英语动词语法基本知识

1、英语动词语法根本知识1 .及物动词这类动词后边要跟宾语.She teaches English.她教英语.People love her.人们都喜欢她.2 .不及物动词这类动词后边不跟宾语.He arrived late this morning.他今天早上迟到了.Her parents died in an accident when she was six. 她 6 岁时双亲在一次车祸中丧生.注：在英语中,不少动词既可以作及物动词,也可以作不及物动词.3 .双宾动词有些动词可以跟两个宾语,一个为间接宾语,另一个为直接宾语.Please give me a pen. 请给我一支笔.He ow

2、ed me 10 dollars. 他欠我 10 美元.4 .系动词系动词在句中连接主语和表语.常见的系动词有下面这些：appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, rest, run, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn1系动词所连接的表语可以是形容词,名代词,数词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动 名词,现在分词,过去分词或表语从句.详细可参见表语一章.The dish smells good .这盘菜闻起来不错.形容词作表语It is a long wa

3、it in the dark.在黑暗中他们等了很长一段时间.名词作表语The atomic weight of oxygen is sixteen .氧的原子量是 16.数词作表语I am not sure if he is around .我不清楚他是否在附近. 副词作表语He's still in danger .他仍在危险期.介词短语作表语His wish was to become a scientist .他的愿望是当一名科学家.不定式作表语Her hobby is growing roses .她的爱好是种玫瑰花.动名词作表语What he said was very en

4、couraging .他的话很鼓舞人心.现在分词作表语Please remain seated .请不要站起来.过去分词作表语The truth is that he was very shy .事实是他很害羞.表语从句2主语+系动词+形容词+介词短语结构这种结构很常用,“be +形容词+介词这一结构有不少已成为习惯用语.We are proud of our new club. 我们以我们的新会所为荣.I am afraid of disturbing you.我怕打搅了 你.He was not interested in that story. 他对那个故事不感兴趣.The countr

5、y is short of skilled labor.这个国家缺乏熟练工人.He was worried about her health. 他担忧她的健康.3上语+系动词+形容词+从句结构I am afraid that it may hurt you.我恐怕这会使你感到伤心.She was glad that Joanna was going away.乔安娜要走了,这使她很开心.Our football team feels proud that it has won every match this year.我?足球队为今年每次比赛都获胜而感到自豪.I am not clear w

6、hen he will come.我不清楚他什么时候会来.They were uncertain whether they could find time to do it.他们不确定的他们是否能找至 U时间来做这个.I am not sure what I ought to do.我不知道我该做什么.5 .助动词详见助动词一章6 .情态动词详见情态动词一章1及物动词a及物动词即是后边需要跟宾语的动词.这是由于及物动词语法意义上不完整,后边需要 接宾语作为动作的接受者.We couldn't find a place to park.我们找不到停车的地方.You' d bett

7、er hire someone to oversee the project. 你最好聘个人监督这个项 目.b及物动词通常可用于被动语态Over 1000 cars are produced in this factory every month.这个工厂每月生产超过1000 辆汽车.Extra workers were employed by the store during Christmas time.圣诞期间店里额夕卜聘了一些工作人员.c及物动词可以与 介词短语 连用,这种情况很常见,如：assign to,provide .witlhpo-The manager has assign

8、ed their best man to the job.经理派了最适宜的人选做这项工作.The firm has provided me with a car.公司已为我提供了一辆汽车.2不及物动词a不及物动词后边不跟宾语,由于这类动词在语法意义上是完整的,不涉及到动作的接受 者.由于不及物动词没有宾语,因此也就没有被动语态.Our love will never die .我们的爱将永不止息.I just came back last Sunday.我上周日才回来.b相当一局部不及物动词可与介词连用构成动词短语,使其具有了及物动词的特征.They finally arrived at an

9、 agreement after a long discussion.经过长时间讨论之后他们最终达成了协议.Please don ' refer to that matter again.请不要再提这件事.注这种情况下动词短语可以有被动语态,如 ：The new legislation will need to be looked at .新法规还需要进一步研究.3注意英语中一些动词既可做及物动词,也可以做不及物动词如survive,而且有时同一个动词的及物动词与不及物动词的意思是不同的如 apply .所以在学习英语动词时, 单单记住其意思是不够的,还需要记住该意思的用法.No on

10、e survived in the air crash. 没有人在这起空难中存活.He was the only one who survived the earthquake.他是地震中唯一一个生存者.We should apply this job immediately.我们要立即申请这份工作.These rules don't always apply .这些规那么并非总能行得通.4及物词和不及物动词后都可以跟不定式结构.I don 'want to bother you.我并不想麻烦你.Several mobile firms are competing to get

11、 the contract.几家 公司正在竞争这个合同.短语动词也称成语动词phrasal verb ,是指由两个或两个以上的词组成的动词.构成短 语动词的词在语义上被当成是一个整体,即被看成是一个动词,分开就失去其意义.下面列举短语动词的四种搭配.1不及物动词+副词这类短语动词后边不跟宾语.The smell of gas has gone away .煤气味已经消失了.Where did you grow up ?你是在哪儿长大的 ？2不及物动词 +介词这类短语动词后可以跟宾语.I won't stand for any more of your rudeness.我再也不能忍受你

12、的无理.Different circumstances call for different tactics.不同的情况需要不同的策略.这类短语动词可有 被动语态,如：The procedures should be abided by .应当遵循程序.The subject may be dealt with under four headings.这个问题可以分四个标题加以论述.3及物动词+副词这类短语动词后可以跟宾语,而且副词常可以移到宾语的后边.We finally decided to give up our plan.我们最后决定放弃我们的方案.They still cannot

13、rule out the possibility of earthquake.他们仍然无法排除地震的可能.Be sure to turn the lights off before you leave.请你在离开前务必关灯.这类短语动词可有被动语态,如It should be pointed out that this approach has some shortcomings.需要指出这种方法有一些缺点.4不及物动词 +副词+介词You should watch out for zebra crossings when driving.开车的时候要留意斑马线.We can' cat

14、ch up with the developed countries without educational reform. 不进行教育 体制的改革,我们就无法赶上那些兴旺国家.另外有一些含有名词的结构,严格来说不是短语动词,而是动词短语,但它们也是一些习惯的与动词有关的搭配,且在语义上可以看成是一个整体,如：1动词+名词+介词整个短语用法上相当于及物动词,如 ：attach importance to 重视get rid of 摆脱keep pace with 跟上 take part in 参力口,参与2动词+介词+名词整个短语用法上相当于不及物动词,如：coming into being

15、 生效come to light 为人所知,被披露3动词+宾语+介词+名词,如：keep . in mindt己住 take . into account 考虑4动词+名词整个短语用法上相当于不及物动词,如take place 发生take effect 起作用,见效make sense 讲得通,有道理take turns 轮流动词的各种形式1动词原形：即词典中词条所给出的动词形式.用于一般现在时和不定式.They know us well,他们很了解我们.Do you want to go there? 你想去那儿吗？2过去式：用于表示过去发生的动作或事情.该形式通常是在动词原形后加edoY

16、ou talked too much.你讲得太多.3过去分词：用于被动语态和完成时态等.该形式通常是在动词原形后加ed.Two people were killed in the accident. 有两个人在事故中丧生.4现在分词：由动词原形+ ing 构与,可用于各种进行时态.They are leaning English.他们正在学英语.5第三人称单数形式：当句子的主语为单数时,句子中的谓语动词需要用第三人称单数, 第三人称单数形式通常是在动词后加s.He likes teaching,他喜欢教学.过去式和过去分词的构成法1英语中大局部动词都以加 -ed词尾的方法来构成过去式及过去分词

17、.如：单词work的过去式或过去分词为worked . 单词talk的过去式或过去分词为talked.这类动词也称为规那么动词.2在加-ed词尾时要注意以下情况：a如果单词是以字母 e结尾,那么只加-d:likeliked movemovedb如果单词以 辅音字母+ y结尾,那么先变y为i再加-ed:studystudied trytriedC如果单词是以 &个元音字母+一个辅音字母结尾,该音节又重读者,末尾字母要双写,然后再加-ed:stopstopped dropdropped3另外,还有几点值得注意：a以&个元音+ l结尾的词,英国人双写1,而美国人那么不双写：trave

18、ltravelled 英,traveled 美b l前假设有两个元音,l 一概不双写英美都如此：revealrevealed appealappealedc有少数词,尽管末尾音节并不重读,末尾辅音字母在英国仍双写：worshipworshipped 英,worshiped 美kidnapkidnapped 英, kidnapped 美d以x结尾的词,x不双写：mixmixed fixfixed英语中还有一些动词不以加-ed的方式来构成过去式和过去分词.这些动词被称为不规那么动词.如单词give的过去式为 gave,过去分词given. 又如,单,know的过去式为knew, 过去分词为 kno

19、wn .1 .多数不规那么动词的过去式与过去分词相同,例如：动词原形过去式过去分词bleedbledbledbringbroughtbroughtbuildbuiltbuiltbuyboughtboughtcatchcaughtcaughtdigdugdugfindfoundfoundfeelfeltfeltkeepkeptkeptleadledledleaveleftlefthearheardheardlendlentlentmeetmetmetmeanmeantmeantmakemademadeloselostlostpaypaidpaidsellsoldsoldshootshotshot

20、sitsatsatsleepsleptsleptspendspentspentstandstoodstoodtelltoldtoldthinkthoughtthoughtunderstandunderstoodunderstood2 . 一些不规那么动词的过去式与过去分词并不相同,例如:动词原形过去式过去分词beatbeatbeatenbecomebecamebecomebeginbeganbegunblowblewblownchoosechosechosendrawdrewdrawngowentgonegrowgrewgrowngivegavegiveneatateeatenfallfell

21、fallenflyflewflownfreezefrozefrozenhidehidhiddenknowknewknownrideroderiddenriseroserisenrunranrunshakeshookshakenseesawseenshowshowedshownsingsangsungsinksanksunkspeakspokespokenstealstolestolenstrikestruckstruckswimswamswumringrangrungtaketooktakenteartoretornthrowthrewthrownwakewokewakenwritewrote

22、written3 .还有少数不规那么动词的过去式与过去分词与动词原形一致,例如:动词原形过去分词过去式cutcutcutcostcostcostbetbetbetcastcastcasthurthurthurtputputputreadreadreadshutshutshut读者可以自不规那么动词大多是很常用的单词.记熟常用的不规那么动词是学好英语的根本功.己找不规那么动词表进行学习,这里就不一一列出.现在分词的构成法1现在分词一般是在动词原形后直接加-ing.askasking talktalking2以不发音的e结尾的词,去掉 e,再加-ing.movemoving writewritin

23、g3以&个元音字母+ 一个辅音字母结尾,而又重读该音节时,末尾辅音要双写,再加-ing.setsetting beginbeginning4个别单词的-ing词尾比拟特别.diedying lielying tietyingageageing 或 aging toetoeing dyedyeinghoehoeing注：以 &个元音字母加l结尾的词,在加-ing时,英国人要双写l,而美国人不双写.traveltravelling 英,traveling 美第三人称单数形式在英文句子中,当句子的主语意义上为单数时,句子中的谓语要相应地采用单数形式,即第三人称单数形式.第三人称单数形

24、式的写法规那么如下：a. 通常在动词词尾力口 s, 如：work - works create - createsb. 动词如果以 ch, sh, s, x 或 o 结尾时,需力口 es, 如：teach - teaches fix - fixesc.动词以辅音加 y结尾时,先变 y为i,再加es,如：cry - cries reply - repliesd. be助动词单数形式在一般现在时和现在进行时中写为is,在过去时态写为 was.e.助动词have的单数形式写为 has.f.当主语为I时,be动词单数形式写为 am ,过去时用 was.She works hard from morni

25、ng to night.她从早到晚辛勤工作.He teaches modern Chinese literature in the university. 他在大学教现代中国文学.When the curtain rises , Juliet is writing at her desk. 幕启时,朱丽叶在办公桌旁写东西.He is a genius. 他是个天才.The water is boiling .水正开着呢.He was only three years old when his mother died. 他母亲去逝时他才三岁.The river was threatening t

26、o overflow its banks.河水大有决堤之势.10The notice was put above the door.布告贝占在门的上方.She has three kids. 她有三个小孩.He has cheated me.他骗了我.I am afraid of him. 我很怕他.Hearing that news, I was really sad.听到那个消息后,我真的很伤心.谓语动词与非谓语动词谓语动词也称限制性动词,在句中作谓语,受到主语的限定.谓语动词在人称和数上要与主 语保持一致,并有时态,语态,语气等变化.各种时态,语态和语气的内容详见有关章节.He wrot

27、e a novel last year.他去年写了一本小说.They speak French.他们讲法语.She is a teacher.她是一位老师.非谓语动词也称非限定动词,在句中不能单独作谓语,不受主语所限定.非谓语动词包括：不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词. 这四种非谓语动词的详细内容请见相关章节.We hope to see you again.我们希望再见到你.不定式Please stop talking now.请别讲话了 .动名词He sat in the armchair, reading a newspaper.他坐在扶手椅里读报.现在分词This is a lett

28、er written in blue ink. 这是一封用蓝墨水写的信.过去分词持续性动词和瞬间性动词1 .持续性动词持续性动词表示持续的行为或状态,常见的有be, clean, do, drink, drive, eat, fly, have, keep, know, learn, lie, live, play, rain, read, run, sing, sit, sleep, speak, smoke, snow, stand, stay, study, talk, wait, walk, wear, work, write1持续性动词可用于现在完成时态,并可与表示一段时间的状语连用

29、.一段时间的状语如for three years, since last month, how long, during the past two months等.如：I know her very well because we have been friends for over ten years. 我很了解她, 由于 我们已是十年的老友.I have learned English since I came here.自从我来至U这儿就学英语了.2持续性动词不能与表示短暂的时间状语点时间连用.如:It rained at six yesterdaymorning.这句话语法上是有错的.

30、由于 at six表示点时间",而rain是持续性动词.如果11要用持续性动词表示一时短暂的动作,可以在其前加上 come to, begin to, start to, get to 等.It started to rain at six yesterday morning.昨天上午 6 点开始下雨.When did you get to know him? 你什么时候熟悉他的.2 .瞬间性动词瞬间性动词表示短暂的不能持续的动作.常见的有：admit, arrive, become, begin, borrow, buy, break, close, come, die, enter, fall,