托福入门阅读_Lesson_3

1、Lesson ThreePart One: Skills经验公式汇总（20个）1 .可能性语气凡选项出现相对词汇（some/maybe 一般为正确解凡选项出现绝对词汇（every/all ） 一般为错误解2 .中心围绕凡选项出现与文章中心一致选项则优先（强调结构制定）3 . Except 型凡选项为细节（较长）一般解为下半区凡选项为归纳判断（较短）位置不定学习参考4 .凡提到某个半有人物型一般解为显示作者主旨/中心5 .结构题般选三种解 1)general-specific 2)chronological order 3)specific-general6 .下文主题(确定)一般注意解中应有：

2、more, other, further, remaining, another这种词汇7 .态度题当问及作者或文中人物对某一事物观点：1)对事、物、人的态度，倾向于褒义词学习参考2）对观点态度，可倾向于贬义词8 .中心题主题（按场景，上课笔记）9 .读者身份题（或其它身份题）读者角度： General readers / audiences作者角度： Writer / expert10 .文章来源：一般为 textbook （for general use ）Part Two: Exercise4. Insert Text Question插入句子题学习参考1）插入句子题实质句间关联 显性关

3、联- 关联词一选项中有关联词隐性关联一语义一语义线2）通用解题法语义线接替句子拆分，拆分依据：简单句以谓语 v.拆分；非简单句以关联词拆分概念获取：通常获取名词概念匹配 带入检查：语义、语法、逻辑正确3）常考逻辑关系指代关系a）指代关系中重要的线索词是代词后的“ n”b）指代关系钱语义线通常是唯一确定的c）若考察指代关系且A选项位于段首，A直接排除主语一致法则学习参考举例关系总分关系：" TS' 一定是一个该属性表达，一定和后面句子拥有共同的方面时间顺序X Y Z昨天 今天 明天语义重点逻辑：如果出现代词，在上下句，插入句子后，代词的只带是否改变（对应题目）关联词语义的重点是

4、名词段落类型 TS A1 e.g. A1,A2为分论点 TS(topic sentence) 为主旨句L.A2 e.g. e.g.为例子 TS e.g. TS1 e.g.学习参考（However 转折）TS2 e.g.先判断所给句是细节句还是非细节句，然后再通过段落类型来分析插入的位置1 . Paragraph 6: Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving ma

5、sses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rockdebris. I In dry areas the wind is the principal agent of erosion. | It carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exposed r ock surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet more sand.I Even living things contribute to the f

6、ormation oflandscapes. I Tree roots force their way into cracks in rocks and, in so doing, speed their splitting. In contrast, the roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose soil fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by the wind.Look at the four squares I that in

7、dicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.学习参考Under different climatic conditions, another type of destructive force contributes to erosion.Where would the sentence best fit?2342 .The differences in feeding preferences lead, in turn, to differences in migratory habits. BThe w

8、ildebeests follow, in their migration, the pattern of local rainfall. BThe other species do likewise. But when a new area is fueled by rain, the mammalsmigrate toward it in a set order to exploit it. BThe larger, less fastidious feeders, the zebras, move in first; the choosier, smaller wildebeests c

9、ome later; and the smallest species of all, Thomson' s gazelle,arrives last. The later species all depend on the preparationsof the earlier one, for the actions of the zebra alterthe vegetation to suit the stomachs of the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle.学习参考Look at the four squares -that indicate

10、where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The sequence in which they migrate correlates with their body size.Where would the sentence best fit?3 .As her technological expertise grew more sophisticated, so did the other aspects of her dances. Although she gave little thought to music

11、 in her earliest dances, she later used scores by Gluck, Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, and Wagner, eventually graduating to Stravinsky, Faure, Debussy, and Mussorgsky, composers who were then considered progressive. She began to address more ambitious themes in her dances such as The Sea, in which he

12、r dancers invisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk, played upon by colored lights. Always open t o scientific and technological innovations;学习参考she befriended the scientists Marie and Pierre Curie upon their discovery of radium and created a RadiumDance, which simulated the phosphorescence of that

13、element. IShe both appeared in films then in an early stage of development and made them herself; the hero of her fairy-tale filmLe Lys de la Vie (1919) was played by Ren e Clair, later a leadingFrench film director.Look at the four squares -that indicate where the following sentence could be added

14、to the passage.For all her originality in dance, her interests expanded beyond it into newly emerging artistic media.n blue ice is illuminatedWhere would the sentence best fit?4. HOne explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion whe by a near-horizon red Sun, but gree

15、n icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs under a great variety of light学习参考conditions. Another suggestion is that the color might be related to ice with high levels of metallic compounds,including copper and iron. Recent expeditions have taken ice samples from green icebergs and ice coresv

16、ertical,cylindrical ice samples reaching down to great depthsfrom the glacial ice shelves along the Antarctic continent.Analyses of these cores and samples provide a different solution to the problem.Look at the four squares -that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.S

17、cientists have differed as to whether icebergs appear green as a result of light conditions or because of something in the ice itself.Where would the sentence best fit?5. Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyper accumulators, can concentrate minerals at学习参考levels a hundr

18、edfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyper accumulators identified that 75 percent ofthem amassed nickel, cobalt, copper; zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world.BTheymay be herbs, shrubs, or trees. -Many

19、members of themustard family,spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyper accumulators. Many are found in tropicaland subtropicalareas of the metals may afford some protectionagainst plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.Look at the four squares that indicate where the followi

20、ng sentence could be added to the passage.Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.Where could the sentence best fit?6. Paragraph5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyper accumulators, can concentrate学习参考minerals at levels a hu

21、ndredfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyper accumulators identified that 75percent of them amassednickel, cobalt, copper; zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmiumare other minerals of choice. Hyper accumulators run the entire range of the plant world.BThey may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. -Ma

22、ny members of themustard family, spurge family, legume family,and grass family are top hyper accumulators. Many are found in tropicaland subtropicalareas of the metals may afford some protectionagainst plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the

23、following sentence could be added to the passage.Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others. Where could the sentence best fit?J2347.One interpretation regarding the absence of fossils during this important 100-million-year period is that early学习参考animals were

24、 soft bodied and simply did not fossilize. Fossilization of soft -bodied animals is less likely thanfossilization of hard- bodied animals, but it does occur. Conditions that promot e fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment that discour

25、ages decomposition. In fact, fossil beds containing soft- bodied animals have been known for many years. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.It is relatively rare because the fossilization of soft-bodied animals requires a special environ

26、ment.Where could the sentence best fit?2348. | Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. | It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining.| The学习参考 ready availabilit

27、y of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half.Look at the four squares I that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passageThe factories did not have to go to the streams w

28、hen power could come to the factories.Where would the sentence best fit?9. Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging：Certain fossilsalways appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata becomemore rece

29、nt. By followingthe fossils . Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relativetemporal sequence.I About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris.I Soon it was学习参考 realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtuallyeverywhere. | It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-