词汇学 chapter4-Conversion

1、 Chapter 4nConversionConversionnDefinitionnExamplesnShe singled him out at once as a possible victim. (adjv v)nHe elbowed forward through the crowd.n(nv v) )nIt was a beautiful win. (vn n)ConversionnConversion is to use words of one class as those of different classes.nConversion is the change of wo

2、rd-class in actual use.nOther names:nfunctional shift = change of functionsnzero-derivation = derivation by adding zero affixConversionnContinental quilts simplify bed-making.n(simple simple + -ify)nShe singled him out at once as a possible victim. n(single single)ConversionnConversion involves main

3、ly three classes of words: nnounsnverbs nadjectives. Conversionn1. Conversion to N (nouns)n V to Nn(1) State (of mind or sensation) n He has a deep love for his country.n(2) Event or activity n The class has decided to have a swim in the afternoon.Conversionn(3) Result of the action n The fishermen

4、were very happy to have a good catch this time.n(4) Doer of the action n The boy is such a bore. It seems he never speaks.n(5) Tool or instrument to do the action with n Better hammer the nail in.Conversionn(6) Place of the action n This road is dangerous, for it has many sharp turns.ConversionnPhra

5、sal verbs to N (nouns)nhand out 分发 hand-out 施舍物/印刷品 nstand by 旁观stand-by 备用(人员/物)nlay by 储存/备用lay-by 路侧停车处nshut down关闭shut-down 关闭nright-branchingConversionnPhrasal verbs to N (nouns)nbreak out outbreaknfall downdownfallnflow overoverflowncry out outcrynleft-branchingConversionnA to Nn(1) Full conve

6、rsionn common adjectivesn a white a liberaln drinkables necessariesn participles and others n a drunknewly-wedsn bests worsts ConversionnCharacteristics:nAn adjective is treated as a common noun.nIt can be changed into singular by taking article a or into plural forms by taking -s. Conversionn(2) Pa

7、rtial conversionn the poor, the poorer, the poorestn the more affluent, the most corruptnIn partial conversion, an adjective functions as a noun but it keeps the adjective features:nA. it should be used with the article the; nB. it can be used in different degrees.ConversionnExamples: nCome to the f

8、ire and have a warm. nPoor innocents!nThe old man is the poorest among the poor.nThe young should not look down upon the old. ConversionnMiscellaneous conversion nWould you like a with or a without.n(preposition)nBetter to be an also-ran than a never-was.n(past form)nHis argument contains too many i

9、fs and buts.n(conjunction)ConversionnLife is full of ups and downs.n(particles)nRubber gloves are a must if your skin is sensitive to washing powders. n(modal verb)nPatriotisms, nationalisms, and any other isms youd like to name.n(suffix) Conversionn2. Conversion to V (verbs)n N to Vn Seven types of

10、 meaning of V converted from N:n(1) To put in or on N n The thief was pocketing the money from the drawer when the host came in.n (to put the money into the pocket)Conversionn(2) To give N or to provide with N n Now the scientists are busy fueling the rocket.n (to provide the rocket with fuel)n(3) T

11、o remove N from n The monkey knows how to peel bananas before eating them. n (to remove the peel from bananas)Conversionn(4) To do with N n People there have to pump water from deep wells.n (to get water with pumps)n(5) To be or act as N n Each supervisor tutors three post-graduate students.n (to ac

12、t as tutors)Conversionn(6) To make or change into Nn You can fool some of the people all the time, and all the people some of the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time. (Loncoln)n (to change them into fools)Conversionn(7) To send or go by N n Bush helicoptered to Iraq stealthily.n (t

13、o go by helicopter) n The goods will be shipped to Shanghai.n (to send by ship) nAll the verbs converted from nouns are transitive except type (7), which includes intransitive use.Conversionnsuffix (v)nThe function of the bound morphemes when suffixed to nominalsnTo noun the process, Conversionn A t

14、o VnMeaning of verbs converted:nHe walked carefully so as not to wet his shoes.n(to make wet) vtnThe photograph yellowed with age. n(to become yellow) viConversionnTwo men carrying a wooden keg emptied its contents into the opening.nThe play was over and the auditorium began to empty. nMost verbs co

15、nverted from A can be used both transitively and intransitively.nTransitive verbs are not many and intransitive verbs are few.ConversionnMiscellaneous conversionnThe intellectuals are muched again.n(adverb to V)nWe downed a few beers.n(particle to V)nShe will off and do her own thing.n(Particle to V

16、)ConversionnBut me no buts.n(conjunction to V)nThe engineers ahed and ouched at the new car. n(Onamatopeic word to V)Conversionn3. ChangesnChanges are few, but the few changes are found mainly in pronunciation and spelling.n(1) Voiceless to voiced consonantnNoun Verbnhouse /-s/ house /-z/nuse /-s/ use /-z