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1、英语三大从句在英语中,主要有三大从句,即名词性从句(包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句) 、形容词性从句(即定语从句) 、副词性从句(即状语从句 ,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等) 。定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有: who, that, which 。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示:(一)关系代词 who, whom 和 whose 的用法who 代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。An architect is a person who designs

2、buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。whom 代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略。Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗?whose 一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。Do you know the name

3、 of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字, 你知道吗? (关系代词whose 指代先行词hotel , 正式用法应该用 of which 。 whose window=thewindow of which ,意思是: the window of the hotel 。 )(二)关系代词 which 的用法which 代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。 ( which 可以

4、换成 that )(三)关系代词that 的用法that 既可指人又可指物,在当代英语中大多指物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。 : Is she the girl that sells newspapers?她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗?( that 可以换成 who )Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了?( that 可以换成 which )Is this the book that you want to buy?这是你要买的那本书吗? ( that 可以换成 which ,在定语从句作宾语,还可以省

5、略)二、关系副词引导的定语从句常用的关系副词只有三个: when, where, why ,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。(一)关系副词 when 的用法关系副词 when 代替的先行词表示的是时间, when 在定语从句作时间状语。In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。 ( when 先行词是 months )(二)关系副词 where 的用法关系副词 where 代替的先行词表示的是地点, where 在定语从句作地点状语。During the Sprin

6、g Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.春节期间,我回到了生我养我的家乡。 ( where 的先行词是town )(三)关系副词why 的用法关系副词 why 代替的先行词表示的是原因, why 在定语从句作原因状语。The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。 ( why 先行词是 reason, 当代英语里why可以用 that 替代,这时关系代词 that

7、 就变成了表示原因的关系副词,还可以将why 省略)三、特殊关系代词 as 引导的定语从句() 在固定搭配 asas, soas, suchas, the sameas中,as弓I导定语从句You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少书就拿多少。 (第一个 as 是副词,修饰many 的;第二个as 才是关系代词,代替先行词books,在定语从句中作宾语)(二)独立于主句之外, as 引导定语从句As we know/ As is known to us, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知,地球围绕太阳旋

8、转。(As we know和As is known to us均为定语从句,as分别作宾语和主语,替代后面的主句。 )Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.你知道,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(关系代词as指代整个主句,在定语从句中作宾语。 )四、关系代词who, which 与 that 的区别(一)关系代词 who 与 that 的区别1. 当关系代词用作主语时,多用主格 who 。 He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切。 (先行词为代词he, they, any, all, on

9、e 等时,多用 who )I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语。 (在非限制性定语从句中,用 who )2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格 whom ,不用 that 。The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。 (介词与关系代词紧密相连时, 只能用宾格 whom ,不可用主格 who )注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句

10、子后面时,这时可以用主格 who ,也可用that,还可以省略关系代词。因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法:(1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(4) The man our headmas

11、ter talked to just now is our English teacher.3. 当关系代词泛指人时,多用 that 。He is a man that is never afraid of failure.他是个从不怕失败的人。 ( that 用来泛指人)4. 当关系代词出现在 who 开头的疑问句时,应用 that 。例如:Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁?(避免重复使用 who ,以免造成误解或语义含混不清)(二)关系代词 which 与 that 的区别1. 当先行词为al

12、l, much, little 以及不定代词 anything, something, everything 等时,关系代词多用 that 。All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物,未必尽黄金。She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词 the only, the very, all, every, any, no 等时,关系代词一般都用 that 。This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我

13、读过的最好的一部小说。He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。3. 当关系代词出现在 which 开头的疑问句时,应用 that 。Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆?(这里使用 that 很明显是为了避免重复which )4. 在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词一般只用 which 。Beijing, which is the capital of the People s Repu

14、blic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中华人民共和国的首都,将主办2008 年奥运会。5. 介词后的关系代词用 which ,而不用 that 。She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了 600 张邮票, 其中60是德国邮票。五、定语从句的位置如前所述, 定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。 有时候, 定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语,这样它们被分隔了,这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。There was a gir

15、l upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.楼上有一个女孩,大喊大叫。很明显,她疯了。 (定语从句 who was shouting and crying 修饰 the girl ,被upstairs 所隔开)A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。 (定语从句置于句末以示强调)名词性从句宾语从句一、引导词( 1) 由 that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句, 在很多动词如 say, think, wish , hope, se

16、e, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel 等动词后。连词that 只起连接作用,在从句中不做句子的成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中常被省略。如: I told him that he was wrong.在 think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词引起的宾语从句中, 有时谓语尽管是否定意义, 却不用否定形式,而将think 等动词变为否定形式。 (见语法:否定转移)如: I don t think you are right. ( 我认为你做的不对)在许多带有复合宾语的句子中, that 引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面,而用 it

17、 做形式宾语。We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone ( 我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的 )(2)由连词if、 whether引导的表示“是否”的宾语从句。Whether, if 在从句中不做句子的成分,一般情况下, whether 和 if 可以替换。I don t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.在介词后面的宾语从句中不用 if 引导Everything depends on whether we have enough money.宾语从句中有or not 时不用 if 引导 .I do

18、n t know whether the movie star will come or not.和不定式连用作宾语时不用 if 引导Whether to go there or not hasn t been decided.( 3) 由 wh- 引导的宾语从句。连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which 和连接副词 when, where, why, how等连接的宾语从句,它们在句中即有连接从句的作用,又在句中充当句子的成分。Do you know which film they are talking about? (which 做定语 )I don t kn

19、ow where he lives. (where 做地点状语 )二、宾语从句的语序,宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序,既连接词+主语 +谓语 +其他成分I believe that they will come soon.特例:有下列常见的问句,作为从句出现,是“不改变语句顺序”的。1. What's the matter?2. What's wrong?3. What's up ?4. What's the problem?5. What's your trouble?三、宾语从句的时态。宾语从句的时态受主句的限制,即:主句是一般现在时态,从句根据实际情

20、况而定;主句是一般过去时态, 从句用相应的过去的时态。 如果从句的动作发生在主句之前, 则从句要用过去完成时态。1) She says that she is a student.f She said that she was a student.2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. f She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3)She says that she has finished her homework already. f She said that she had

21、 finished her homework already.( 1)如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时,这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.2) ) Could you tell me是用来征询对方的意见,语气委婉,并不表示过去。Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum?注意事项:( 3)由陈述句变成宾语从句时,要注意人称的变化。She said: "I have been to England before

22、. " f She said that she had been to England before.She asked me: " Do you like maths?” f She asked me if I liked maths.( 4)宾语从句与简单句的交换。由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句, 如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时, 可以用 “疑 问词 +不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。I don' t know what I should do next. f I don ' t know what to do next.DO SOME EX

23、ERCISES:1. Can you see A?A. what he s reading B. what is he readingC. what does he read D. he reads what2. Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合并成一个句子)Do you know _that_Jack _come_from Japan?3. _What did your son say in the letter?_He told me that he_D_ the Disney the next day.A. will visit B. h

24、as visitedC. is going to visit D. would visit4. He didn t know_AA. what s the matter B. what the matter isC. what was the matter D. what the matter was5. Somebody called you just now, but I didn t know_D_A. who were they B. who they wereC. who was it D. who it was6. I want to know_D_A. what is his n

25、ame B. what s his nameC. that his name is D. what his name is7. -Could you tell me _C_she is looking for?-Her cousin, Susan.A. that B. whose C .who D. which8. -What are you searching the Internet for?-I m trying to find out.A. What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLUB. How many persons have d

26、ied in IraqC. How to protect our environmentD. Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea同位语从句(一)一般来说,在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在某些名词之后,用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有: advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word (消息) , prob

27、lem , question, doubt, thought 等。eg: They were delighted at the news that their team had won.当听到他们队获胜的消息时,他们欣喜若狂。有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。 如:The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.他突然想起汤姆可能已经还了书了。(二)引导词1. The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.2. He

28、hasn t made the decision whether he will go there.3. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5. We haven t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.6. I have no idea h

29、ow I can get to the railway station.7. I have no idea when he will be back 小结:that引导同位语从句时无词义,也不充当任何成分,但通常不可以省略,如句1; whether 引导同位语从句时意为“是否” ,通常不能用 if 来代替 , 如句 2; 连接代词 who, what 等可以引导同位语从句,如句3, 4 ; 连接副词 where, how, when 等可以引导同位语从句, 如句 5, 6, 7 。(三) that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句 意义不同: 同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容; 而定语从句用来

30、修饰、 限定前面的先行词。试比较:1. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.2. The news that you told us is really encouraging. that 的功能不同: that 引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词,不充当任何成分;而引导定语从句时,不仅起连接作用,而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。试比较:1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English te

31、st.2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children. 可否省略: that 在引导同位语从句时,通常不可省略。在引导定语从句时,若在从句中作宾语,通常可以省略,若作主语则不可以省略。DO SOME EXERCISES:I. 请用适当的词填空,使下列句子意思完整。1. They expressed the hope _that_ they would come over to China soon.2. The fact _thathe didn t see Tom this morning is true.3. Word has com

32、e _wheresome American guests will come to our college for a visit next week.4. He can t answer the question _howhe got the money from his home yesterday.5. Do you have any idea _what_ is actually going on in the classroom?6. The problem we should have the meeting in the hall now must be decided at o

33、nce.II. 下列各句中均有一处错误,请改正。1. Our team has won the game, that made us very happy.2. I ve come with a message from Mr Wang how he won t be able to see you this afternoon.3. He must answer the question if he agrees with what she said or not.4. I ve read the book where you gave me the day before yesterday

34、. 5. One of the men held the opinion when what the book said was right.表语从句表语从句只能置于主句之后,而主句的动词只能是连系动词。名词性从句在be 等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句The problem is how we can get the things we need. 问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。 (how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。 (what 在表语从句中充当宾语 )What I told him was t

35、hat I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。 (what 在主语从句中作直接宾语, that 作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分, 不能省略 ) That is whatI want to tell you. 那就是我想要对你讲的。 (what 在表语从句中充当直接宾语)That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。 (why 在表语从句中充当原因状语)“That is why.”是常用句型,意为“这就是的原因/因此: 其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语, 该

36、句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结下面是两个与“ That is why.”形式相似的结构,它们与“ That is why.”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚:(1)“That is why"与"That is the reason why”同义,只不过从语法结构上讲,“That is the reason why”中 why 引导的是个定语从句, 将其中的 the reason 去掉则与“ That is why.”结构一样That is (thereason) why I cannot agree.(2)“That is because.” 句型中从属连词bec

37、ause 引导的名词性从句在此作表语, 这也是个常用句型, 意为“这就是为什么 /因为 "。"That is because"与"That is why”之间的不同在于"That is because.”指原因或理由,“That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. 昨天晚上 他没有去看电影, 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句

38、话说明结果,第二句话说明原因 )He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. 他以前曾看过那部电影, 因此他昨天晚 上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因,第二句话说明结果)考题 1The traditional view is we sleep because our brain is “ programmed ” to make us do so. (2007 上海 )A. when B. why C. whether D. that考题2You are saying that everyone sho

39、uld be equal, and this is I disagree. (2004)A. why B. where C. what D. how考题3 I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. Is that you had a few days off? (1999)A. why B. when C. what D. where考题4made the school proud was more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003 上海春

40、 )A. What; because B. What; thatC. That; whatD. That; because考题5 Are you still thinking about yesterday s game? Oh, that s . (2003 北京春 )A. what makes me feel excitedB. whatever I feel excited aboutC. how I feel about itD. when I feel excited表语从句与宾语从句的关系宾语从句和表语从句都属于名词性从句。 其作用跟名词在句中的作用相同。 故充当宾语的句子叫宾语从

41、句,充当表语的句子叫表语从句。宾语从句(1)对于宾语从句要掌握以下三点语序 : 从句的语序必须是陈述句语序, 即“主语 + 谓语”这种形式。时态 : 当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候 , 从句可以是任何时态, 而当主句是一般过去时的时候 , 从句时态必须是过去时范围的时态, 即 (一般过去时, 过去进行时, 过去完成时, 过去将来时)。连接词 : 当从句意思完整, 主句意思肯定时, 连接词用 that, 且可以省去当从句意思完整, 主句意思不确定或含否定含意时, 常用 if 或 whether( 是否 )当从句意思不完整时, 连接词则是代替不完整部分的特殊疑问词。表语从句在句子中起表语作用

42、的从句叫做表语从句, 位于主句系动词的后面。 表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。也是名词性从句的一种。What the police want to know is when you entered the room. 警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间。The trouble is that we are short of funds 困难是我们缺乏资金。This is what we should do 这是我们应当做的。That is why I want you to work there 那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。His first question was whether

43、Mr. Smith had arrived yet 他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。 从句中 的疑问句用正常语序,即陈述语序。as if, as though, because 也可用来引导表语从句。She seems as if she had done a great thing 她看起来好像做了一件大事。It is because you eat too much 那是因为你吃得太多了。状语从句(一)状语从句的种类1.时间状语从句2.地点状语从句;3.原因状语从句;4.条件状语从句;5.目的状语从句;6.让步状语从句;7 比较状语从句; 8.程度状语从句;9.方式状语从句;10.结果

44、状语从句。(二)状语从句的时态一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时” ,用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时” 。( 1)时间状语从句1 .由 when, while, as 引导的时间状语从句。when, while 和 as 的区别: when 引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且 when 有时表示“就在那时” 。While 引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应) 。并 且 while 有时还可以表示对比。While my wife was reading the newspaper,

45、 I was watching TV.As表示“一边一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。As we was going out, it began to snow. 当我们出门时,开始下雪了。 (as 强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发 生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)2 .由 before 和 after 引导的时间状语从句。before 引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语, 并且当 before 引导的从句位于主句之后, 有时译成 “就, 才” 。时态:当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before 引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After 表示主句动作

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