名词性从句 (2)

1、 名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组， 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一 连接词 连词（5个）：that （本身无意义。引导单一的宾语从句时that常可省略，但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时that通常不被省略）whether,if （均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）as if ,as though （均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分连接代词（10个）：what,

2、whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose,whosever, which, whichever连接副词（7个）：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however二 分类1. 主语从句主语从句通常由下列词引导：1）从属连词that，whether,if等；2）连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever，whom 等；3) 连接副词how，when，where，why 等。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词都在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，

3、在从句中充当主语的成分。注：whom、who指人，what指物，whatever，whoever表示泛指意义。例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。It&

4、#39;s a great pity that they didn't get married.他们没能结婚，真是令人惋惜。It's said that he has been there many times.据说他去过那儿很多次。另：注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.)

5、that2. 宾语从句名词从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句。由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如果从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。He has told me （that） he will go to Shanghai tomorrow and that we must finish the job before he comes back. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海并且我们必须

6、在他回来之前完成工作。注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。2. 用who，whom, which, what, when, where, 等关联词引导的宾语从句相

7、当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。3.可运用it做形式宾语。.动词make, find ,think,feel,consider,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语，而将that宾语从句后置，结构：S.+vt+it+adj./n.+oc(宾语补足语)。I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot

8、water every day.我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的。I feel it a pity that I haven't been to the get-together.我没去聚餐，感觉非常遗憾。.有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it，这类动词主要是：hate,take,owe,see to等。I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话。We take it that you will agree with us.我们认为你会同意我们的。4.whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下

9、列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：whether引导主语从句时；Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。引导表语从句，只能用whether；The question is whether we can get in touch with her.问题是我们是否能联系上她。引导介词宾语时,只能用whether；His father is worried about whether he lose his work.他的父亲担心他是否会失去工作。if与whether都可以与

10、or not连用，但后面紧跟着or not时只能用whether；We didn't know whether or not she was ready.（此时只能用whether）I wonder whether/if the news is true or not.（此时则二者都可以用）后接动词不定式时，用whether；I can't decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下。 whether可引导同位语从句，if不能引导同位语从句。The question whether we should call in a doctor was answer

11、ed by my mother.我们是否请医生要由我妈妈来定。5. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现 在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。当主句动词是过去时态，从句则要用相应的过去时态，当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现 在时态。The teacher told us that Tom had left us for AmericaAll of us know that the moon moves round the earth.6. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变

12、为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中（否定转移）。We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。3. 表语从句在复合句中，位于系动词之后作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语+ 系动词+ that从句1.that 引导表语从句，无词义，只起连接作用，不可省。2.系动词可为be,look,seem,sound,appear等。The fact is that we have lost t

13、he game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。Thats just what I want. 这正是我想要的。This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。China is not what it used to be.中国已不是过去的中国了。【注意】1.当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute th

14、is morning.2.whether可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却不用于引导表语从句。3.That is why译为“这就是的原因/因此”。That is why I came.这就是我来的原因。区别：That is why 与That is the reason why 同义，只不过从语法结构上讲，前者中的why引导表语从句，后者中的why引导定语从句。That is (the reason ) why I cannot agree.这就是我不能同意的理由。区别 That is because 指原因或理由。 That is why 指由于各种原因所造成的后果。He did not

15、see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨晚他没有去看电影，那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。（第一句话说明结果，第二句话说明原因）He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影，因此他昨晚没有去看。（第一句话说明原因，第二句话说明结果）4. 同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词

16、有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen i

17、ll. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句:The news that he would come made me happy.（that引导同位语从句，在从句中不充当成分，不能省略）The news ( that ) our teacher told me made me happy.（that引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语，可以省略）高考相关练习1. It is a fact _ English

18、 is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 1995) that2A computer can only do _ you have instructed it to do（NMET2001） what3. He asked _ for a violin（MET1992）A. did I pay how much B. I paid how muchC. how much did I pay D. how much I paid 答案：D。4. What the doctors really doubt is _ my moth

19、er will recover from the serious disease soon（上海2001年春季招生） whether 5It is generally considered unwise to give a child _he or she wants. (NMET1997 ) whatever 6. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _shares her interests. (Shanghai1995) whoever 7. - I drove to ZhuHai for the air show last week.- Is that

20、_ you had a few days off ? ( NMET1999) why8I read about it in some book or other，does it matter _ it was ?（2001春季招生） which9. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. that 10. I think it is going to be a big problem. Yes, it could be. I wonde

21、r _ we can do about it. (北京 2002春季) what 11. It is said _ they found an unusual plant in the forest. That12. _ caused the accident is still a complete mystery. What 13. It worried Mary a lot _ she would pass the college entrance examination. whether 14. Shanghai has taken on a new look. It is not li

22、ke _ it used to be .what 15. There is no possibility _ Bob will win the first prize in the match.that 16. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster _ he had done the day before.what 17. _ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.What; why 18. Hav

23、e you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _she is getting along.how 19. _surprised me most was _such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well. What; that20. These wild flowers are so special I would do _ I can to save them.whatever 21. It was _ he said _ disappointed me.A. What; that

24、 22. It was ordered that all the soldiers _to the front.should be sent 23. The true value of life is not in _ we get , but _ we give. what what 24. We are all for your proposal that the discussion _. Should be put off 25. Go and get your coatIt's _ you left itwhere 26. You cant imagine _excited

25、they were when they received these nice Christmas presents. How 27_ gets home first is to cook the supper.Whoever 28_ moved us most was_ he liked after the old man for more than twenty years. . What; that 29. _ you did it is not known to all.How 30. _ you do should be well done. Whatever 31. The rea

26、son I plan to go is_ she will be disappointed if I dont. that 32. Is _he said really true? what 33. The teacher said that light_ ( travel ) faster than sound. travels34._ is still a question_ will win. It; who 35. If you know_ it was that write A Tale of Two Cities, raise your hand. who 36. In some countries,_ are called “public schools” are not owned by the state. what37. _the meeting should last two days or three days doesnt matter. Whether 38. Whether ways will be found to stop pollution or not is just_ worries th