4-5-Noun-and-Noun-Phrases

1、2021/8/21Lecture 3Noun and Noun Phrase2021/8/22o The Classification of Nounso The Number of the Nounso The Unit Nounso The Case of Nounso The Gender of NounsCONTENTS2021/8/231 The Classification of Nouns1 In terms of formation2 In terms of lexical meaning3 In terms of grammatical features2021/8/241

2、Formation Simple Nouns Compound Nouns Derivative Nouns(man, chair, land)(armchair, farmland)(expectation, ability)Nouns2021/8/252 lexical meaning Proper Nouns Individual Nouns Collective Nouns Material Nouns Abstract Nouns NounsCommon Nouns2021/8/26 Individual N. Collective N. Material N. Abstract N

3、. Proper N. 3 Grammatical featuresNounsCommon N.Count. NounsUn-count. Nouns2021/8/27Check your understandingoAccording to grammatical features, nouns can be divided into _.A. proper and common nounsB. material and abstract nounsC. count and non-count nounsD. mass and individual nounsC12021/8/28oThe

4、noun phrase can function as all the following clausal elements except _.A. adverbialB. subject complementC. appositiveD. predicate verb D22021/8/29oWhen talking about the grammar of noun and noun phrases, all the following grammatical categories should be considered except _.A. numberB. tenseC. case

5、D. genderB32021/8/210oTo the nonnative speaker of English, the grammatical category of _ is the most important concerning the English nouns.A. numberB. caseC. personD. genderA42021/8/2112. The Number of Nouns The number of nouns Singular number Plural number ( Original form ) Regular pl. Irregular p

6、l.2021/8/212Some key issuesoForeign plurals:basis-bases, criterion-criteria, stratum-strata, alumnus-alumnioSome borrowed words have two plural forms: a foreign plural and an English plural, e.g.medium- media-mediums, index-indices-indexes, formula-formulae-formulas, curriculum-curricula-curriculums

7、oSingular and plural number share the same form, e.g.:a deer- ten deer, one fish- several fish, a Japanese- a group of Japanese, an aircraft- a hundred aircraft2021/8/213oUncountable collective nouns has no plural form. If we want to count the number, we will have to use a kind of individual noun re

8、lated semantically to the collective, e.g.:poetry- poem, machinery- machine, clothing-garment, coat, etc.oCollective nouns can be used either in the singular or in the plural sense, e.g.:team, committee, family2021/8/214 Generally uncountable nouns have no plural forms. But there are some exceptions

9、: When used in other senses than the material itself, nouns such as coffee, sand, water, food, fruit are countable When used in the sense of inseparable material, such individual nouns as egg, stone, rubber, lamb, onion can be uncountable.Be careful with this!2021/8/215Abstract noun are mostly uncou

10、ntable, but there are some exceptions:l Abstract nouns such as victory , conference are countable;l Some abstract nouns can appear in plural endings but still uncountable, compare: He is in financial difficulties. l Some can take plural endings but the meaning will be changed, e.g. We meet once a ye

11、ar to exchange our teaching experience. We told each other our experiences in foreign countries.Be careful with this!2021/8/216l Some abstract nouns have no plural form, but if we want to count the number, we can use a kind of individual noun semantically related to the abstract noun, e.g.: laughter

12、-laugh, work-job, photography-photol Some countable nouns such as family, room, mouth, ear, winter, fool can also used to express an abstract concept or an attribute. e.g.: to have too much family to have too much winter to have too little ear to be fool enoughBe careful with this!2021/8/217 Proper

13、nouns are unique in reference and therefore have no plural forms, but there are some exceptions: Some proper nouns are themselves plural, e.g. the United States, the Netherlands, the Philippines, the United Nations When a proper noun takes a plural ending, it takes on some characteristics of a commo

14、n noun, e.g.: Have you invited the Browns? There are two Miss Smiths/ Misses Smith in our class.Be careful with this!2021/8/2183. The Unit NounsA. To be put before a countable / uncountable n.B. Difference in Chinese and English unit nouns. “群”-a group of people; a flock of children; a school of fis

15、h; a herd of cattle; a swarm of ants; a pack of wolves“a pair of” - a pair of trousers; (条) a pair of shoes; (双) a pair of scissors; (把) a pair of glasses (副) See P492021/8/219 C. English Unit Nounsa. piece, bit, item, articleeg. a piece of meat/paper/chalk a bit of news/bread/wood an item of news/i

16、nformation/crime an article of furniture/luggage/clothingb. shapes of objectseg. a cake of soap; a lump of sugar; a bar of chocolate; a drop of blood2021/8/220d. behaviors, actions, or state changeseg. a fit of fever/laughter/coughing a peal of thunder/laughter/applause a flash of hope/light/lightni

17、ngc. volume wordseg. a bottle of ink; a bowl of rice; two teaspoonfuls of soup; a handful of soil a truckload of steel; a trainload of timber2021/8/221e. words which mean “two, group, etc.”eg. a couple of cars; a pair of pants; a flock of birds; a bundle of firewood; a series of problems; a bunch of

18、 flowers;2021/8/2224. The Case of Nouns4.1 A Brief Introductionl Common Case通格通格eg. The delegation includes ten teachers and three students.l Genitive Case / Possessive Case 属格属格 -s genitive; of- genitiveeg. The delegations arrival seemed to disturb the lives of the teachers and the students.2021/8/

19、2234.2 Genitive CaseA. Implications of s genitivea. possessive relationeg. Mr. Browns suitcase; Peters T-shirtb. sub.-pre. relationeg. Dr. Smiths answer (Dr. Smith answered) my fathers departure (my father departed)2021/8/224c. pre.-obj. relationeg. the boys punishment (punished the boy) Napoleons d

20、efeat (defeated Napoleon)d. origin / source of sth.eg. Pats letter (a letter from Pat) the girls story (a story told by the girl)2021/8/225e. category of sth.eg. a doctors degree (a doctoral degree) womens magazine (a magazine for women)f. other meaningseg. a winters day (a day in winter) three days

21、 absence (the absence lasted three days)2021/8/226B. How to form s genitive?a. add s to a noun or noun phraseeg. Marys mother; the childrens games; sister-in-laws friends Mary and Mikes inquiries Marys and Mikes inquiries America and Englands problems Americas and Englands problems2021/8/227b. add t

22、o a noun or NP ending with -seg. The students hostel; a girls school; three hours talk; *Burns/ Burnss poems; Mr. Jones / Mr. Joness house2021/8/228b. after nouns that represent lifeless things -the suns; the moons; the earths (celestial bodies)-Chinas; New Yorks; the worlds (countries, cities, etc.

23、) -the plants; the industrys; automobiles (science & technology, industry, traffic) 2021/8/229C. How to use s?a. after a noun that represents a creature (creatures, names, addresses, titles, posts, collectives, organizations,etc.)eg. farmers; Presidents; generals; governments; teams; Partys; hor

24、ses; lions; dogs2021/8/230-the books; the songs; the concerts (art and literature)-todays; the mornings; Fridays (time)-a pounds weight; $1s worth of stamps; ten dollars worth of meat; ten miles distance (weights and measures)2021/8/231D. Of- genitivea. To replace s in most cases the suitcase of Mr.

25、 Smith (Mr. Smiths suitcase) the answer of Dr. Smith (Dr. Smiths answer) the plays of Shakespeare (Shakespeares plays) the story of my family (my familys story) the future of Europe (Europes future) the events of the decade (the decades events)2021/8/232b. “ s” or “of-”? b/1. “-s” preferred-children

26、s stories (stories of children) mens shoes (shoes of men)-Tom bought the book at Browns, the booksellers. (the booksellers of the bookseller)2021/8/233-We just saw Nancys brother who arrived from London. All the students have attended the engineers report, which is most instructive.-The old mans chi

27、ldhood and early life have much influence on his strange personality. The machine was designed by the plants technicians and workers.2021/8/234E. Elliptical Genitive(-s 属格省略形式属格省略形式) (Independent Genitive独立属格独立属格)a. The childs hatred against the enemy is as deep as his fathers. (hatred)b. The doctor

28、s (house) is on the other side of the street. I saw him at my aunt and uncles (house) last week.2021/8/235F. Double Genitive双重属格双重属格a. A of Bs (A is one or part of Bs)eg. a friend of Henrys (one of Henrys friends) two plays of Shaws (two of Shaws plays)b. Determiner (excluding “the”) + A+ of +Bseg. Last night I was reading a poem of Keats. Which novel of Dickens are you referring to?2021/8/236c. this / that + A + of + Bseg. This brilliant idea of Davids will help us a lot. That wife of Mr. Browns is constantly comp