在职学历学位教育英语试题及答案(B)

1、在职学历学位教育试题考号 英语 试卷 (B)部门注意事项：所有的答案都必须写在答题纸（答题卡）上，答在试卷上一律无效。Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)姓 名Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise prec

2、ious to health.” But _1_some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does _2_short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, _3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to _4_, a good laugh is

3、 unlikely to have _5_ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does._6_, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the _7_, studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter_8_ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the

4、laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9_the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of _10_ feedback, that improve an individuals emotional state. _11_one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted _12_

5、 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry _13_they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also _14_ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow _15_ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psy

6、chologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to _16_ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile or with their lips, which would produce a(n) _17_ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did tho

7、se whose months were contracted in a frown, _19_ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around _20_ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.Aamong Bexcept Cdespite Dlike2.Areflect Bdemand Cindicate Dproduce3.Astabilizing Bboosting Cimpairing Ddetermining4.

8、Atransmit BsustainCevaluate Dobserve5.Ameasurable Bmanageable Caffordable Drenewable6.AIn turn BIn fact CIn addition DIn brief7.Aopposite Bimpossible Caverage Dexpected8.Ahardens Bweakens Ctightens Drelaxes9.Aaggravate Bgenerate Cmoderate Denhance10.Aphysical Bmental Csubconscious Dinternal11.AExcep

9、t for BAccording to CDue to DAs for12.Awith Bon Cin Dat13.Aunless Buntil Cif Dbecause14.Aexhausts Bfollows Cprecedes Dsuppresses15.Ainto Bfrom CtowardsDbeyond16.AfetchBbite Cpick Dhold17.AdisappointedBexcited Cjoyful Dindifferent18.Aadapted Bcatered Cturned Dreacted19.Asuggesting Brequiring Cmention

10、ing Dsupposing20.AEventuallyBConsequentlyCSimilarlyDConverselySection II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (30 points) Text 1 Come on Everybodys doing it. That wh

11、ispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she

12、 calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antism

13、oking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of

14、 many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please dont smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desi

15、re nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant

16、 detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveL

17、ife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a sub

18、tle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row

19、 by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends. 21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as A a suppl

20、ement to the social cure B a stimulus to group dynamics C an obstacle to school progress D a cause of undesirable behaviors 22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should A recruit professional advertisers B learn from advertisers experience C stay away from commercial advertisers D recognize the

21、limitations of advertisements 23. In the authors view, Rosenbergs book fails to A adequately probe social and biological factors B effectively evade the flaws of the social cure C illustrate the functions of state funding Dproduce a long-lasting social effect 24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation

22、of behaviors A is harmful to our networks of friends B will mislead behavioral studies C occurs without our realizing it D can produce negative health habits 25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is A harmful B desirable C profound D questionableText 2When Li

23、am McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decisio

24、n,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a c

25、lear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isnt alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who d

26、ont get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quar

27、ter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years execut

28、ives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a

29、job havent always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally

30、took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was its safer to stay where you are, but thats been fu

31、ndamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people whove been hurt the worst are those whove stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as beingAarrogant.Bfrank.Cself-centered.Dimpulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may

32、be spurred byAtheir expectation of better financial status.Btheir need to reflect on their private life.Ctheir strained relations with the boards.Dtheir pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably meansAapproved of.Battended to.Chunted for.Dguarded against.

33、29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatAtop performers used to cling to their posts.Bloyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.Ctop performers care more about reputations.Dits safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?ACEOs: Wh

34、ere to Go?BCEOs: All the Way Up?CTop Managers Jump without a NetDThe Only Way Out for Top PerformersPart BDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (30 points) Since the days of

35、 Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newtons laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work. (31)In physics, one appr

36、oach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everythinga single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of s

37、orts remains a major goal. This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (32)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained b

38、eginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the worlds languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (33)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might e

39、nable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues c

40、onsider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language. The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate languageacquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. (34)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (pa