee age nt for the Resista nee.(A) To Josephi ne Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashi on able to be an expatriate,(B) For Joseph ine Baker, I ong before it was fashi on able

40、to be an expatriate, Paris was her home,(C) Josephine Baker made Paris her home long before to be an expatriate was fashi on able,(D) Long before it was fashi on able to be an expatriate, Joseph ine Baker made Paris her home,(E) Long before it was fashi on able being an expatriate, Paris was home to

41、 Josephi ne Baker,2. Roger had just walked in to his office and that was whe n he was told that his pla n had fin ally bee n approved.A. and that was when he was toldB. and then he learnedC. when it was learned by himD. and then they told himE. when he learned3. The programmers always talked of hav

42、ing too much to do, but in truth they had a lesser amount of work to do than their colleagues.A they had a lesser amount of work to do tha nB their work was the least among (shifts in the subject)C they were hav ing less work to do tha nD the amount of work they had to do was the least ofE they had

43、less work to do tha n4. Mr. Chung would like to retire, butretireme nt is un able to be affordedbyhim.A Mr. Chung would liketo retire,but retirement is unable to be affordedbyhim.B Mr. Chung would liketo retire,but he cannot afford to do so.C Mr. Chung would liketo retire,but he is unable to afford

44、thatD Retirement is what Mr. Chung would like to do, but he cannot afford it.E Retireme nt appeals to Mr. Chung, but he cannot afford stopp ing work ing.5. In eightee nth-ce ntury Fran ce, econo mic in equalities made many people angry, a nd a violent revolution was fueled. (OC Test 3 section 10.14)

45、(A) an gry, and a viole nt revoluti on was fueled(B) an gry; it fueled a viole nt revoluti on(C) an gry, and this an ger fueled a viole nt revolutio n(D) an gry, that an ger fueled a viole nt revoluti on(E) an gry; thus fueli ng a viole nt revolutio n例句 6 When we read, we first form innumerable impr

46、essions and then those impressions are evaluated as we read on.A impressi ons and the n those impressi ons are evaluatedB impressi ons and the n evaluate those impressi onsC impressi ons, evaluat ing those impressi ons the nD impressi ons, the n we evaluate those impressi onsE impressi ons, we evalu

47、ate those impressi ons例句 7 The report recomme nded that the hospital should elim in ate unn eeded beds, expe nsive services should be con solidated, and use space in other hospitals.(A) should elim in ate unn eeded beds, expe nsive services should be con solidated, and use space in other hospitals(B

48、) should elim in ate unn eeded beds, expe nsive services should be con solidated, and other hospitals ' space be used(C) should elim in ate unn eeded beds, expe nsive services should be con solidated, and to use space in other hospitals(D) elim in ate unn eededbeds, con solidate expe nsive servi