第二讲定语从句与倒装句

1、第二讲定语从句与倒装句一、 复习：虚拟语气1） I wish_ （我年轻的时候有你们这样的机会）.2） If only _ _ （他知道这病是可以治好的）! Then he would nothave killed himself.3） -Would you like him to paint your door with yellow stars?-I rather he_（漆成蓝色的，而且不带任何装饰）.4） Its high time that_ _ _ （采取措施解决交通堵塞的问题）.5） Hugh usually talks_ （仿佛在大会上发表演说似的）.6） We in sist

2、 that_ （让杰克立刻进医院）.7） We are going to discuss his suggestion that_（取消期中考试 ）.8） It is esse ntial that_（每个人都为紧急情况做好准备）.9） _ （如果他按照我告诉他的办法订票）,we would havehad quite a comfortable journ ey.10）I was to have made a speech_（要不是有人把我的话打断了 ）.11）_ _ （如果我一直住在纽约 ）,I would know the U.S. well now.12）If the doctor h

3、ad not come in time,_ _ （他现在就不在人间了 ）.13）But for his help,_ （我们就不会以这么低的价格租到房子了）.14）Were I in your place,_ _ （我会毫不犹豫地抓住机会 ）.15）Had it not been for their opposition,_ （这项法案早就通过了 ）.二、 语法讲解定语从句（Attributive clauses）在句中修饰名词或代词的从句，因其修饰作用相当于形容词，故称形容词性从句，即通常所说的定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。构成：先行词+关系词+从句1 关系代词：1）who, who

4、m, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。关系代词充当宾语可以省略。例如：Is he the man who/that wants to see you? （who/that 在从句中作主语 ）He is the man （whom/ that） I saw yesterday. （whom/that 在从句中作宾语）2） whose 用来指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，。例如：Please pass me the book whose cover is red.（指物）The lawyer whose n ame is Wang Jin lives in Nanj

5、ing. （指人）3）which, that 所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等。例如：Great cha nges which / that have n ever bee n see n before appears in the coun tryside.（which / that 在句中作主语）The package （which / that） you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that 在句中作宾语）2.关系副词引导的定语从句whe n = on （in, at, du

6、ri ngwhere = in (at, on )+ which;why = for which. 如：I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it.注：先行词是 the way 时，其后的定语从句关系词有三种，例如：I like the way in which / (that) the teacher g

7、ives his lessons.从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。 也就是说要看先 行词在定语从句中担任什么成分试比较：I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hongkong.(spe nt 是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.(从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)The reason (that/which)

8、he gave for not coming to school yesterday is unbelievable.(gave 是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略)The reason why he didn t come to school yesterday is unbelievable.(从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词)3.关系代词 that 与 which ; that 与 who 的一些特殊用法：指物时，关系代词 that 和 which 一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用 that:1)先行词是 all, everything, som

9、ething, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much 等不定代词； 或是先行词被 all, every, some, any, no, few, little 等修饰时：Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town?注：当 something 确指某物或某事时，用that 或 which 都可以，如：There is someth ing that/which keeps worryi ng me. 有一件事一直令我不安。”2)先行词被形容词最高级或有序数词the first, the sec

10、o nd修 h 饰时 stThis is the best film (that) I have ever seen.3)先行词被 the only, the very 修饰时：The only thing that matters is to find our way home.4)先行词既有人又有物时：They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.5)当主句是由 who 或 which 引导的特殊问句时，为避免重复，定语从句中常用 that：Who is the man that

11、is standing by the door?Which is the dictionary (that) you bought yesterday?只能用 which 的两种情况1) 非限制性定语从句 ,先行词为物e.g. Yangtze river, which is the third longest river, lies in China.2) 整句话当先行词)+ which;It rained a lot, which made a flood happened只能用 as, 不能用 which, that, who 的两种情况1) 先行词被 such, the same 修饰时

12、e.g. I ve never heard of such aibtlerrearthquake as you told me.You are using the same pen as I lost yesterday. (像，两支 )You are using the same pen that I lost yesterday.(正是，同一支)2)非限制性定语从句提前，关系词用 as,正如所知道,所期望的一样”e.g. As we know，Taiwan belongs to China,当先行词是 anyone, those, these, he, she 等代词表 人时， 一般用 w

13、ho 而不用 that：Anyone who wants a ticket please signyour name here.Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30 p.m.He who doesn t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，通常用 that 而不用 who：He is no longer the man that he used to be.4. 一种特殊的非限制性定语从句在非限制性定语从句

14、中，有时根据句子意思，常把 some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either 等词、分数或百分比与 of whom 或 of which 连用。He has five children, two of whom are abroad.(比较： He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)We have tested three hundred types of boots, none of which is/are completely waterproof.

15、(比较： We have tested three hundred types of boots, but none of them is/are completely waterproof.)定语从句中易犯的错误1. 在定语从句中加了多余的定语e.g. Some of the boys I invited them didnt come. (them)2. 把定语从句谓语动词的单复数弄错e.g. Anyone who break the rules will be punished. (breaks)Those who has finished may go home. (have)He i

16、s the only one of the teachers who know English in our school. (knows)This is one of the rooms that is free now. (are)3. 误省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词e.g. ChildrenAeat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth. (who / that)4. 定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词a) . The house where he lives in needs repairing. ( where he lives 或 that h

17、e lives in)b) I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing. ( the day when 或 the day on which)5. 在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用关系代词或关系副词I still remember the day when we spent together. (that / which)This is the house where we lived in last year. (that /which)6. 在先行词 reason 后错用关系副词 whyI don t believe

18、 the reason why he has given for his being late. (that /which)7. 主句不完整 ,首先要补充完整This factory isAthat I worked in. (the one )8. what 引导的名词性从句做主语,宾语,表语That can be done has already been done. (what)9. 误将强调句型当定语从句I was in the kitchen where the fire broke out. (that)练习：1._All is needed is a supply of oil.

19、A. the thing B. that C. what D. which2.He paid the boys $10 for washing ten windows, most of_hadn t been cleaned for at least ayear.A. these B. those C. that D. which3.In the dark street, there wasn t a single personshe could turn for help.A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom4.Dorothy was always s

20、peaking highly of her role in the play,_, of course, made theothers un happy.A .who B. which C. this D. what5 . John is the only one of the students who_French .John is one of the students who_French .A . know B . knows C. knowing D . known6. This is the knife_I usually cut my pen cil . This is the

21、knife_ I usually use to cut my pencilA . with which B . which C . by which D . with that7._ Who lives in the housewindows face south ? Who lives in the house_ the windows face south ?A . whose B . which C . of which D . that8 . Is this factory_you visited last year ? Is this the factory_ you visited

22、 last year ?A . that B . of which C . the one D . where9. When I have trouble , he is the only one_ I can ask for help .When I have trouble , he is the only one_ I can go for help .A . whom B . to whom C . which D . to who10 . The reason_ he gave us was that his car broke down on the way .The reason

23、_ he was late was that his car broke down on the way .A . for which B . which C . how D . what翻译：The social Security Retireme nt Program is made up of two trust fun ds, _其中较大的一笔到明年将全部用完）。The road of life is long, but only a few steps are crucial especially during some years（当人年轻的时候）.（孩子们花费的时间） _ in

24、their on e-way relati on ship with televisi onpeople un doubtedly affect their relati on ships with real-life people.April Fool s Day is that special day of the year _ （在这一天你可以捉弄别人）.易混题一.定语从句与并列句（注意用标点符号和连接词and, but 等来区别。）1. Mr Li has three daughters, none of_ is an engin eer.2. Mr Li has three daug

25、hters, but none of_is a dan cer.3. Mr Li has three daughters;_ are doctors.二. 定语从句与地点状语从句（看是否有先行词，如果有，就是定语从句，如果没有，就是 状语从句）I.Rice does n_ t grow well there is not eno ugh water.2.1 still remember the farm_my pare nts worked ten years ago.三. 定语从句与强调句强调句型可以还原成正常语序的句子，也就是说，强调句型中去掉It bethat 后，句子仍然通顺，意义也依

26、然完整，只是没有那么强调突出。而定语从句去掉了It bethat 后句子就不完整了。1. It is on the morning of May 1st_ I met Joh n at the airport.It is the morning of May 1st_ I met Joh n at the airport.2. It is in the factory_ John works.It is the factory_Joh n works.四. 定语从句与结果状语从句在定语从句中，若先行词被 such 修饰时，关系词要用 as,组成 suchas 结构.这个结构与状 语从句 suc

27、hthat（如此以致）很相似，要注意区别。若从句中的及物动词后无宾语， 就是定语从句，用 suchas.否则就是状语从句，用suchthat.1.1 have the same computer_ you have. （ as）2. She is such a ki nd girl_ all of us like to make friends with her. （that）五. 定语从句与习惯句型.注意固定句型：It is the first/seco nd/third time that+ 从句（从句用现在完成时）1.It is the first time_ she has bee n

28、 in Shan ghai.2.It was the time_ Chin ese people had a hard life.六.定语从句与单句（注意标点符号。两个单句间用句号，而定语从句两个句子间用逗号。）1. The mother told the lazy boy to work,_didn t help2. The mother told the lazy boy to work._didn t help.1、倒装句（Inversion）英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序称为“倒装”一、倒装的类型类型例句说明完全倒装Out rushed

29、the stude nts to welcome the foreig n frien ds.学生们涌出去欢迎外国朋友。整个谓语移至主语之前。部分倒装Seldom does he go to school late.只把系动词，情态动词，助动 词或表语放在主语之前。二、倒装结构的基本用法1、由于语法结构的需要而使用的倒装情况例句说明疑问句中Have you got a dicti on ary? Where did he go last Monday? Are you liste ning to the radio? Which boy brokethis glass?用完全或部分倒装，但以疑

30、问词 或疑问词修饰的名词作主语的 疑问句要用正常语序。“ there be 结构中There are three wells in our village.There sta nds a big paper mak ing factory by the river.情况例句说明在以 here, there, now,the n, in, up, away, down等副词开 头的句中Here is a letter for you.这儿有你一圭寸信。 There goesthe bell. 铃响了。Now comes your turn to play.现在轮至 M 尔玩了。Look,ther

31、e he comes!看，他来了。Down she went 她下来了。使用完全倒装结构。但如果主语是代词则用正常语 序。在以 norneither 或 no more 开头的句子中I can t swim, nor (neither)can she .He hasn been to the countryside, neither does he wantto go there.He did not tur n up. No more did his wife.表示.也不这样，neither 和 nor意思相同，可以替换使用，nomore 表示动作的程度并不比前 面提到的稍强.意为也不。用在

32、 as （尽管）引导 的让步状语从句中Proud as the n obles are, he is afraid to see me . 尽管这些贵族很傲慢，他却害怕见我。Young as he is, he knows a lot .虽然他年轻，却知道很多东西。从属连句 as 用于特殊语序，含 义与though, although 相同，但“as”这种结构可表示非常强烈 的对照，必须用倒装（表语提前）2、为了加强语气而使用的倒装。（使句子更加流畅，更加生动）情况例句说明含有否定意义的副 词或连词放在句首时Never before have we see n such a sight.Not

33、 until New Year s Day shall I give you ;Not only was everyth ing that he had take n awayfrom him, but also his Germa n citize nship.Hardly had he seem me whe n he ran away.常用否 定词有：never, not, hardly,asgfrcely seldom, little, not until, notonly but also, no sooner than, hardly(scarcely)when 等。一般主句 用部

34、分倒装结构。副词 only 放在句首时Only the n did he realize his mistakes . Only in thisway can you leann maths well .Only Mother can understand me . Only three ofus failed in the exam.only 起强调作用，其句型为“only +状语+部分倒装”。如置于句首的 only 修饰主语，则不用 倒装结构。虚拟语气条件从句中Were they here, they would help us .Had I bee n in formed earlier

35、. I could have donesometh ing.Should you fail, take more pain and try aga in.把从句中 if 省略将 were, had 或 should 丿放在主语的前面。直接引语的全部或 一部分放在句首时“ He is a clever boy ” said the teacher.“ Go, Dick, go! ” cried Tom, “ Go home andget help ”“What do you think of the film? ” he asked.“ I m leaving for Hongkong next month Marytold me yesterday.主句主语和谓语次序颠倒，用完全倒 装。但如果主句主语为代词时或谓语部分 比主语长，一般不用倒装。表示祝愿的句子中May you succeed! 祝你成功。Long live the Communist