中矿北京2011年考博英语真题

1、Entrance Examination of Englishfor Ph.D Candidates at CUMTB(March, 2011) (A)提示：请将所有答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效Part One Cloze (15 points)Directions: Fill each of the blanks in the passage with one suitable word.One word that you might have learned when you were studying about sound is frequency. Frequency means

2、 1 fast the sound wave vibrates. Faster vibrations produce 2 pitched sounds. The notes in a musical scale indicate the 3 or frequency of the sound. 4 word that can describe a sound is intensity. Intensity 5 to the amount of energy in a sound wave, and it 6 a sounds loudness. Printed music will often

3、 include notes about how loud or 7 to play each section of the music. Timbre is another 8 used to describe musical sounds. It describes how the same note will have 9 sounds when played 10 different instruments. For example the same note may sound soft and pretty when played on a flute, 11 strong and

4、 brassy when played on a trumpet. The timbre of a note comes from both the actual note 12 is played 13 also its overtones, 14 are other higher and lower sounds that are produced 15 the same time.Part Two Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part there are five passages, each followed

5、 by questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one.Passage OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the following passage.The last of the dinosaurs lived during a time called the Cretaceous period. This time period lasted from about

6、135 million to 65.5 million years ago. Some sources give the years of 146,145, or 144 million to 65 million years ago.In the Cretaceous period, the middle of North America was covered by a shallow sea. The Atlantic Ocean began opening up between Europe and North America as those continents rifted. O

7、ther continents that had begun pulling away from each other in the Jurassic continued drifting apart. India was an island by itself.Evergreen trees, mosses, and ferns had been the main types of plants, but now in the Cretaceous, flowering plants appeared. Bees did, too. Hardwood trees like oaks and

8、maples first appeared in the fossil record.Modem birds and mammals came into the fossil record. Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops came into existence. So did other ceratopsian dinosaurs, relatives of Triceratops, with their wide variety of facial horns and neck frills. Great herds of perhaps 10,000 Tric

9、eratops roamed the edges of the North American Inland Sea. The climate began to cool.At the end of the Cretaceous, another mass extinction wiped out as much as 90 percent of marine life and 50 percent of life on land. There were no more dinosaurs after the end of the Cretaceous, at about 65.5 millio

10、n years ago. The Cenozoic era, also called the Age of Mammals, began.16. The mass extinction at the end of Cretaceous period .A. killed all the dinosaursB. killed half of all life on landC. killed as much as 90 percent of marine lifeD. all of the above17. Continents in the Cretaceous period were .A.

11、 drifting apartB. moving towards each otherC. in the same locations as they are todayD. none of the above18. The authors main purpose for writing this was to .A. inform B. entertain C. warn D. persuadePassage TwoQuestions 19 to 22 are based on the following passage.Physical therapy is the treatment

12、of people of all ages with injured or diseased muscles, arms, or legs. Physical therapists, or PTs as they are often called, treat patients with exercise and massage. PTs do not use medicine to treat patients. Sometimes water or heat therapies are used for treatment as well. Physical therapy helps a

13、n injured or sick person move with less pain and stress. PTs are not medical doctors，but doctors often refer patients to physical therapists to help patients recover from injuries or deal with diseases. A PT studies the patients medical records. Then he or she develops a treatment plan to improve th

14、e patients ability to move the injured limb. PTs work with patients to strengthen damaged or weakened muscles, PTs may teach the patient how to use crutches, wheelchairs, or an artificial limb. Therapists want patients to be able to do as many daily activities as they possibly can. The PT keeps a re

15、cord of the patients progress. Treatments ate change according to the patients needs and rate of progress.Physical therapists must graduate from a physical therapy program at a college or university. A four year baccalaureate degree is required. In addition, a masters degree requires two to two and

16、one-half more years. A doctorate degree requires three years.Physical therapists must pass a national and/or state exam to get a license. Some PTs work in hospitals, nursing homes, or doctors offices. Some PTs travel to patients homes to work with patients who are homebound. Some PTs work in schools

17、, health clubs, or with sports teams. PTs may specialize in a certain field, such as sports medicine, working with athletes. They might choose cardiology, working with patients with heart disease or defects. They might choose the field of pediatrics if they like working with children.If you are a pe

18、rson who likes people and wants to help them improve their lives, you might like to be a physical therapist. If so, you should have strong communication and interpersonal skills. Above all, compassion is a required character trait for a PT.19. Physical therapists use to help patients get better.A. d

19、iets B. medicines C. surgery D. training 20. Which of these people would probably benefit most from physical therapy?A. A doctor who is tired from working long hours.B. A child who doesnt like to take medicine C. An athlete who has torn a muscleD. An athlete with cuts and bruises21. What is paragrap

20、h 4 mainly about?A. Job description for a physical therapistB. Job requirements for a physical therapist.C. Job training and education for a physical therapist.D. A11 of the above.22. Which of these is an opinion and not a fact?A. Some PTs travel to patients homes.B. Physical therapists have a rewar

21、ding job.C. Physical therapists first need a college degree.D. Physical therapists must pass an exam to get a license.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 26 are based on the following passage.This amazing woman was born a poor German princess and became one of Russias greatest emperors.She was born Princes

22、s Sophia August Frederika on May 2, 1729, in the Baltic seaport town of Stettin, then a part of German Pomerania. Her father was an obscure German military prince named Christian August, and her mother was Princess Joanna Elizabeth of Holstein-Gottorp. Her father was ruler of the tiny principality o

23、f Anhalt-Zerbst, but the greater part of his life was spent as an officer in the service of Prussia.In 1744，she arrived in Moscow with her mother to marry Peter, the Grand Duke of Holstein, grandson of Peter the Great and heir to the Russian throne (later Peter III). Their marriage was an unhappy on

24、e. Catherine (now baptized into the Russian Orthodox Church under that name) spent much of her time preparing for her future reign.In 1761，Peter was crowned emperor. Supported by the Russian military, Catherine overthrew Peter in 1762 and became Catherine II. She quickly began to make changes in gov

25、ernment and society based on ideas learned from French philosophers of the Enlightenment and the authors of ancient Rome.She was a mend of Voltaire and other European writers, and wrote stories and plays. She supported French writer and philosopher Denis Diderot when he was broken-she bought his lib

26、rary, hired him to look after it at his own house. for which she paid him a salary for the next 50 years in advance.Catherine patronized the arts, music and education, and she put millions of rubles into the creation of the Hermitage Museum, which today is the delight of Russia and the world. No oth

27、er Russian monarch appreciated beauty as much as Catherine. She set the stage for the emergence of a national Russian culture that would become something unique and wonderful in the 19th century.Catherine established the first schools for women, including the Smolny Institute for girls in St. Peters

28、burg. Also, Russias first public schools and universities were founded during her reign.Her rule was one of the most prosperous periods of the Russian Empire. She undertook a wide range of internal political reforms, waged two successful wars against the Ottoman Empire and occupied vast territories

29、on Russias southern boundaries eventually advancing the countrys border to the Black Sea.23. How old was Catherine when she arrived in Russia to marry Grand Duke Peter of ; Holstein?A. 21 B. 15 C. 13 D. Not mentioned 24. How did Catherine become ruler of Russia?A. Her father died.B. The people of Ru

30、ssia chose her.C. She inherited the title from her cousin.D. She used force to take over the government.25. Catherine learned from A. ancient Roman authorsB. Russian arts, music and educationC. French philosophers of the EnlightenmentD. European writers such as Voltaire and Diderot26. During her rei

31、gn, .A. Russia became a military superpower B. Public schools were established for girlsC. Millions of rubles were robbed and storedD. All of the abovePassage FourQuestions 27 to 31 are based on the following passage.Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life:

32、 death and taxes. Americans do not have a comer on the “death” market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the most taxes.Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal

33、, state and city: therefore, there are three types of taxes.Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a gra

34、duated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax increases as a persons income increase. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, or any of the other forty-eight states. S

35、ome states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twen

36、ty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.The third tax is

37、 for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.Since Americans pay such high taxes

38、, they often feel that they are working one each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different v

39、iews on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.27. How do you understand “ Americans do not have a corner on the death market” ?A. Americans cant monopolize this market.B. There is no such place as a death market in the United StatesC. Americans are not good at doing busi

40、ness in the death market. D. Americans do not have secret place to keep from death in their life.28. Whats the attitude of the Americans towards taxes?A. Take them easy. B. Try to resist them.C. Complain and protestD. Take them as their duty.29. Whats the difference between federal tax and state tax

41、?A.They have the same percentage.B. It is not mentioned in the passage.C. The percentage for the state tax is higher than the federal tax.D. The percentage for the federal tax is higher than the state tax.30. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. Excise tax is charged on car

42、s. B. there is a unified state tax laws.C. Income tax increases as a persons income increases.D. Some states have both an income tax and a sales tax.31. Which of the following usages of the taxes is NOT mentioned in the passage？A. For raising their revenues. B. For sustaining development.C. For poli

43、ce and fire departments. D. For public works and municipal buildingsPassage FiveQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the following passage.Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either

44、 the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives.To start with, it is important to remember

45、 that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any

46、pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients capture in the product it was relatively inefficient.Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this

47、 period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable, However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity.Whats more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050.

48、Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions. All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20气 This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from th

49、e idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact”. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without incre

50、asing damage.Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various way land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental cost, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity.

51、It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.What is crucial is recognizing that su

52、stainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.32. How is the agriculture in Middle Ages according to the passage?A. Agriculture generally had efficient productivity.B. Agriculture caused pollution only in small areas.C. Agriculture could provide plenty of nutritious food.D. Agr

53、iculture could feed, clothe and shelter the whole society.33. What had happened in agriculture after the start of the industrial revolution?A. People could not trust the safety of food. B. More animals and plants cm be found in farms.C. Competition drove farmers to produce more food.D. People were g

54、iven more opportunities to reduce its impact.34. Which of the following is a radical way to think of agriculture in 21st century?A. Traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones.B. Agriculture can be “zero impact”C. Sustainability can be measured from more aspects.D. Demand for

55、 animal products in developing countries should growing fast.35. Which of the following is NOT true?A. Lower carbon footprints are better for biodiversity.B. Growth of industry helps reduce biodiversity.C. Sustainability should be measured by different ways.D. Expansion of cities reduces the amount

56、of water supply for agriculturePart Three Vocabulary and Structure (15 points)Directions: In this part there are 30 incomplete sentences, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.36. A smart appearance makes a impression at an interview.A. favored B. favorabl

57、e C. favorite D. favoring37. The Act specifically any council from spending money for political purposes.A. rejects B prohibits C. avoids D. repels38. What experience do you have that is to this position?A. concerning B. dependent C. connecting D. relevant39. A man escaped death when a fire broke out in his home on Sunday mo