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1、2021/8/21政大企管系政大企管系 蔡維奇蔡維奇 彰化師大人管所彰化師大人管所2006 年年 12 月月 29 日日2021/8/22 The conceptual model and methodology for two of my published papers Reviewers comments to each paper and my reply to reviewer concerns - sample, research design, procedure, etc. Lessons learned Final thoughts 2021/8/23 Quality of

2、Methods and Analysis has been viewed by journal editors as one of the most important characteristics for publishable journal articles (17 of 60 items).See Desrositers et al. (2002). Writing research articles: Update on the article review checklist. In S. G. Rogelberg (Ed.), Handbook of research meth

3、ods inindustrial and organizational psychology (p. 460). Malden, MA: Blackwell. 2021/8/24 Tsai, W. C. (2001). Determinants and consequences of employee displayed positive emotions. Journal of Management, 27, 497-512. JOB JOB(1st revision) JAP JOM(1st revision) JOM(2nd revision) JOM(accepted) 2021/8/

4、25Psychologicalclimate forservice friendlinessEmployee displayed positiveemotions Purchase decision Willingness to return Willingness to recommend + +Control variables- Sex variables- clerk experienced emotionsControl variables:- Sex & age variables- clerk professional ability2021/8/262021/8/27M

5、easures2021/8/28Measures (continued)2021/8/29Sample - sample representativeness If customers who had a negative experience with a clerk declined participation more frequently, could you have oversampled positive customer reactions? Wouldnt customers and sales clerks in a worse mood be less likely to

6、 participate? I think this might only restrict the range of data in your sample2021/8/210Research Design - control variable You should also point out that there is a very great deal of variance in customer reactionsnot explained by your model. JOB Editor2021/8/211Research Design (JAP version) there

7、is still a great deal of variance in customer reactions which is not explained by the model in this study. Other potential predictors might be store atmosphere (e.g., music in the store, inside decoration), facilities (e.g., space for rest, space for leisure), and the sales clerks behaviors other th

8、an displayed emotions (Yoo, Park, & MacInnis, 1998). 2021/8/212Research Design several key variables that provide alternative explanations for your results are omittedFor instance, clerks emotional displays might covary with price or customer characteristicsand no attempt to eliminate these alte

9、rnatives. comments from JAP Editor2021/8/213Research Design - direction of causation Given the absence of an experimental or quasi-experimental design, no causal inferences can be drawn. Customer reactions may have caused displayed emotion or vice ments from JAP Editor OK with JOM reviewers.2021/8/2

10、14Research Design (JOM version) because the data are cross-sectional, the direction of causality cannot be unambiguously determined. Nonetheless, some thoughts come to mind that may partially mitigate this concern Because customers indicated their reactions toward the store AFTER they had encountere

11、d the employees emotional displays, it is less plausible to argue that customer reaction is in fact a cause of employee displayed emotions. After all, causes have to be antecedent to their effects. 2021/8/215Procedure More description is needed of (a) how observers were trained, and (b) the actual p

12、rocess of observing the transactions. Were employees aware of the presence of the observers, for example? .2021/8/216Measures - construct validity I am not sure that your measure of professional ability I encourage you to establish some argument for its construct validity.2021/8/217Measures . Altern

13、atively, the sales clerks professional ability could be rated by customers. However, this would lead to the problem of common method bias I am unable to provide evidencegiven the kind of data I have. 2021/8/218Measures - social desirability Do you think social desirability is driving the responses o

14、f the sales clerks for the PANAS scales. 2021/8/219Measures I agree there was a possibility that sales clerks overstated their levels of positive affect. However, if social desirability was the major force, the variance of this variable should become relatively small. I checked the standard deviatio

15、n value of PA reported in Watson, et al. (1988) and found that it was at a similar level (SD=7.2; 5-point scale) to the value found in this study (SD=6.4; 4-point scale). Thusits effect should not be too serious. 2021/8/220Measures (JOB initial version) - low alpha alpha for the displayed emotions m

16、easure was .51, suggesting that the six criteria were not sufficiently homogeneous. However, the creation of this variable was still deemed meaningful since each of these six criteria reflected part of the displayed emotions construct andAs argued by Nunnally and Bernstein (1994), the “heterogeneity

17、 would be a legitimate part of the test if it were part of the domain of content implied by the construct” (p. 312). 2021/8/221Measures (Reviewer comments) I dont think your discussion surrounding the issue of low alpha for displayed emotions provide an adequate justificationI think much more needs

18、to be done to try and clean up that variable. I understand your point that the construct is heterogeneousI see two solutions: (1) select a subset of the items(2) treat the six items as separate indicators of displayed emotions.2021/8/222Measures (JOM initial version) I added a paragraph to the metho

19、d section as follows: “An alternative way to deal with the low alpha is to treat the six criteria as separate indicators of displayed positive emotions rather than to create a composite. I have run the regressions in this way” I added a paragraph to the discussion. Consequently, NO concerns on this

20、issue have been raised by JOM reviewers.2021/8/223Statistical analysis It seems it would be better to test all the relationships at one time using structural equation modeling rather than testing the relationships separately. I agree with the reviewers that hierarchical regression is more appropriat

21、eEven better would be causal modeling(Editor opinion) 2021/8/224Cross-cultural methodology - generalization Given that your sample was Taiwanese, and that the journal is a US based journal, you need to convince your audience of generalizability of your findings? I would argue that sales clerks expre

22、ssions of every indicator chosen in this study would make customers feel they are warmly welcomed in both Taiwan and US, although it is likely that emotional indicatorsmay not be identical 2021/8/225Cross-cultural methodology - foreign scales You used American scales in a foreign country. That is a

23、huge problem. Without accounting for the specific cultural differences your findings are close to meaningless Concerns about using scales originally written in English in a foreign countrymay be partially mitigated for the following reasons Similar factor structures of the scales Some congruent rese

24、arch findings 2021/8/226 Tsai, W. C., Chen, C. C., & Chiu, S. F. (2005). Exploring boundaries of the effects of applicant impression management tactics in job interviews. Journal of Management, 31, 108-125. JOM(1st revision) JOM(2nd revision) JOM(accepted) 2021/8/227Customer-contactRequirement I

25、nterviewStructureInterviewerEvaluationApplicant IM-self-focused -non-verbal Interview Length2021/8/228ParticipantsProcedure 141 applicants of non-managerial positions; 33 interviewers of 24 firms in Taiwan (3 industries). Only one interviewer involved in each interview. Survey completed by interview

26、erSurvey completed by both interviewer and applicant2021/8/229Measures2021/8/230Measures (continued)2021/8/2319 Control variables Applicant Physical Attractiveness, Sex, Age, and Conscientiousness Interviewer Experience, Training, Sex, Age, and Pre-interview Impression (=.61)2021/8/232Sample The app

27、licants participated in an average of 6.09 interviews in past years. Does this mean that they interviewed 6 times annually? Or does this mean? 2021/8/233Research Design - control variable Including nine control variables certainly helps eliminate alternative explanations. At the same time, it cuts i

28、nto the ability of your analyses to detect effects with small sample sizes. You may want to consider collecting additional data. To your credit, you used a lot of control variables here. However, in some sense, I think you used too many.Please drop. (Editor opinion)2021/8/234Research Design Would yo

29、u expect industry related differences to influence your results? If so, then you should control for industry. Similar differences may be found across organizations, although controlling for such differences becomes more troublesome.2021/8/235Research Design In this study we created two dummy variabl

30、es, with service industry as the referent category. Note that we DID NOT include “firm” as a control variable. Given the small sample size in our study, adding 24 firm variables to the regression would greatly reduce the statistical power of our statistical analyses (see Cohen & Cohen, 1983), th

31、us it may be inappropriate to do so.2021/8/236Research Design (2nd comments) I agree that it will take up too many degrees of freedom to include a dummy variable for each organization. However, you might acknowledge in the limitations that you have multiple data points that are linked to the same or

32、ganization and the same interviewer, and discuss how that might influence your analysis.2021/8/237Research Design (2nd reply) “multiple data points were linked to the same interviewer and the same organization, we still could not control for all interviewer effects and, of course, the organization e

33、ffects. This might violate the statistical assumption of independent observations (Kenny & La Voie, 1985).We encourage future research to utilize larger sample sizes and take appropriate actions (e.g., standardize interviewer ratings before pooling across interviewers) to deal with such issues.”

34、2021/8/238Measures - low alpha A major issue with this study is the lack of reliable measures. Several alphas are below .7, and even below the marginally acceptable .65. My first preferenceto go back and try different types of rotations and data reduction techniquesIf that does not work, then I woul

35、d prefer you to simply use some solo items(Editor opinion) 2021/8/239Measures We followed your suggestion by first trying different types of rotations and data reduction techniquesbut could not increase alphas. Thus, as suggested by you, we used a single item to measure non-verbal tactics2021/8/240M

36、easures - factor analysis The reader needs more information about how these factor analyses were conducted (e.g., method of extraction, method of rotation, etc.). 2021/8/241Measures - description of selected items Did you use the full-scales from Kristof and her colleagues to measure self-focused an

37、d nonverbal IM tactics? If you only used selected items, what were the decision criteria? 2021/8/242Statistical analysis If there are high correlations you might center the variables before constructing the interaction terms (Jaccard, Turrisi & Van, 1990) if you have not done so already. we adde

38、d the following explanation to the revision: “To counter problems of multicollinearity in tests of interaction terms, we centered all independent and moderating variables before creating the interaction terms.” 2021/8/243Cross-cultural methodology - scale translation The study was conducted in Taiwa

39、n. Were the surveys in English? And if so, how fluent were the participants in English? 2021/8/244Cross-cultural methodology In fact, all questionnaires in this study were in Chinese, as it is the official language in Taiwan. Van de Vijver and Leung (1997) indicated the importance of evaluating the

40、translatability of an instrument in a multilingual contextitems show cultural idiosyncrasies (e.g., local idiom and metaphors)should be replaced. It seems that scales used in our study did not contain such poorly translatable items. 2021/8/245Sample Has adequately detailed demographics. Has acceptab

41、le return rates and attrition rates (e.g., addresses the influence of non-respondents and drop-outs).2021/8/246Research Design Design is constructed so as to rule out alternative explanation. Includes needed control variables. Uses logical timing of measurement, especially regarding longitudinal des

42、igns. 2021/8/247Procedure Explains procedures in adequate detail (enough to allow a replication), yet is reasonably succinct. 2021/8/248Measurement Explains fully when existing, accepted measures are not used. Uses measures that are free from bias (e.g., social desirability). Presents evidence of co

43、nstruct validity (e.g., convergent and discriminant validity, factor analysis) as needed.2021/8/249Measurement (conti.) Has adequate types and levels of reliability (e.g., internal consistency, inter- rater).2021/8/250Statistical Analysis Proper use of data analytic approaches and techniques. Use of

44、 minimally sufficient statistics, not unduly fancy and complex.2021/8/251Cross-cultural Methodology Be familiar with cross-culture research methodology (e.g., the use of research instruments). Semantic equivalence Conceptual equivalence Scaling equivalence2021/8/252 Avoids common method variance or explain why it is not a likely counter explanation for results. Avoids procedures for data collection in field studies that are so intrusive that there is a risk of changing the phenomenon under examination or creating Haw