隧道施工大学论文中英文翻译

1、附 录中英文翻译1 介绍国家经济发展最重要的基础设施建设之一就是交通运输，但是中国修建铁路、公路多为多山的地形，为克服各种自然或人工障碍必须要修建隧道。随着科学技术的发展，隧道建筑的技术正在日趋完善。特别地，深埋的，特长的， 大跨度的隧道在很复杂的地质情况下施工开挖会遇到许多麻烦。因此，要找到解决这些麻烦的方法。 目前，预先进行地质学调查，选择正确的施工方案和技术， 提高早期建筑用材质量，加强数据回应的监控， 并进行科学的管理，在施工中可以减少或避免意外事件的发生。此外，作为上面提到的方法之一，PGP在所有的隧道建筑和几乎所有的地下工程中扮演了一个重要的角色。PGP技术的目的要通过探测距离工作

2、面以前几十米到上百米的地质情况，预先做出及时应对。预报内容包括工程地质的情况和水文地质的情况，如基本的地质情况，岩石的质量，围岩等级。预报地质破碎的地域和水文地质的情况。为做出正确预报有三个主要的阶段: 第一，挖掘前的地质调查；第二， 挖掘期间的地质调查；第三，分析有关数据来预知前面的地质情况。2 地质的调查方法2.1 隧道建筑前的地质调查挖掘前地质调查的目的要从工程地质学的角度检验挑选的隧道方案， 和为选择方案提供工程地质的材料。地质调查基本的内容要调查隧道开挖经过区域的工程地质的情况和水文情况。也就是说，了解整个区域的可以看到的地质特征。2.2 隧道建筑期间的地质调查它的目的要探究在隧道施

3、工期间隧道内外的地质情况。内容包括地质的大致情况，结构的数值统计，水文观察，地质变动的调查等等。2.2.1 在隧道内的地质调查1) 地质情况的草图在工作面位置上的地质草图会很快作完。它包括很多主要内容，像是围岩性质，压碎区域，接缝，破裂带，地下水等。地质草图不仅在野外是必须的而且在系统前也是必须的。地质的草图在隧道的开凿和建筑用材选取的情况下起很重要的作用。因此，为了要探究工作面的地质情况， 使用数字仪器扫描工作面和边墙尤为重要。2) 结构的数值统计岩石结构的数值统计是在发现周围的岩石结构的特性的基础上分析稳定性和预知向前的地质情况。一般情况下，在一边墙上选择一个范围从2m×2m到5

4、m×2m的抽样窗口。在抽样窗口，每一结构的各种参数包括位置，形态，轮廓长度，粗糙程度，空穴，填充特征，地下水特性等等都要测量。同时，结构形态经由数字相片和构造应力联合数值统计分析，每一主要部分都要分析研究，破碎区域可以用蒙地卡罗方法来进行模拟。3) 声波探测声波探测的原理声波在不同的岩石块中传播速度不同。因此岩石层的岩石和质量的变化就可能通过传播速度来确定。 一般的说，声波传播的速度越快，说明岩石的整体性和岩石的性质越好。在挖掘期间，常在工作面上开凿小导洞来进行声波探测。在探测区域内依照声波的传播速度和地质情况草图，周围岩石的情况就可以预先了解分析。4) 水流观察当水涌入隧道内时，要

5、及时的观察和测量流动速度。此外，涌水大小的变化要及时分析。至于大量涌水，涌水速度要重点测量，进行抽样分析评估外表水对隧道建筑的影响，尤其在突然涌水的情况之下。藉着水流率的变化和水的性质的实验，水在隧道施工或者气候变化时的涌入就可以确定。2.2.2 隧道外的地质调查1) 工程地质的调查依靠野外探察和先进的探测仪器，就可以发现地质的结构和它的纹理特性之间的关系， 而且可以推测出隐藏着的或不完全暴露的地质情况。 为了要推测出对隧道的影响程度要找出沉陷区域和河谷形成的原因。 同时， 要发现压碎地带来确定缺点和隧道之间的关系。除此之外， 为了推测出不良地质对隧道的影响，不良地质的类型和范围也要分析研究。

6、2) 水文地质调查依据地下水露出情况的调查，含水层，有浸透性的含水层和不能渗透的隔水层就可以确定，而且它们对隧道的影响也可以被确定。地下水和它的供应，地下水的变动，流率，流动方向等等也需要调查。3 PGP的应用PGP 的内容主要地包括基本的地质情况的预报，岩石性质，压碎区域， 水涌入隧道，塌方等等。 隧道开挖灾害研究必然以地质因素为其主要研究对象。本文以硬岩隧道开挖工程区域岩体（石）的各向异性研究为起点，从不同类型断层为主要构造形迹的应力分布特征出发，并结合隧道地下涌水灾害，系统研究隧道开挖的地质灾害类型，以宏观表象、主控因素、灾害机制及防治对策为主要研究内容，全面深入研究旨在为隧道开挖期间防

7、灾、减灾提供理论基础与技术路线。论文以原生型各向异性物质特征为基础，以岩体横观各向同性为假设条件，利用前人的理论研究结果，对于隧道开挖在此类各向异性岩体中的破坏特征进行了分析和总结，提出了不等强支护的策略技术。 本文针对不同性质的断层作用于隧道围岩的不同灾害类型及力学机制，根据研究需要，将断层分为正断层、平移断层与逆断层三大类；从正断层区域的应力状态出发，定义了正断层区域节理岩体中隧道开挖的灾害类型为结构型破坏并对其进行分类；利用块体理论的思想方法研究隧道破坏过程，将岩块向临空面滑移分为三种形式：塌落、沿单面滑移和沿两面滑移，并系统研究三种滑移的力学机制；隧道支护以工程岩体分类为基础，提出隧道

8、支护系统的建立：应以主动支护与被动支护相结合为主导思想；在研究正断层区域应力分布以自重应力为主应力的基础上，提出确定隧洞断面形状的“谐硐”原则，尝试性地提出隧道工程开挖灾害防治的工程应用程式。在分析平移断层的原岩应力状态特征的基础上，讨论断层充填物中泥化夹层的形成机制与过程，系统研究泥化夹层的分布规律，及不同的岩性组合、夹层厚度、两壁硬岩层起伏差与构造运动对泥化夹层分布的影响；从理论上深入研究泥化夹层中水膜面的成因及特殊的力学机制，水膜面的不连续系数Ka对水膜面力学性质的影响；水膜面的形成使泥化夹层的强度降低了一个数量级之多，当水膜面消失后，泥化夹层抗剪强度又回复到其初始值：定义了隧道的灾害类

9、型为应变型破坏；给出了引起隧道变形灾害的净荷载F公式。以地质构造应力场的研究现状为前提，综合研究大量的地质资料，得出逆断层区域地应力场的变化规律：借助构造应力的概化手段，提出隧道工程区域构造应力概化的思路模型；对某地下工程区域进行地应力现场量测，编写了三维应力量测应用程序。逆断层区域集中有较高的构造应力，从而使岩爆为其典型的灾害之一。本文根据人类地下工程的不同特点将岩爆分为6大类，逆断层区域隧道岩爆列属其中；建立断层两盘不同的岩性组合，即互层状、互列状与平行裂隙岩体的岩爆研究力学模型，规律性的研究为隧道岩爆的预测与防治提供了指导；文中结合岩爆预测核心内容，做出易于操作的逆断层区域隧道岩爆综合预

10、测的程式和方法。本文以唯象学为基础建立双孔变形渗流祸合模型，借助孔隙裂隙弹性理论，深入研究裂隙与孔隙之间的流体压力与固体变形之间的藕合关系，研究裂隙与孔隙之间的流体流动与双孔压差的关系；并结合Darcy定律研究双孔的瞬时位移量和流体压力随时间的变化规律：渗透性控制着双孔效应。研究表明，孔隙基质与裂隙之间因刚性差产生了一定的压差，双孔之间的流体转换及其应变效应使这种压差消失而达到一种新的平衡结构，隧道开挖破坏了这种平衡从而使双孔中的流体在渗透与流动过程中而涌入隧洞；据此本文研究了预测隧道涌水的理论与经验解析法，并提出隧道涌水预测研究的工作程式。Applications of Pre-Geolog

11、ical Predictionin Tunnel Construction1 IntroductionDeveloping transportation is one of the most important infrastructural industries flourishing national economy. But China has a mountainous landform, where railway, highway, and so on are constructed. Tunnels have to be built in order to overcome se

12、veral kinds of natural and artificial obstacles. With the development of science and technology, techniques of tunnel construction are becoming perfect, while difficulties encountered arise quickly. In particular, deep-buried, long, large-scale tunnels under highly complex conditions encounter lots

13、of troubles during the excavation. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to deal with these troubles. At present, by adopting pre-geology survey and prediction, selecting a correct scheme and technique, enhancing earlier timbering means, strengthening feedback of monitoring information, and

14、processing scientific management, events are decreased and avoided in excavation. Furthermore, as one of methods and techniques mentioned above, PGP is playing an important role in the construction of all tunnels and almost all underground works.The purpose of the technique of PGP is to predict forw

15、ard geologic condition timely, by means of detecting forward geologic condition from a varying distance between dozens of meters to several hundreds of meters to working face. Prediction contents consist of engineering geologic condition and hydro geological condition such as basic geologic conditio

16、n, quality of rock mass, sorts of surrounding rock, prediction of faults and crushed zones, prediction of water inflow, and prediction of collapse. Three main phases are needed in order to accomplish the prediction: firstly, geologic survey before excavation. secondly, geologic survey during excavat

17、ion, and thirdly, analyzing correlative data and predicting forward geologic condition.2 Methods of Geologic Survey2.1 Geologic survey before tunnel constructionThe purposes of geologic survey before excavation are to demonstrate selected tunnel scheme in the field of engineering geology, and to pro

18、vide engineering geologic material for determining tunneling scheme. The basic contents of the geologic survey are to find engineering geologic condition and hydro geological condition within tunnel region by means of exploration. That is to say, macroscopic characteristics of regional geology are r

19、ealized by the geologic survey.2.2 Geologic survey during tunnel constructionIts purpose is to explore geologic condition inside or outside the tunnel during tunneling. The contents include geologic sketch, structural plane statistic, water inflow observation, surficial geologic survey, and so no.2.

20、2.1 Geologic survey inside the tunnel1) Geologic sketchOn working face exposure, geologic sketch is done quickly. It mainly masters the contents such as lithologic character, faults and crushed zones, joints, fractures, groundwater, etc.It is required that geologic sketch is made not only in the fie

21、ld, but also before shotcrete system. This shows that geologic sketch is done under the condition of excavating and timbering of tunnels. Therefore, in order to explore geologic condition of working face, it is important to use a digital-camera to shoot the scene of the working face and the sidewall

22、.2) Structural plane statisticStructural plane statistic of rock mass is to analyze the stability and to predict forward geologic condition on the basis of finding structural characteristics of surrounding rock.In general, a side wall is chosen as a sampling window, whose range is commonly from 2 m&

23、#215;2 m to 5 m×2 m. Within the sampling window, parameters including location, attitude, trace length, roughness, opening, filling character, groundwater property, and so on, of every structural plane is measured. Meanwhile, structural attitude are analyzed by means of both digital photos and

24、joint statistic in tectonic stress field, perfect attitude of every main structural plane is obtained, and fractured network system is simulated by Monte Carlo Method.3) Sound wave detectionThe principle of sound wave detection is on basis of the fact that different rock mass has a different velocit

25、y of sonic propagation. Therefore, in the light of propagation velocity, quality index of rock mass and changes of rock layer can be determined. In general, the higher the velocity of sonic propagation is, the better the integrality is, and the better the quality of rock mass will be.In the course o

26、f excavation, shot holes of working face are used for sound wave detection. According to the velocity of the sound wave within detection length, linking with the results of geologic sketch, the condition of the surrounding rock can be evaluated and predicted.4) Water inflow observationAs for water i

27、nflow into tunnels, the flow rate is measured timely besides general observation. Furthermore, variation of the flow rate needs to be analyzed timely. As for water inflow with greater volume, the flow rate is measured with emphases, and its sampling is analyzed in order to evaluate the influence of

28、surface water on tunnel construction, especially under the condition of precipitation seepage .By water quality testing and variation of flow rate, water inflow into tunnels due to tunneling or climatic change can be determined.2.2.2 Geologic survey outside tunnels1) Engineering geologic surveyBy fi

29、eld exploration and by means of advanced detecting instrument, relationship between geologic structure and its lithologic character can be found out, and hidden or incompletely exposed geologic condition can be deduced. Cause of formation within pit regions and river-valley is found out in order to

30、deduce influencing degree on tunnels. At the same time, fault and crushed zones are discovered to determine relationship between faults and tunnels. In addition, ill geologic types and ranges need to be found out for the sake of deducing its effects on tunnels.2) Hydro geological surveyBy investigat

31、ing diaclase and groundwater outcrop, regions of aquifer, permeable aquifer, and impermeable layer can be determined, and their influences on tunnels can also be ascertained. Groundwater and its supplying, fluctuation of groundwater,flow rate, direction of flowing water, and so on need to be found o

32、ut.3 Applications of PGPThe contents of PGP mainly include prediction of basic geologic condition, rock mass quality, faults and crush zones, water inflow into tunnels, collapse, and so on.Geological condition is the important factors in study on tunnel excavating disaster inevitably. From the aeolo

33、tropy of hard rock of tunnel engineering region, the stress distribution of several kinds of fault to the water gushing of tunnel, the type of geology disaster involved in macrocharacter, main control factors, disaster mechanism and control strategy in tunnel excavating are studied systematically in

34、 this thesis. The purpose is to establish a theory and technology method for forecast and decrease disaster in tunnel excavating.Based on the primacy aeolotropy rock, transversely isotropic rocks is hypothesized. With the theory of the stress distribution of the rockmass, disaster character of tunne

35、l excavating in the type of transversely isotropic rocks is analyzed, and some strategy and technology of uniso-intensity support are raisedAccording to different types of disaster and mechanism of around rock mass under different faults, for study necessary, faults may be classified as three types,

36、 down fault, shift fault and reverse fault. From the stress status of down fault region, the type of disaster of tunnel excavating in jointed rock mass is defined as structural disaster. By means of the Block Theory, the tunnel destroy process can be studied, in which the block slip to spacing of tu

37、nnel can be described as three types: collapse, slip along single plane and slip along two planes, additionally the mechanics theory of these types of slip is studied systematically. On the basis of engineering rock mass classifications, the support system is advanced that the active support and pas

38、sive one may be combined. In the light of the law that gravity stress is the main stress in the down fault region, the Homo-tunnel principle is designed for section of tunnel. Furthermore, engineering application program is pose for control tunnel hazards.With the stress distribution of shift fault,

39、 the intercalated clay layer in the fault forming process and mechanism are discussed. Meanwhile, the intercalated clay layer distribution regular and some affecting factors, such as different rock combination, thickness of intercalated clay layer, the difference of rise-fall in hard rock of two sti

40、ffs, structural movement and so on, are studied systematically. The cause of forming water film and special mechanism is researched in depth on theory. It is obvious that the un-continuous coefficient Ka affected mechanics properties greatly, and the water film make the strength of intercalated clay

41、 layer decrease more than one magnitude order. However, when the film disappear, the shear strength resumed to the initial value. The type of tunnel disaster is defined as strain lazards. Additionally, the net load F is gotten for forecasting the deform disaster of tunnel.For the purpose of getting

42、the ground stress law in reverse fault region, it is very useful and important to use the study status of structure stress field as premise, moreover, a great quantity geology material can be synthesized to research the law. By means of the generalization of structure stress, the study model for str

43、ucture stress generalization in tunnel engineering region is advanced. Additionally, author measured structure stress in a underground rock mass engineering region, and write 3D stress measure application program. The conclusion may be get that in the reverse fault region, the structure stress is high, as for hard rocks, rockburst is a typical geology disaster. Then rockburst is classified as six types according to the different character of underground engineering, besides the tunnel rockburst in reverse fault