初中英语从句的分类

1、初中英语从句的分类从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中主 要有三大从句，即：1 .名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）2 .定语从句3.状语从句（包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。1）主语从句用作主语，如：That the earth is round is true.地球是图的是真实的。2）宾语从句用作宾语。如：Do you know where he lives? J3）表语从句用作表语，如：My opinion is that you should not go alone.我的意见是你不应单独前往。4

2、）同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如：The fact that the earth is round is true.地球是圆的的事实是真实的 （that从句用于解释说 明 the fact）5）定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如：The student who answurud the question was John.回答I可题的学生是 John.6）状语从句相当于一个副词，如：When it rains, I usually go to school by bus.天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。（时间状语）If he comes tomorrow, you will

3、 see him.如果他明天来,你就可以看见他o （if引导的条件 状语从句，其结构为：if +状语从句，+主句）。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从 现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。He returned home to learn his daughter had just been engaged.他回家后得知女儿刚刚订婚 To （结果状语，结果状语只是仅限于kam（得知）,And（发现），see, hear, to k told（被告知）， make（使得）等具有界限含义的动词。）You must spc;ik louder so that /in order

4、that you can be heard by all.你必须大声说话，才能 让所有人听到你说话。（目的状语，可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等 词引导。）Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.天气那么糟,旅行推迟了 o （原 因状语从句，常用 because, since, as, for fuir （恐怕），seeing that （既然），new that （=since）, considering that （

5、考虑到）等引导。）Though/Though he was worn out, （srill） he kepi on working.虽然他已经精疲力竭了 ,但仍 然继续工作。（让步状语从句，引导的连词主要有以下这些：though, although, as; even if, even though; whcther.or.; no matter+疑问词, 疑问词tvur.）Wlcrc I live there arc plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。（地点状语从句，通常由where, wherever 引导o ）As water is to fish, so air is

6、 to mall.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。（方式状语从句 通常由 as, （just） asso,as if, as though 引导。）主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词 前面的部分是主语，后面常接宾语，修饰谓语动词的是状语，修饰主语、宾语的是定语，若 谓语是系动词，则系动词后的部分是表语。如：1 am a teacher.其中，1是主语，am是谓语，a teacher是表语。He likes playing football vury much.其中，he 是主语，likes 是谓语，playing football 是宾语， ven-

7、 much是状语。初中英语定语从句在更合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语 从句一般放在先行词的后面。如：The story which he cold was very popularYou can c wake a person who is precending to be asleep.一：定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that, which, who （宾 格bhom,所有格whose）等，关系副词包括Bhuru, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在 先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又

8、作定语从句的重要成分。二：关系代词的用法（在从 句中作主语或是宾语）1 . that既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省跖，作 宾语可省略。如：Mary likes music chac is quiet and gentle. （that 作主，吾）The coat （chat） I put on the desk is blue. （that 作宾语）2 .which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省跖，作宾语可省略。如：The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket

9、 （彳乍主语）The film （which） we saw lasc night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看（作宾语）3 .who, whom用于指人，who用作主语，whem用作宾语，可以省跖。在口语中，who也 可以作宾语。如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.（作主语）Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking co?（作宾语）4 .whcse用来指人或物，只用作定语，如：They rushed over to help the mail

10、whose car had broken down.（做定语） 注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，且介词放在句末时，who, that, which作宾语时可省贻， 但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whcm”结构。如：This is the house in which we lived last year.Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，有些介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。如：This is rhe person whom you arc looking for

11、.（3） that作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。如：Thu city chac she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。（4）关系词只能用that的情况：a.先行词被序数词或形容词信高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时， 只能用thato如：He was chc first person that passed the exam.b.被修饰的先行词为 all, any, much, many, evenrhiiig, anything, none, the enu 等 不定代词时，只能用than如:Is th

12、ere anything that you want to buy in the shop?在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1 .语序无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句+连词+宾语 从句（主语+谓语+）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：1）连接词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有：who, what, which等。如:Could you tell me who knows the answer, please?你能告诉我谁知道答案吗?The small children don、know whac is in their

13、stockings.这些小孩亍不知道株亍里有什么东西？2）连接词+缶词+谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有： whose, what, which , how maily, how much 等c 如：He asked whose handwriring was the best in our class .他问我们班上渔的书法显好。The teacher asked us how maily people there were in the rcx）m .老师问我们房间里有多少人。3）连接词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词育：who （m） , wh

14、at, which, how many, how much, when, why, how, where, if /whether （在句中 不充当任何成分）等。如：He hasnt decided if hell go on a crip to Wuxi.他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。Could you tell me whac 1 should do xvkh chc money ?你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？4）连接词+名词+主语+谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词 有：what, which, how maily, how much, hew 等。如：r）o you k

15、now which class he is in ?你知道他在哪个班吗？She asked me if knc5xT whose pell it was.她问我是否知道这是隹的钢电。2 .连接词1）当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常 省蛤。如:He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：I dent know if /whether he still lives here after

16、so many years.我不知道这么多年后他是否 还住在这儿。但在下列情况下只能用whether：在具有选择意义，又有or或er ncr时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往住用whether （ifer not也可以使用）。如：Lee me know whether /if he will come or not. （ = Lee me know whether or noc he will come）让我知道他是否能来。I dent know whether /if he docs ally washing or noc. （ =1 dont know whether or not h

17、e docs any washing.）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。1 wonder whether we stay or whether Wergo . 我不知道我们是去还是留。在介词之后用whether。如：Im interesced in whether he likes English.我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。Were thinking abouc whether we can finish the work on rime.我们正在考虑是否能按时完成 这项工作。1 worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我担心是否伤了 她的感情。在不定式前用whu

18、thuro如：He hasnt decided whether to visit the old man,他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人I dent know whether co go.我不知去否。He hasiVt decided whether to go by bus or by train,他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车 去。whHhH置于句首时，不能换用if。如：Whether this is true or not, 1 can、say.这是否真的我说不上来。引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whuthur。如：Whether she will come or not is srill

19、 a question.她是否能来还是个问题oThe question is whecher we can catch the bus.问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。若用if会引起歧义时，则用whuthen如：Please let me know if you like the book. 可理解为：a. Please let me know whether you like rhe book .谙告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。b. 1 f you like the book, please let me know.你如果喜欢这本书，谙告诉我。3）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引

20、导。如：Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?你能告诉我今天早上你为 什么开会迟到吗？3 .时态含宾语从句的侵台句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何 时态。如：I dont know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓

21、语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态 即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：Thu children didnt know who he was.孩子们不知道他是谁。Hu asked his father how it happened .他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主 句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round chc sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。4 .注意：if和when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从

22、句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意 思和用法的不同。下和when引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句 时态相呼应；它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如和“当时候”，当主句时态 是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综 合考查。如:一Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么时候回来吗？一Sorry,】dent know. When he comes back, 1111 tell you.对不起，不知道。当他回耒了， 我将告诉你。1 dent know if he

23、 will come.我不知道他是否会来。一He will come if it doesnt rain.如果不下雨,他会来的。筒化宾语从句常用六法同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的甸合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同（或相近） 的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：方法一：当主句谓语动词是 hopu, decide, wish, choose, agtcc, promise 等, 且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. 一 Li Ming hopes to be back v

24、cr）r soon.We decided chat we would help him. We decided co help him.方法二：当主句谓语动词是knew, learn, remember, forget, td等动词，且主 句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：She has forgotten how she call open chc window. She has fbrgottun how to open thewindow.注：当主句谓语动词是Ell, ask, show,比ach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主 语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从

25、句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：Could you tell me how 1 call get to chc station? -Could you cell me how to get to the starion?方法三：当主句的谓语动词是。rdur （命令），require （需要）等时，如果主句和从 句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：The headmaster ordered that we should stare at once. 一 The headmaster ordered us costare at once.方法四：某些动词后

26、的宾语从句，可以用介词加动各词（短语）等其他形式简化。 例如：He insisted that he should go with us. He insisted on going with us.The poor boy docsn c know when and where he was born. The p（x）r boy docsn c know the rime and the place of his birth.方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）” 结构。例如：Liu Ping found that there was a wallet

27、 lying on the ground. 一 Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要 进行适当的变化。例如：Ie seemed that the boys were going co win. 一Thu boys seemed to win.除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：I found chat it was difficult to learn English well. I found it difficult to learn English wel

28、l.Soon we found that chc ground was covered with chick snow. Soon we found rhe ground covered with chick snow.Thev fi）und chat the box was very huavy. 一Thev found chc box vcrr huaw初中英语宾语从句语法专项精选试题习题（一）1 The girls asked if they some f（）od and drink with them.A. took B. take C. takes D. will take2 Cat

29、herine said that sheco Guailgzhou.A. has never gpnu B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been3 The students want co know whether theydicrarioii today.A. had B. has . C. will have D. arc4 She asked Linda ifgo and get some.A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she mav5 Linda said chc moo

30、nround rhe earth.A. travelled B. has travelled C. travclls D. had travelled答案:1-5ADCBC习题（二）1 Cail you cell meyou were bcm. ButtyA. wh。 B. what C. when D. chat2 I dont knowchey have passed the exam.A. E. if C. when D. where3 I hardly understand.he has told me.A. that B. what C. which D. who4 She didn

31、t knowback soon.A. whuthcr he would be E. if would he be C. he will be5.1 dont know he srill lives here after so maiiv vears.A. whuthur B where C. what D. when6. De you know they listened to yesterday eveningA. what B when C whv D how7. He asked me cold me the accident.A whom B which C who D whose答案

32、：1-7CBB A A AC习题（三）1. They dont know cheir parents arc.A that E what C why D which2. Please tell me what last year.A. xv+xrnr docs your sister work B where did your sister work C where your sister works D where your sister worked3. She asked me if I knew.A. whose pen is ir B. whose pen ir was C. who

33、se pen ic is D. whose pen was it4. You must remember.A. what your mother said B. whac did your mother sayC. your mother said whac D. what has your mother said5. Did vou knowA. who he was looking after B. who was he looking forC. who he is looking for D. who he is looking after6 Could you tell meA. xvhun will they leave Beijing E. when would they leave BeijingC. when