学案1：语言点

1、1. characteristic用作名词，意思是“特点；特征；特性”与feature意思相近。它也可用作形容词意为“典型的；具有的特点的”。Traffic jams are a characteristic of large cities. 堵车是大城市的特点。The smell is characteristic of garlic. 这气味是大蒜的特点。He speaks with characteristic passion. 他以特有的热情说话。 2. put forward的意思是“提出主意、计划（offer, suggest , an idea）等”。 He often puts

2、 forward some useful advice. 他常常提出一些有用的建议。帮你归纳put的常用词组有：put aside节省（钱、时间）；储蓄；把放在一边 put away储存（钱）；放好 put back拨慢；搁置 put down放下；记下；击败；使（飞机）着陆； put off延期；推迟 put on上演；穿上；戴上 put out熄灭；关掉；扑灭 put through接通电话；完成 put up with忍受；忍耐 put into action/effect/practice实施；实行3. examine 的意思是“检查；审查；诊察；考察；测验”。The doctor e

3、xamined her carefully.医生仔细地给她作了检查。The teacher examined the students on the book they read. 老师就学生读的书考学生。examine指的是仔细观察以了解或发现什么东西，也可用于医生检查病人，以书面或口头的形式考察学生的知识与能力。check指的是通过检查以确保某事物正确、安全、满意或处于良好状态，核对，核实某物等。test指的是检验和衡量某物或某人的品质、质量等，测验某人在某方面的知识或能力，还有实验、考验的意思。He is examining a theory. 他正在查验一个理论。Youd better

4、 check the tires. 你最好检查一下轮胎。They are testing the water for pollution. 他们在检验水污染情况。4. repeat作为动词的意思是“重复；重做；”，相当于say/do again，故repeat不能与again连用Can you repeat this experiment? 你能否把这项试验重做一遍？ 5. attend 的意思是“照顾(take care of, look after)；护理；出席；参加;上(学)等。She attended him in hospital.她在医院护理他。Only a few friends

5、 attended their wedding.只有几个朋友参加他们的婚礼。He attended college in 1999.他在1999年去上大学。attend on/upon侍候；随行 She is attending upon the patient. 他在侍候病人。attend to致力于；专心于；处理；照顾Attend to work and stop talking.专心工作，不要说话。6. ease用作动词，意思是“减轻；消除；舒缓；放松”，表示消除某人的痛苦时用结构“ease sb. of sth.”；也可以用作名词，意为“舒适；自在；不拘束；容易”。These pill

6、s will ease the headache. 这些药丸会减轻头疼。Walking helped to ease him of his pain. 他散了散步减轻了一些痛苦。Her words gave ease to my distracted mind. 我心神不宁，她的话使我宽心。ease作名词时的常见搭配：at ease放松；自如；不拘束 be/feel at ease感到舒适 ill at ease不自在；感到拘束 put/set sb. at ones ease使某人感到舒适、不拘束 with ease容易地；无困难地7. exposed to cholera 是过去分词短语作

7、后置定语，修饰people。相当于定语从句which were exposed to cholera。expose的意思是“暴露；揭露；使曝光”，常与介词to连用，表示“使暴露于（日光、风雨等）；受到风险；使面临”的意思。The soil was washed away by the flood, exposing bare rock. 泥土被洪水冲走，露出光秃秃的石头。The baby was left exposed to the wind and rain.婴儿被弃于风雨之中。The soldiers in the open field are exposed to the enemys

8、 fire. 空地里的士兵暴露于敌人的火力之下。8. cure用作名词，意为“治愈；痊愈；治疗；疗法”，也可用作动词，意为“治疗；治愈；纠正；戒除”。常用结构“cure sb. of sth.”表示“治好某人的病；纠正某人的不良行为”。The doctor cant guarantee a cure. 医生不能保证治愈。I hope the doctor can cure the pain in my shoulder.我希望医生能治好我肩上的疼痛。The doctor cured her of a bad cold. 医生治好了她的重感冒。cure, treat, heal与recover的

9、用法区别：cure意为“治疗；治愈”，多用于用药物治疗并治愈某种疾病或改正不良习气。treat为日常用语，意为“治疗；医治”，指治疗病人的全过程或活动。heal意为“治愈（伤口）； 医治”，指治好外伤或烧伤后的患部，使伤口愈合，不用于治感冒等疾病。recover意思为“痊愈, 复原”，主要是指从病中痊愈了，常与from连用。That pill cured my headache. 那药治好了我头疼。That will cure him of his bad habits. 那将改正他的坏习惯。There are only two doctors to treat more than 50 pa

10、tients.只有两名大夫来治疗50多个病人。The wound on my arm has healed. 我胳膊上的伤已治好了。Hes now fully recovered from his bad cold. 他现在已从重感冒完全康复了。9. every time 在此句中相当于一个从属连词，引导时间状语从句。类似用法的副词和短语有“directly（一就）, immediately（一就）, instantly（一就）, the minute（一就）, the moment（一就）, the second（一就）, each (every) time（每当）, next time（下

11、次时）, the last time（上次时）等。She went to see him directly she got the letter. 她一收到信就去他了。Immediately the meal was over, he switched on the radio.饭一吃完他就把收音机打开。She came to the scene the moment she heard of the accident.她一听说发生了事故，就立刻到现场来了。The last time we talked he said he needed another two days.上次我们谈话时他说他

12、还需要两天。10. control 既可用作动词，也可用作名词，意为“控制；支配；管理”。The young teacher cannot control her class.那位年轻女教师管不住班上的学生。Control yourself; don't get angry. 你要克制自己,不要发火。He has no control over his emotions. 他控制不住自己的感情。beyond control无法控制 in control of 控制住；掌管 in sbs control/in the control of sb.受着某人的控制；在某人的掌握之下 out

13、of control 不受控制；失去控制 under control 被控制住，情况良好 under sbs control/under the control of sb.受某人的控制 gain/have control of控制；支配 lose control of 失去控制 11. absorb的意思是“吸收；吸引；使专心；合并；吞并”，常用be absorbed in sth.表示“专心于某事”。Clever children absorb knowledge easily. 聪明孩子容易吸收知识。Aspirin is quickly absorbed by /into the bod

14、y. 阿司匹林很快被身体吸收了。The strong states often absorbed the small states in the past. 过去大国兼并小国 He is absorbed in his business. 他专心致志的处理业务。be absorbed by被吞并；为所吸收 absorb into吞并；吸到 absorb ones attention吸引某人注意 absorb ones time占用某人的时间 12. severe 用作形容词，当它的意思为“严重的；严肃的”时，和serious相近；当它的意思为“严厉的；严格的”时，与strict 相近，常用结构

15、be severe on(upon)/with sb.表示“对某人严厉或严格”；此外它还有“剧烈的；尖锐的；朴素的”的意思。 The drought is becoming increasingly severe. 旱灾日趋严重。He is severe with his children. 和对子女很严格。You are too severe on (upon) the boy. 你对那个男孩太严厉了。I felt a severe pain in the chest. 我感到胸口剧烈疼痛。表示“伤势严重”要用severe，不用serious； 但指“疾病严重”时，两者都可与illness连

16、接。She received severe head injuries in the accident.在事故中她的头部受了重伤。（此句不可用serious）I was laid up for six weeks with a severe/serious illness.由于重病，我卧床六个星期。13. valuable 的意思是“贵重的；有很大价值的；有用的；有帮助的”，其名词形式为value。I have a valuable collection of painting. 我有一批很有价值的画。This book is valuable to /for students of Engl

17、ish. 这本书对学英语的学生很用。valuable, valueless, invaluable, priceless与 worthless的用法区别：(1)valuable, priceless, invaluable这三个词意思一样，都表示“贵重的；无价的”的意思。priceless意思为“无价的；价值连城的”，用于加强语气，加深程度等情况；比valuable的程度更强。invaluable的意思是“无法估价的；无价的”，不用于形容价值或金钱，而是指质或品质。(2)valueless, worthless这两个词意思一样，表示“无价值的，无用的”的意思，worthless是个常用词，va

18、lueless很少用。The jewel is of great value, and it is priceless. 这珠宝很有价值，是无价之宝。This ancient gold coin isnt just valuable, its priceless.这枚古代金币不仅贵重，而且价值连城。Your advice is invaluable to us. 你的建议对我们来说是非常珍贵的。The drawing is of no value, and it is worthless. 这画没有价值，它没有用。It looked like gold, but in fact it was

19、worthless (valueless). 这看起来像金子，其实毫无价值。14 blame用作动词，意为“责备；责怪；归咎于”的意思。常用结构为blame sb for sth./blame sth on sb (把某事归咎于某人)，be to blame for sth(应受责备；对某坏事应负责任)，此句就使用这种结构。Don't blame it on him, but on me. 别怪他，该怪我。They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan. 他们怪罪秘书造成计划延误。The driver was not to bla

20、me for the traffic accident.那次交通事故不应该责怪司机。blame也可用作名词，意为“责任；责怪”。常见搭配有：bear/take/accept/get the blame for sth.（对某事承担责任），lay/put the blame for sth on sb（把某事归咎于某人）。We should take the blame for our failure. 我们应该承担失败的责任。We shouldnt lay the blame for our failure on him. 我们不应该把失败归咎于他。15. handle 作名词的意思是“把手；

21、柄”；作动词的意思是“（用手）搬动处理；操纵；经营（run, manage）”。I turned the handle and opened the door. 我转动门把，打开了门。Handle the TV with care. 小心搬动电视机。This bookstore doesn't handle medical books. 这家书店不经销医学类书藉。He learnt how to handle an axe. 他学会了怎样使斧头。16. addition用作名词，意思是“加；增加；加法”。The children start by learning Chinese an

22、d addition. 孩子们从学汉语与加法开始。Theres no room for additions. 再添置东西就没地方搁了。addition 的常见搭配：（1）in addition的意思是“也；另外；此外（还）”，可以用在句子开头，可以用于句末。和besides意思相同，但besides不能用在句尾。In addition, there was a crop failure in many provinces.此外，许多省份粮食歉收。The man worked him sixteen hours a day and beat him in addition. 那人让他每天工作16

23、小时，而且还打他。(2)in addition to的意思是“除了外（还有）”，可用于句首，也可置于句子后部，相当于 besides, apart from。In addition to giving him some advice, I gave him thirty dollars. 我向他提出忠告，又给了他30美元。He can get twenty dollars extra income every month in addition to his salary.除工资外，他每月还可得到20美元的收入。(3)to have an addition (to ones family)的意

24、思是“生孩子，添人口”。Recently they had an addition (to their family).最近，他们家新添了一个孩子。17. link 在此句中用作动词,意为“连接；联系”，常用结构link to/with意思是“将和连接或联系起来”，link up意为“连接或连接起来”；也可用作名词，意为“环；连接；联系；纽带”。The highway links Shanghai to/with Beijing. 这条公路连接上海和北京。A railway links up the two towns.这两个城镇由一条铁路连接起来。Your story links up wi

25、th his. 你所说的和他所说得能联系的起来。A lot of links fitted together form a chain. 许多链环连在一起组成链条。Old friends are a link with the past. 老朋友是连接往事的纽带。(1)join指的是任何事物的直接连接，连接的程度可紧可松，还能分开之意。常用结构jointo, join up。(2)connect指的是通过某种媒介物把事物连接起来，事物的特征还保持，常表示与技术有关的连接和火车、飞机等实行联运。常用结构connectwith/to。(3)combine着重指两个或两个以上的人或事物为了共同目的而

26、结合在一起，结合后原来部分可能仍不改变或失其本性，常用结构combinewith。(4)unite强调紧密地结成一体，含极难分开之意,常用结构unitewith。Please join this pole to that one. 请把这根竿子和那根竿子接起来。This flight connects with New York one. 这班飞机在纽约可接上另一班机。We should combine theory with practice. 我们应该理论联系实际。The two big companies plan to unite. 两家大公司计划联合起来。 18. announce的

27、意思是“通告；发表； 宣布；宣告”，其名词为announcement意为“通告；宣告；通知”。The captain announced that the plane was going to land. 机长宣布飞机就要着陆了。He waited for the announcement of the result of the competition with bated breath.他屏息静气地等待宣布竞赛结果。19. instruct意思为“命令；指示；嘱咐；吩咐；教导（教授知识或技术）；训练”。其名词形式为instructor（教员；教练）和instruction（命令；指示；说明

28、）。The teacher instructed him to start early. 老师命令他早动身I've been instructed to wait here until the lecturer arrives.我得到指示在这儿等到讲课老师到来。He instructs a class in history. 他教授一个班的历史（instruct in）Read the instructions on the pocket. 看一下袋子上的说明。instruct 指向一个人或一组人传授知识，但并不清楚他们是否学到什么。teacher是最普通的词，可指或不指学术方面的学习

29、；作不及物动词时，表示教书生涯。tutor指一学生与一老师的关系，常指课外的一个教师对一个学生的补习工作。educate指范围更广泛的学术过程，完成比teach更大的结果。train指使一个人或一组人在某一专门的技能或职业方面达到必要的水平，也可指训练动物。coach指在普通的教育体系之外训练或培养一个人或一组人，常为了通过某项专门的考试。I taught history for many years. 我教历史好多年了。（是指学术的）Who taught you to ride a bicycle? 谁教你骑自行车的？（不是指学术的）He instructed us in English,

30、but some of them made little progress. 他教我们英语，但我们有些人几乎没有进步。In his spare time, he tutored me in English. 在课余时间，他教我英语。The writer was educated at a very good school. 这位作家在一所很好的学校里受过教育。It takes several years to train a doctor. 培养一名医生要花好几年时间。He coached her for the English examination. 他辅导她英语考试。20. conclu

31、de用作动词，意为“结束；推论；推断”，常用conclude by doing/with sth. 表示“以而结束”；conclude from 表示“从推出结论”的意思，to conclude表示“最后”的意思，相当于意思名词短语in conclusion。He concluded his speech with/by reading a poem.他朗诵一首诗结束了他的演讲。What do you conclude from these facts.从这些事实中你得出什么结论？The doctor concluded that the patient's disease was c

32、ancer.医生断定病人患的是癌症。To conclude/in conclusion, I wish you all good health and a long life.最后,祝大家健康长寿。draw( arrive at/come to /reach )a conclusion “得出结论”，jump to a conclusion 意为“草率地得出结论”，conclusion后可接that从句。21. contribute的意思是“捐赠；贡献；投稿；提供”。常用短语contribute to意思是“有助于；有益于；促成”。其名词为contribution意思是“捐献： 贡献： 投稿”

33、，常用make a contribution to/towards，表示“对作贡献”的意思。Everyone should contribute three dollars to the Red Cross. 每位工人捐了3美元给红十字会。Everyone should contribute what he or she can afford. 人人都应该尽自己的能力做贡献。Ive been asked to contribute an article to the language magazine. 有人请我给那份语言杂志撰篇稿。Fresh air and exercise contrib

34、ute to good health. 新鲜空气和锻炼有益与健康。Does smoking contributed to lung cancer？吸烟会导致肺癌吗？He made an outstanding contribution to science. 他对科学作出了卓越的贡献。22. lead to的意思为“通向；导致；引起；造成”，to为介词，后接sth.或doing.The path leads to the village. 这条小路通到那村庄。New discoveries lead to some diseases being cured.新的发现使一些疾病被治愈。23. m

35、ake sense意为“有意义；意思清楚；有道理；明智的；合情合理的”；而make sense of意思为“理解；懂；明白”。What you said made no sense. 你的话没有道理。It makes sense to take care of your health. 注意身体健康是明智的。Can you make sense of this poem? 你看得懂这首诗吗？bring sb to his senses不再做傻事；苏醒 come to ones senses不再做傻事；苏醒 in a/one sense从某种意义来说 in no/little sense一点也不

36、；怎么说也不 the sixth sense第六感 24. complete用作形容词意为“完整的；全面的；彻底的；完成的；结束的”，常用complete with表示“齐备的；备有的”；也可用作动词意为“使圆满；使结束；完成；填（表格等）”。This is a complete story. 这是一个完整的故事。（用作形容词）This year is now complete. 今年这一年到此结束。（用作形容词）David and Jean bought a house complete with furniture. 大卫和琼买了一幢配有家具的房子。（用作形容词）The work is n

37、ot completed yet. 这个工作还未完成。（用作动词）Complete your application in ink. 用钢笔填写申请书。（用作动词） (1)finish表示“完成；完结“，但内在含义有些不同。finish意为bring sth. to an end, stop doing sth.,指”结束做某事；做完了某事“，后接名词或动名词，不可接不定式。(2)complete常表示bring sth. into a whole, and what is missing or needed to form a finished whole, 指“使完整；使圆满“，尤指文学作

38、品的完成或工程的竣工等，后接名词。(3)end 为普通用词，指一种活动因达到目的而自然结束或因某一原因突然中止，可指作业、演讲、争论、旅行、战争或生命等的结束、终止，并可用作及物动词或不及物动词。He has finished the work. 他做完了工作。He has finished writing the paper.他已写完了论文。The new school will be completed next month.新学校下个月竣工。（不可用finish）His unexpected visit ended our discussion of the problem. 他、突然来

39、访中断了我们对那个问题的讨论。The party did not end until midnight. 晚会到半夜才结束。25. cautious作形容词，意为“谨慎的；非常小心的；细心的”，其后常用介词about/with/of。He was cautious when he was riding the bicycle.当他骑自行车的时候；他很小心。She was cautious of strangers. 她对陌生人很警惕。careful与cautious的用法区别：careful的意思是“小心；仔细的；谨慎的”，表示很注意细节，行为小心以避免错误；cautious的意思是“十分小心

40、的；谨慎的”，意义相近，但它所表示的是所有方面都仔细考虑之后才采取行为，带有迟疑、提防等心理。He gave the patient a careful examination. 他仔细检查了病人的身体。He was cautious about committing himself. 他对作出承诺很谨慎。26. reject用作及物动词，意为“拒绝；不接受；摒弃”。We rejected his idea for a music club, and decided to have an art club instead.我们没有采纳他关于成立音乐俱乐部的想法，而是决定成立艺术俱乐部。It i

41、s hard for me to reject some bad habits. 我很难丢掉一些坏习惯。 (1)reject表示拒不接受不适当、不满足或厌恶的东西，如建议、计划、赠物、求婚、正义、忠告等，语气最强，有时还含有“抛弃；剔除”等意思。只可接名词，主语只能是人。(2)refuse是普通用语，指坚决、果断甚至是粗暴的对别人的要求、请求、引诱或帮助加以拒绝，后接名词、代词或不定式，主语可以是人或物。(3)decline常指婉转的拒绝，近似汉语的谢绝，多用于对他人的邀请或提供的帮助。在与不定式连用时相当于一般的“拒绝”，可与refuse通用。He rejected their invitation point-blank.他直截了当地拒绝了他们 的邀请。She refused his offer. 她拒绝了他的提议。The big clock refused to welcome the New Year.这只大钟不愿迎接新年。We asked him to come to our party, but he declined (the invitation). 我们请他来赴宴，但他谢绝了。He declined to answer the question.他拒绝回答那个问题。（可用refuse）Be against be for 语法解析：He