现在完成时The-present-perfect-tense的用法小结

1、现在完成时（The present perfect tense ）的用法小结一、构成：助动词 have / has+ p.p （动词的过去分词）二、用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某 一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与 just （刚刚），already （已经），never （从来没 有），ever （曾经），before （以前），yet （仍然），once （一次），twice （两次），many times （很多次）,how many times （多少次）,so far （迄今为止）,during the past （last） three

2、years （最近三年来）等连用。X 副词的位置：just常用于肯定句中，放在 have / has后，He has just come .never 表示否定,放在 have / has 后,He has never visited the Great Wall.ever用于疑问句中，句型为：Have / Has+主语+ ever +过去分词？”曾经过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。Have you ever been to the farm ? before 用于句末, The woman has never heard of that before.yet 用于句末或 not 之后.Has

3、 the train arrived yet? No, not yet. already 用于肯定句 ,have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it.so far 用于句首或句末 .So far, we have visited the moon.用法二：表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有： , for + 表示一段时间的词语I have taught English for 19 years。 since + 表示过去时间点的词语He has been at this school since 1986. since +表示过

4、去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born.、 since+ 段时间+ ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语（ for, since, how long, all one ' slif旌用 的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be, have, know ,live , work , study, learn, teach, keep, speak, talk, draw, wait, wear, walk, sleep, drive ,

5、 write , do, clean 等。I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years . How 10ng has he lived here?四、延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的（到说话时仍未结束）表示一段时 间的状语连用。如 this morning , today, this week , these daysHe has been to Beijing three times this year. He has written two letters this morning.（说话时间 在上午）He wrote two letter

6、s this morning.（说话时间在下午或晚上） 五、英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续，只是一瞬间就结束的动作，这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：come, go, arrive , reach, see, hear, close, open, leave, begin, start, lose, buy, fall , join , die, get up, become, borrow , lend , find , finish , receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在， 但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long , f

7、or, since）连用。He has come back. （V） He hascome back for two hours . （ x）X 但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如I haven ' t heard from my father for a long time. We haven' t seen him since 1999.六、当终止性动词（非延续性动词） 与表示一段时间的状语（how long , since, for, all one ' slife )相矛盾时，改正错句的方法有如下几种：(1)用副词ago把现在完成时的句

8、子改为一般过去时.He has come back for two weeks.(错) 改为 :He came back two weeks ago.(正) I have lost my bike for ten days. (错) 改为 :I lost my bike ten days ano.(正)(2)用“It is / has been +时间+ since + 一般过去时态”句型来改写。He has joined the League for 3 years. (错)It is 3 years since he joined the League. I have bought the

9、 book for 5 days. (错)It is 5 days since I bought the book. (正) He has died for 20 years. (错)It is 20 years since he died. (正)(3)用“时间+ has passed+since +一般过去时态”句型来改写。He has left home for 20 years. 改为:Twenty years has passed since he left home.He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改为:Two days has passed sin

10、ce he lost his pen.(4)用系表结构来改写.He has died for 20 years. 改为：He has been dead for 20 years.The factory has opened since 1999. 改为:The factory has been open since 1999.How long has he left? 改为:How long has he been away?(5)用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。H e has bought the book for two weeks. 改为:He has had the book f

11、or two weeks. 常见的相应转换形式如下：borrow / lend f keep, buyf have, finish / end f be over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to fbe in /at / be here /be there, begin / start - be on , openf be open , closef be closed, die -be dead , leavefbe away (from ) ,go to school f be in school / be a student, get

12、up - be up, fall asleepfbe asleep , fall ill fbe ill, get to know -know, losefbe lost, becomefbe, return / come back / get back f be back, join fbe in / be a member, join the army f be in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letter fhave a letter , catch / get a cold f have a cold, begin to study

13、 - study, 他参军已有三年 .He has joined the army for three years.(错) 改为 ：He has been in the army for three years / since three years ago.He has been a soldier for three years / since three years ago.He joined the army three years ago. It is three years since he joined the army. Three years has passed since

14、 he joined the army.(1) He came to our village two years ago.=He our village since two years ago.(2) He left home three days ago=He home for 3 days.(3) I bought the watch 2 weeks ago=I the watch since 2 weeks ago.(4) It is 5 days since I borrowed the book=I the book for 5 days.(5) The film has begun

15、= The film for half an hour.(6) I got to know him 10 years ago=I him for 10 years.(7) There is a factory=There a factory for 20 years.(8) Our school opened in 1960=Our school since 1960.七、如何通过与一般过去时做比较，进一步掌握现在完成时？一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去，但意义却不同.（1）般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系。现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响，强调的是现在

16、。如:I learned ten English songs （说明过去学过，现在是否记得，不是本句的内容）I have learnt ten English songs. （learn发生在过去，但强调我现在懂英语歌曲）I cleaned the blackboard half an hour ago.（只说明"擦”和其发生的时间）I have cleaned the blackboard.（说明现在黑板是干净的）The teacher has written some new words on the blackboard （黑板上现在有单词）The teacher wrote

17、some new words on the blackboard （黑板上现在没有单词）（2） 一般过去时可以和表示过去的时间状语连用，如:yesterday, last year, three days ago, justnow,等。现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，其时间状语可以是 since,for，just, ever, never, before, already, yet , so far, all one 等's life八、规则动词的过去分词和它的过去式相同，即在原形后加一ed （-d）o已学近80个不规则动词的过去分词约有半数也和它的过去式相同，分类如下，利于记

18、忆：1）原形中的元音字母有变化：get-got-got, sit -sat-sat win-won-won spit- spat- spat shine -shone- shonefind- found- found hold-held-held meet- met-met stand- stood-stood understand-understood-understood feed- fed-fed hang-hung-hung 2）原形中的辅音字母有变化：make-made-made spill-spilt-spilt have/ has-had-had build-built-buil

19、tsend-sent-sent lend- lent- lent spend-spent-spent3） 在原形后加t或d:spoil-spoilt-spoilt learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant hear-heard-heard pay-paid-paid say-said-said lose-lost-lost lay-laid-laid4）原形中的元音字母和辅音字母都有变化：feel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smelt spell-spelt -spelt keep-kept-keptsleep-slept-slept swee

20、p-swept-swept leave-left-left sell-sold-sold tell-told-told catch-caught-caught teach-taught-taught buy-bought-bought bring-brought-brought think-thought-thought wear-wore-worn5） 与原形相同：hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt let-let-let put-put-put read-read-read set-set-set shut-shut shut cost-cost-cost cut-cut

21、-cut还有些不规则动词的过去分词与过去式不相同，为便于记忆，也分类如下：1）原形中的元音字母有变化：ring-rang-rung sing-sang-sung drink-drank-drunk swim-swam-swum begin-began-begun sink-sank-sunk2）在原形上加一en：3 / 5eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen ride-rode-ridden write-wrote- written be-was/were-been rise-rose-risen forget-forgot-forgotten3)在原形上加n:see-

22、saw-seen give-gave-given drive-drove-driven take-took-takenmistake-mistook-mistaken draw-drew-drawn blow-blew-blowngrow-grew-grown know-knew-known show-showed-shown throw-threw-thrown4)在过去式上加一n:steal-stole-stolen break-broken -brokenchoose-chose-chosen speak-spoke-spokenwake-woke-woken6) 与原行相同：come-

23、came-come run-ran-run become-became-become7) 原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同的：do-did-done go-went-gone fly-flew-flown lie-lay-lain个别动词有两个过去式和过去分词，一个为规则变化，另一个为不规则变化：learn-tearned-learnedrshined-shinedsmell r smelled-smelled-learnt-learntshine shone-shoneL smelt-smeltwake - -waked-wakedspelled-spelledl woke-wokenspel

24、l L -spelt -speltExercise: Fill in the blanks with the right verb tense:1. It (rain) for a week.2. I don ' t know this womaqj ( meet, never) her.3. 一Let ' s go to the cinema.No, I (see, already) the film.4. We (finish, not) our homework yet. Will you wait a minute?5. John (come, not) yet. He

25、 will be back in a minute.6. Mr. Green often goes to America. In fact, he (be) there ten times.7. 一Where' s John?- Hejust (go) to the teachers ' office.8. She (study) English since she was ten. She (begin) to study English when she was ten.9. Jim isn ' t here. He (go) to the library. He (go) there an hour ago.10. He (travel, never) on a train in her life.11. I ( buy) the bike two weeks ago. I (have) this bike since the beginning of this month. I (have ) it for two weeks.12. Great changes (take place) in those villages in the last ten years, Great c