应用化学专业英语-Lesson 2

1、 应用化学专业英语应用化学专业英语 Baoyue Cao, Ph.D., Lecturer Email: Cell Phone:洛学院化学工程与现代材料学院商洛学院化学工程与现代材料学院应用化学专业英语多媒体课件应用化学专业英语多媒体课件Professional English of Applied Chemistry1、彩烟是什么材料做的？、彩烟是什么材料做的？白色烟剂：柴油、润滑油、煤油甚至豆油等油液，都可以制成白色烟剂白色烟剂：柴油、润滑油、煤油甚至豆油等油液，都可以制成白色烟剂。u 彩色烟雾彩色烟雾=白烟白烟+各色染料各色染料固体彩烟固体彩烟：颜色相对较淡，留

2、空时间也短。：颜色相对较淡，留空时间也短。 液体拉烟剂液体拉烟剂，理论拉烟时间，理论拉烟时间7分钟。分钟。2、彩烟是怎么喷出来的？、彩烟是怎么喷出来的？飞机机腹下加挂了一个液体拉烟吊舱，注入了高沸点的液体拉烟剂，飞机机腹下加挂了一个液体拉烟吊舱，注入了高沸点的液体拉烟剂，通过氮气加压的方式将烟剂从拉烟喷嘴里通过氮气加压的方式将烟剂从拉烟喷嘴里“吹吹”出来，送入发动机喷出的出来，送入发动机喷出的高温燃气中，形成的蒸气遇冷后凝结成雾，就成为浓浓的彩烟。高温燃气中，形成的蒸气遇冷后凝结成雾，就成为浓浓的彩烟。飞机发动飞机发动机喷出的燃气与拉烟剂完美配合，最终形成喷烟。机喷出的燃气与拉烟剂完美配合，最

3、终形成喷烟。3、彩烟会不会造成污染？、彩烟会不会造成污染？过去，有些拉烟剂拉出来的颜色非常漂亮，红的、黄的、绿的，但是过去，有些拉烟剂拉出来的颜色非常漂亮，红的、黄的、绿的，但是由于里面有含毒的成分，可能污染环境，对人体有害，后来这样的拉烟剂由于里面有含毒的成分，可能污染环境，对人体有害，后来这样的拉烟剂都被淘汰了。都被淘汰了。The Atomic Theory of Matter1. Daltons Atomic Theory (1808) Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms. All atoms o

4、f a given element are identical. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. Chemical reactions involve only the rearrangement of atoms; atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions.element elimnts

5、 元素元素compound kmpaund, kmpaund 化合物化合物rearrangement rirendmnt 重排重排The Discovery of Atomic Structure Atom consists of positive, negative, and neutral entities (protons, electrons, and neutrons). Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom, which is small. Most of the mass of the atom i

6、s due to the nucleus. Electrons are located outside of the nucleus. Most of the volume of the atom is due to electrons.atom tm n. 原子原子proton prutnn. 质子质子nucleus nju:klis 原子核原子核 The Modern View of Atomic StructureIsotopes, Atomic Numbers and Mass Numbers Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in the n

7、ucleus. Mass number (A) = total number of nucleons in the nucleus (number of protons + number of neutrons). Isotopes are atoms of the same element (Z) with different numbers of neutrons (A) in the nucleus.H11protonH21deuteriumH31tritium djutrm prtn trtmisotope astp 同位素同位素原子序数原子序数元素符号元素符号中文名称中文名称英文名英

8、文名12345678910HHeLiBeBCNOFNe氢氢氦氦锂锂铍铍硼硼碳碳氮氮氧氧氟氟氖氖Hydrogen haidrdn Helium hi:lim Lithium liim Beryllium brlm Boron b:rn Carbon k:bn Nitrogen naitrdnOxygen ksidnFluorine fluri:n Neon ni:n Ti11121314151617181920212223VNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaSc钠钠镁镁铝铝硅硅磷磷硫硫氯氯氩氩钾钾钙钙钪钪钛钛钒钒Sodium sudim Magnesium mni:zimAluminum lju

9、:minmSilicon silikn, -knPhosphorus fsfrs Sulfur slf Chlorine kl:ri:nArgon :nPotassium ptsjmCalcium klsimScandium skndm Titanium taiteinimVanadium vnedm 24252627282930313233343536CrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr铬铬锰锰铁铁钴钴镍镍铜铜锌锌镓镓锗锗砷砷硒硒溴溴氪氪Chromium krumjm Manganese mni:zIron ain Cobalt kub:lt Nickel niklCoppe

10、r kp Zinc zik Gallium glmGermanium dmenm Arsenic s()nk Selenium sili:nim Bromine brumin Krypton kriptn Element Groups (Families)Alkali metal Alkaline Earth Transition MetalsRare EarthOther Metals Metalloids非金属非金属Non-MetalsHalogens卤素卤素Noble Gases period group （周期，分组周期，分组） main group element （主族元素）主族元

11、素） transition element （过渡族元素）过渡族元素） alkali metal lklai （碱金属）碱金属） alkaline earth metal （碱土金属）碱土金属）hldnPeriodic table (元素周期表元素周期表) The Modern Periodic TableAlkaliMetalsAlkalineEarthsNoble or Inert GasesHalogensChalcogensLanthanides (rare earth)ActinidesTransition MetalsMetalloids“semiconductors”Non-Me

12、talsTry poison by silver needle 古人所指的毒，主要是指剧毒的砒霜，即三氧化二砷，古代的生古人所指的毒，主要是指剧毒的砒霜，即三氧化二砷，古代的生产技术落后，致使砒霜里都伴有少量的硫和硫化物。其所含的硫产技术落后，致使砒霜里都伴有少量的硫和硫化物。其所含的硫与银接触，就可起化学反应，使银针的表面生成一层黑色的与银接触，就可起化学反应，使银针的表面生成一层黑色的“硫硫化银化银”。鸡蛋黄里边含有大量的硫也会使银针变黑。鸡蛋黄里边含有大量的硫也会使银针变黑。2Ag + S Ag2Ssilver slvsulphur slfsilver sulfideMolecules

13、and Ions Molecule is an aggregate of two (diatomic) or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds. Molecular formula gives the actual numbers and types of atoms in a molecule. Ions and Ionic Compounds Cation: when an atom or molecule loses electrons, it becomes positively c

14、harged ion cation ktan 阳离子阳离子 anion nn 阴离子阴离子 Anion: When an atom or molecule gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged ions. Ionic compounds consist of cations and anions.The ionic compound NaCl: cubic close packed, ccpChemical Nomenclature1. Ionic Compounds: cation first then aniona. Cation:

15、name of element + (charge). 1) Group 1 and 2 - always +1 and +2; Name = name of the element Na+ = sodium ion K+ = potassium ion 2) Group 13, 14 and 15 different possible charges; Indicate the charge with Roman Numerals and enclosed in parentheses. Al3+ = Aluminum In+ = Indium(I) Sn2+ = Tin(II) Sn4+

16、= Tin(IV) 3) Transition Metals - charge variability, must give charges. Fe3+ = Iron(III) Fe2+ = Iron(II) Fe = Iron(0)b. Anions: Drop elemental ending (e.g. ine for group 17) and add ide.Cl- = Chloride Br- = Bromide O2- = oxide S2- = sulfidec. Complex ions - ions composed of more than one element: Ac

17、t as a unit and are named as a unit.n()mekltSome Complex IonsNameFormulaNameFormulaCarbonateCO32-Hydrogen CarbonateHCO3-NitrateNO3-NitriteNO2-PhosphatePO43-Hydrogen PhosphateHPO42-Dihydrogen PhosphateH2PO4-AmmoniumNH4+SulfateSO42-Hydrogen SulfateHSO4-SulfiteSO32-Hydrogen SulfiteHSO3-ThiosulfateS2O32

18、-AcetateCH3COO-PerchlorateClO4-ChlorateClO3-ChloriteClO2-HypochloriteClO-CyanideCN-DichromateCr2O72-ChromateCrO42-HydroxideOH-2. Simple Binary Covalent Compoundsa. Name the less electronegative element first, then the more electro-negative element named as an anion (add ide).b. Use prefixes to indic

19、ate the number of atoms.monoditritetrapentahexaheptaoctanonadeca12345678910mn daitrai tetr penthksheptktnundkN2O = dinitrogen monoxide NO = nitrogen monoxideNO2 = nitrogen dioxide N2O3 = dinitrogen trioxideN2O2 = N2O5 =3. ExamplesNaCl = sodium chloride Al2S3 = aluminum sulfideCoBr3 = cobalt(III) bro

20、mide Mg(ClO4)2 = magnesium perchloratedinitrogen dioxide dinitrogen pentoxide4. Some acidsNameFormulaNameFormulaSulfuric acidH2SO4Sulfurous acidH2SO3Nitric acidHNO3Nitrous acidHNO2Hypochlorous acidHClOChlorous acidHClO2Chloric acidHClO3Perchloric acidHClO4Phosphoric acidH3PO4Phosphorous acidH3PO3Car

21、bonic acidH2CO3Carboxylic acidR-COOHHydrogen ChlorideHCl (g)Hydrochloric acidHCl (aq.)Hydrobromic acidHBr (aq.)Hydrosulfuric acidH2S (aq.)ic型后缀（型后缀（-ic及其扩展形式）及其扩展形式）表示表示“的的”Chemical Equations Two conservation laws in all chemical reactions: energy can neither be created or destroyed; mass is conserv

22、ed in a chemical reaction. Chemical equations are descriptions of chemical reactions. Two parts to an equation: reactants and products.Mass Changes in Chemical Reactions Stoichiometric coefficient: number in front of the chemical formulas give numbers of molecules or atoms reacting and being produce

23、d. Write balanced chemical equation Convert quantities of known substances into moles Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of the sought quantity Convert moles of sought quantity into desired unitsElements and Substances in Gaseous StateCOCarbon monoxideOdorless, po

24、isonous pzns 有毒的有毒的CO2Carbon dioxideOdorless, nonpoisonousNH3AmmoniaPungent odor, poisonousCH4MethaneOdorless, flammable flmb()l易燃的易燃的C2H2AcetyleneMild odor, flammableHClHydrogen chlorideChoking odor, harmful and poisonousSO2Sulfur dioxideSuffocating odor, poisonousNO2Nitrogen dioxideRed-brown, irri

25、tating odor, very poisonousH2SHydrogen sulfideRotten egg odor, very poisonousodls 无色的无色的Characteristics of Gases Gases are highly compressible kmprsbl 可压缩性的可压缩性的and occupy the full volume of their containers. Gases exert pressure, P = F/A (force/area). Gases always form homogeneous ,homdins 均相的，均匀的均

26、相的，均匀的mixtures with other gases The composition of dry atmosphere# at sea level (% by Volume) & = increasing yearly * = variable depending upon pollution# = Water content is variable in actual contexts, ranging from over 5% to 1%Nitrogen 78.084Hydrogen 0.0010Oxygen 20.948Helium 0.0052Argon 0.934

27、Methane 0.0002*Carbon dioxide 0.033&Krypton 0.0001Neon 0.00182Xenon 0.000008Carbon monoxide, ozone, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide 0.00001*Pressure Atmospheric pressure is measured with a barometer. If a tube is inserted into a container of mercury open to atmosphere, the mercury will rise 760 mm up the tube (at sea level).Barometerbrmt气压计气压计1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m21 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr1 atm = 101,325 Pa (105) Units of Pressure: Standard atmospheric p