GMW14913Tire Treadwear

1、GMW14913GM WORLDWIDE ENGINEERING STANDARDSGM 世界工程标准GM - GMW14913: Tire Treadwear轮胎胎面磨损 1 Scope 范围Note: Nothing in the standard supersedes applicable laws and regulations. 注：本标准与适用法律法规如有冲突，以适用法律法规为准。Note: In the event of conflict between the English and domestic language, the English language shall t

2、ake precedence. 注：英语版本和翻译版本如有冲突，以英语版本为准。1.1 Purpose. 目的。1.1.1 Method A. To determine treadwear for various tire makes and designs on different road surfaces correlated to European market road systems.方法A。 确定用于欧洲市场道路系统不同道路表面的各种轮胎型号和设计的胎面磨损。1.1.2 Method B. Treadwear encompasses both uniform and non-un

3、iform (irregular) treadwear characteristics. Uniform treadwear removes rubber from the tire at an equal rate across the entire tread surface. Uniform treadwear (unless excessive) does not create adverse issues for the vehicle. Irregular treadwear occurs when parts of the tread surface experience an

4、accelerated treadwear rate compared to the neighboring portions of the tread surface. Irregular treadwear can create vehicle vibrations and excessive noise. 方法 B。胎面磨损包括均衡磨损和非均衡（异常）磨损。均衡磨损情况下，轮胎整个胎面橡胶的磨损速率相同，不会对车辆造成任何问题（除非磨损过度）。胎面一部分橡胶磨损速率高于相邻部位时，成为异常磨损。异常磨损可能会导致车辆震动和噪音过高。This procedure describes the

5、 test requirements and test method for conducting the treadwear course (TPC-1) treadwear test. The procedure is used for all treadwear tests conducted on the Hercules TPC-1 treadwear schedule by prescribing the vehicle, suspension alignment, tires, wheels, and loading schedule for different vehicle

6、types. 本程序对执行胎面磨损线路 (TPC-1) 和磨损试验时的要求和试验方法。本程序适用于 Hercules TPC-1 磨损计划表中规定的（规定了车辆、悬挂定位、轮胎、轮胎和不同车型的载荷配置）所有磨损试验。1.1.3 Method C. To evaluate treadwear performance, when driven on public roads. Method C describes the procedure, requirements and test methods to conduct an “Off Site Tire Wear Durability Te

7、st”.方法 C。用以评估轮胎在公共道路上行驶时的胎面磨损性能。方法 C 规定了执行“厂外轮胎磨损耐久试验”的程序、要求和试验方法。1.2 Foreword - Method B. Summary of Method. 前言 方法 B。方法概述。1.2.1 Treadwear properties, both uniform treadwear and irregular wear, are determined by operating the test system and a control system over a real-world treadwear schedule loca

8、ted in the Appalachian mountains near Cumberland, Maryland. 在马里兰洲坎伯兰市附近阿巴拉契亚山的实际磨损测试道上操作试验系统和控制系统，确定轮胎特性，包括均衡胎面磨损和异常磨损。1.2.2 The vehicles are selected to represent the production intent system based on the vehicle suspension type, drive type, and weight distribution. The vehicles are validated from

9、the standpoint of critical suspension design features. These critical suspension design features include the ride-toe properties, ride-camber characteristics, Ackerman error, and weight distribution. 车辆须能够代表生产的系统特点，如车辆悬挂类型、驱动类型和重量分配等。需对车辆关键悬挂设计特性方面进行检验。关键悬挂设计特性包括前束、外倾角、阿克曼误差和重量分配。1.2.3 It is suggest

10、ed that the tires are mounted and balanced, screened on the low-speed uniformity equipment, match-mounted on the production intent wheels, dynamically balanced. 建议对轮胎进行安装并做平衡，在低速均衡设备上进行筛选，装在适用的车轮上，并调节动平衡。1.2.4 The 40 000 km (24 860 mi) treadwear test is divided into 64 shifts that are 625 km (388.5

11、mi), each shift consisting of a complete circuit of the treadwear course. The treadwear test includes three (3) ballast conditions for passenger cars and light trucks and four (4) ballast conditions for vans using passenger car tires. The tires are visually inspected after each shift and the groove/

12、slot depths are measured at set distances into the schedule. 磨损试验共 40 000 km (24 860 mi)，分为 64 个班次，每个班次为 625 km (388.5 mi)，各为一组完整的磨损线路。磨损试验中，轿车和轻卡有三 (3) 项配重条件，使用轿车轮胎的面包车有四 (4) 项配重条件。每个班次结束后，须目视检查各条轮胎，并在达到计划表中规定的里程时测量花纹沟/槽的深度。1.2.5 The vehicles are instrumented with a Treadwear Data Acquisition Syste

13、m to record vehicular accelerations during the treadwear test. The Treadwear Data Acquisition System consists of a Model 5 Level Detector, Model 2 Vehicle Speed Frequency Translator, calibrated speed display, power supply, and two (2) Schaevitz inclinometers. 车辆上装有胎面磨损数据收集系统，用以记录车辆在磨损试验中的加速情况。磨损数据收集

14、系统包括 5 型水平探测器、2 型车辆速度频率变送器、校准速度显示、电源和两 (2) 个 Schaevitz 倾角计。1.2.6 Data and status reports are provided to General Motors (GM) at set distances during the schedules as indicated in Appendix E, Appendix F, or Appendix G as appropriate。根据附件 E、F 或 G 的要求，在规定的里程时向通用 (GM) 报告数据和状态。1.3 Applicability. 适用性。1.3.

15、1 Method A. For all tires. 方法 A。用于所有轮胎。1.3.2 Method B. This procedure is to be used as a final validation confirming the uniform and non-uniform treadwear characteristics of the tire/vehicle system on a customer-based schedule. The purpose is to identify adverse treadwear conditions as exhibited by

16、the production intent system before they can be generated in the field on GM passenger cars, vans, and light trucks.方法 B。本程序为最终验证程序，确定轮胎/车辆系统在客户常用线路上的均衡和非均衡磨损特性。这样做的目的在于，在不利磨损状况在 GM 轿车、面包车和轻卡实际应用中出现之前，辨别这些不利状况。2 References 参考文件Note: Only the latest approved standards are applicable unless otherwise

17、specified.注：除非另有说明，以最新批准的标准为准。2.1 External Standards/Specifications. 外部标准/规范。ASTM F14262.2 GM Standards/Specifications. GM 标准/规范。None 无2.3 Additional References. 其他参考文件 Development of TPC-1 Tire Wear Test (PG07555) TPC-1 轮胎磨损试验开发 (PG07555) Treadwear Data Acquisition SystemOperators Manual (PG54067)胎

18、面磨损数据收集系统 使用人员手册 (PG54067) Vehicle Speed Frequency Translator (VSFT)-Instrument Manual (PG51729)车辆速度频率变送器 (VSFT) 仪表使用手册 (PG51729)3 Resources 所需资源3.1 Facilities. 相关设施3.1.1 Method A. Circuit track 320 km long comprising the following:方法 A。环形测试道，320km，包括： 30% motorway30% 机动车道 70% country roads on mixed

19、 condition70% 乡村道路，混合路况 10 to 20% proportion of bends10% 20% 的弯道 (e.g., circuit track in southern Spain (Conil), the Spessart course, the Oswald course or similar course.)（如，西班牙南部 (Conil) 的环形测试道、Spessart 测试道、Oswald 测试道或相似的测试道。3.1.2 Method B. 方法 B。 Testing Location The test course is located in the s

20、tates of West Virginia and Maryland, utilizing the public road system near the city of Cumberland, MD. 试验地点 测试线路位于西弗吉尼亚洲和马里兰洲，使用马里兰州坎伯兰市附近的公共道路系统。Schedule: 计划线路： High-Q/GM TPC-1 Course. This course is designed to replicate the 1980 X-car customer as described in PG07555. 高-Q/GM TPC-1 线路。这一线路设计用于替模拟

21、1980 年 X 轿车客户线路（参见 PG07555）。 Accumulation Rate. The rate of distance accumulation on this course is 625 km (388 mi) per shift, or 1250 km (776 mi) per day.里程累积速率。本试验的里程累积速率为每班次 625 km (388 mi)，或每天 1250 km (776 mi)。3.1.3 Method C.方法 C。 Testing Location GM Holden Proving Ground, Lang Lang, Victoria is

22、 the base for testing off-site treadwear.试验地点 位于维多利亚 Lang Lang 的通用 Holden试验场是检验厂外磨损的基地。Schedule: 计划线路 Mod 7TW1 Course Off-Site Tire Wear Course Mod 7TW1 线路 厂外磨损线路 Accumulation Rate: 202 km per module里程累积速率：每模块 202km3.2 Equipment. 设备。3.2.1 Method A.方法 A。3.2.1.1 Calibrated tire gage with 0.1 mm gradua

23、tion. 最小刻度 0.1 mm 的经校准的轮胎胎面深度尺。3.2.1.2 Tire pressure gage. 轮胎压力表。3.2.1.3 Evaluation program for tread wear test.胎面磨损试验的评估计划。3.2.2 Method B.方法 B。3.2.2.1 Hand-held tread depth probe. 手持胎面深度尺。3.2.2.2 Laser-based tread mapping equipment.激光胎面扫描设备。3.2.2.3 4-Wheel vehicle alignment equipment.4 轮车辆定位设备。3.2.

24、2.4 Tire balancer.轮胎平衡机。3.2.2.5 Vehicle scales.车辆计量。3.2.2.6 Inflation pressure gauges.充气压力表。3.2.2.7 GM Model V recorders.GM V 型记录仪。3.2.2.8 GM Model 2 Vehicle Speed Frequency Translator.GM 2 型车辆速度频率变送器。3.2.2.9 Schaevitz Sensors, Model LSOC-90 inclinometers.Schaevitz 传感器，LSOC-90倾角计。 3.2.2.10 Tire moun

25、ter. 装胎机。3.2.3 Method C.方法 C。3.2.3.1 Tire tread depth gauge. 轮胎胎面深度尺。3.2.3.2 Calibrated tire pressure gauge. 经过校准的轮胎压力计。3.2.3.3 Wheel aligner.车轮定位仪。3.3 Test Vehicle/Test Piece.试验车辆/试验胎。3.3.1 Method A. The test vehicle shall conform to the current or released chassis standards. 方法 A。试验车辆必须符合现用或已发行的底盘

26、标准。The test tires shall have passed all the required tests for release in accordance with the release procedures.试验胎必须通过所有发行程序要求的试验。3.3.2 Method B. If the vehicle is a production vehicle, then the vehicle selected for the treadwear test should be the production vehicle for which the tire will be sou

27、rced. If the vehicle is not in production at the time of the test, vehicle to be utilized must be representative of the production intent vehicle from a chassis design standpoint.方法 B。如果车辆为生产车辆，则所选车辆必须为将装配该轮胎的生产车辆。如果试验时车辆没有生产，则所用车辆在底盘设计方面须能够代表生产车辆。3.3.3 Method C. The test vehicle is to be Chassis re

28、presentative of the vehicle the test tires will be fitted on for production, unless otherwise stated by test requestor.方法 C。除非试验申请人另有说明，试验车辆的底盘须能代表试验轮胎配备生产车辆。3.4 Test Time. 试验时间。3.4.1 Method A. Calendar time: 6 weeks. 方法 A。日历时间：6 周3.4.2 Method B. Calendar time: 12 weeks.方法 B。日历时间：12 周Total distance:

29、 40 000 km (24 844 mi) 试验里程：40,000km (24 844 mi)3.4.3 Method C. 方法 CNine (9) weeks (based on 3 cycles/day). 九 (9) 周（每日 3 个周期）One (1) cycle = 1 Module 7TW1 Course.一 (1) 个周期 = 1 个7TW1模块Total Test = 25 048km (124 cycles). 3.5 Test Required Information. 试验要求信息。3.5.1 Method A. Not applicable. 方法 A。不适用。3.

30、5.2 Method B. The startup sheet in Appendix I must be filled out and submitted. This form contains the necessary information to schedule and set up the test. 方法 B。必须填写并提交附件 I 所示的试验启动表。这一表格含有定制试验计划和试验准备的必要信息。3.5.3 Method C. Not applicable.方法 C。不适用。3.6 Personnel/Skills. Not applicable. 人员/技巧。不适用。4 Pro

31、cedure 程序4.1 Preparation. 准备。4.1.1 Method A. 方法 A。4.1.1.1 Vehicle Design: All test vehicles shall be constructed according to the relevant chassis release status. 车辆设计：所有车辆的底盘构造必须符合相关文件标示的底盘发布状态。4.1.1.2 Setup. The geometry shall be adjusted to the nominal values according to drawings or to the corre

32、sponding threshold tolerance values in order to determine possible adjustments to production tolerances on treadwear characteristics. The axle alignment shall be checked at 5000 km intervals. 设置。所有装配结构必须调整至图纸标注的标称值或调至相应的基准误差值，以确定胎面磨损特性所需的产品误差调整。4.1.2 Method B. 方法 B。4.1.2.1 Vehicle Design The vehicle

33、 must be representative of the production intent vehicle from a chassis design standpoint. 车辆设计车辆在底盘设计方面必须能够代表生产车辆的特征。4.1.2.2 Vehicle Selection The vehicle must be road worthy, meeting all federal and state requirements for operation on the public road system. The vehicle should also be mechanically

34、 sound such that it can be reasonably expected to complete the required test distance accumulation with a minimum of maintenance. 车辆选择车辆必须符合联邦和洲法规对公共道路系统车辆的要求。车辆机械状况良好，能够以最少维护成本完成所要求的试验距离累积。4.1.2.3 Setup. The vehicle should have the wheel alignment set at the end of the production specification rang

35、e judged to be worst for treadwear. Typically, this will be the highest allowable value of positive sum-toe angle (front and rear) and the highest allowable positive camber angle. Caster is not considered to be a strong factor in treadwear and is typically set at the midpoint of the specification ra

36、nge (nominal). 设置。车辆在生产最后须将车轮定位设定为规格范围内最不利于胎面磨损的值。一般而言，这一数值为正前束值之和（前轴与后轴）为允许的最大值，正外倾角为最大的允许值。主销后倾角对胎面磨损的影响不太大，一般设定为规格范围（标称值）的中间值。 4.1.2.4 Validation The vehicle chassis will be validated against the design intent of the vehicle. Measurements to validate the vehicle include ride-toe curves, ride-camb

37、er curves, steering compliance, Ackerman error, trim heights and a subjective evaluation of the suspension parts for wear. 验证。车辆底盘必须根据车辆的设计目的进行验证。需要验证的测量值包括、阿克曼误差、，以及对悬挂系统的主观评价。4.1.2.5 Tire Preparation The tires shall be of the ride-and-handling approved construction for the production intent vehicl

38、e. It is recommended the tires are prepared as described below to ensure a good test specimen and to limit any test non-uniformity variables. 轮胎准备。轮胎结构必须经过批准，符合生产车辆的装配操控要求。建议按照以下方式对轮胎进行准备，以保证样品符合要求，限制任何不符合试验要求的变量。4.1.2.6 Screening Any screening of the tires for production anomalies shall be the resp

39、onsibility of the suppliers. 筛选。供应商须负责筛选除去任何生产异常的产品。4.1.2.7 Mounting. The tires shall be mounted on the appropriate wheels. 安装。轮胎必须安装在合适的轮位上。4.1.2.8 Balancing The tire and wheel assemblies shall be statically and dynamically balanced. 平衡。轮胎和车轮总成必须调整静态和动态平衡。4.1.2.9 Uniformity The tire and wheel assem

40、blies shall be tested for excessive non-uniformity using the TUG machine. 均衡性。轮胎和车轮总成须在 TUG 机器上进行试验，检查是否有过度的不均衡。4.1.3 Method C. 方法 C。4.1.3.1 Vehicle Design The vehicle selected shall have a chassis representative for which the tire will be fitted in production, unless otherwise stated by test reques

41、tor. 车辆设计。除非试验申请人另有要求，所选车辆的底盘必须能够代表轮胎将要装配的生产车辆的底盘。4.1.3.2 Setup. The vehicles alignment shall be adjusted to the nominal values specified for the vehicle in production. At the test requestors discretion, the vehicles alignment may also be adjusted to the threshold of tolerance as judged to be worst

42、for treadwear. 设置。车辆定位必须调整为生产中车辆的标称值。根据试验申请人的要求，车里那个还可以调整为最不利于磨损的误差基准值。4.1.3.3 Tire Preparation The tires shall be of the ride-and-handling approved construction for the production intent vehicle. 轮胎准备。轮胎结构必须经过批准，符合生产车辆的装配操控要求。4.1.3.4 Mounting The tires shall be mounted on dimensionally correct whee

43、ls, as intended for the tires fitment in production. 装配。轮胎安装的车轮必须尺寸正确，计划用于生产中的轮胎装配。4.1.3.5 Balancing The tire and wheel assemblies shall be statically and dynamically balanced. 平衡。轮胎和车轮总成必须调整静态和动态平衡。4.1.3.6 Uniformity The tire and wheel assemblies shall be within production tolerances. 统一性。轮胎和车轮必须在生

44、产误差范围内。4.1.3.7 Rotation: Maintain fixed position. 换位。保持固定轮位。4.1.4 Tread. Measurement locations. 胎面。测量位置。4.1.4.1 Manual Tread Depth Measurements. 人工胎面深度测量。4.1.4.1.1 Lateral Locations. The measuring locations which are spread across the width of the tire are specified on a form on which the tread patt

45、ern is printed. (See Figure 1.) 横向位置。测量位置请参见印有胎面花纹的表格。（参见图 1）4.1.4.1.1.1 Methods A and C. At least four (4) measuring points for narrow tires and six (6) measuring points for wide tires (> 205 mm) shall be marked. 方法 A 与 C。胎面较窄的轮胎至少须标记四 (4) 个测量点，胎面较宽的轮胎（> 205mm）至少须标记六 (6) 个测量点。4.1.4.1.1.2 Meth

46、od B. A measurement point is to be located laterally across the tire in each of the major circumferential grooves and an additional point on each shoulder in a full depth slot approximately in the middle of the shoulder row.方法 B。横向上，每条沿轮胎圆周方向的每条花纹沟均必须测量；同时，还须测量每个胎肩中间的长度约等于胎肩花纹宽度的沟槽的深度。4.1.4.1.2 Circ

47、umferential Locations. 圆周位置。4.1.4.1.2.1 Method A and C. Measurement of the tire is performed every 120 degrees of the tire circumference for the purpose of averaging. (See Figure 2.)方法 A 和 C。将圆周平均三等分，在等分点进行测量，以取平均值（参见图 2）。图 1：测量点的位置外 侧注：位置 1 代表气门嘴根部位置，与位置 I 相同。图 2：轮胎圆周上的测量位置。4.1.4.1.2.2 Method B. Me

48、asurement of the tread is performed at 10 locations around the tire, approximately every 36 degrees of the tire circumference, for the purpose of calculating averages and standard deviations. 方法 B。在胎面圆周 10 个位置处测量胎面深度，大约每 36 度测一次，以计算平均值和标准差。4.1.4.2 Laser Measurements. 激光测量。4.1.4.2.1 Lateral Locations

49、. Scans of the tread area are spaced across the entire tread surface with a spacing of approximately 1 mm. 横向位置。在轮胎宽度方向上，按大约 1mm 的间距进行扫描。4.1.4.2.2 Circumferential Locations. Within each circumferential scan, 4096 equally spaced data points are around the tire. 周向位置。在每次周向扫描时，取 4096 个在周向上平均分布的数据点。4.2

50、Conditions. 条件。4.2.1 Environmental Conditions. The current ambient temperatures (e.g., outside temperature) as well as the road condition shall be noted. 环境条件。须注意当前的环境温度（如室外温度）和道路状况。4.2.2 Test Conditions. Deviations from the requirements of the procedure shall have been agreed upon. Such requirement

51、s shall be specified on component drawings, test certificates, reports, etc. 试验条件。 试验条件与程序要求的偏差必须经过同意。此类要求将组件图纸、最新认证、报告等等中标明。4.2.2.1 Loading. 荷载。4.2.2.1.1 Method A. Two persons (driver + water-filled dummy) + 20 kg of luggage in the luggage compartment. Vehicles with rear-axle geometries similar to

52、semi-trailing arm axles shall also be loaded to total permissible weight in at least one vehicle for half the duration of the drive. 方法 A。两名人员（司机 + 充水假人）+ 行李箱中 20kg 行李。后轴结构与半挂臂轴相似的车辆须在整个驾驶期间的一半时间内配备最大允许重量。4.2.2.1.2 Method B. 方法 B。 Control System. See Appendix A.控制系统。参见附件 A。 Passenger Car. See Append

53、ix B. 轿车。参见附件 B。 Light Trucks (All Tires) and Vans (LT-Metric Tires). See Appendix C 轻卡（所有轮胎）和面包车（LT 公制轮胎）。参见附件 C。 Van (P-Metric Tires only). See Appendix D. 面包车（仅 P-公制轮胎）。参见附件 D。4.2.2.1.3 Method C. Standard loading is Load B, Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW), however, this can be modified by the test req

54、uestor. 方法 C。标准荷载为荷载 B，整车重量 (GVW)。但是，试验申请人可以更改。 Load B, GVW = 68 kg per person + luggage 荷载 B，GVW = 68kg 人员 + 行李 Luggage = Determined by Program Requirement 行李 = 计划要求确认4.2.2.2 Air Pressure. 气压。4.2.2.2.1 Method A. According to the partial load or total permissible weight. 方法 A。根据部分荷载或最大允许重量。4.2.2.2.2

55、 Method B. 方法 B。 Control System. See Appendix A. 控制系统。参见附件 A。 Passenger Car. See Appendix B. 轿车。参见附件 B。 Light Trucks (All Tires) and Vans (LT-Metric Tires). See Appendix C. 轻卡（所有轮胎）和面包车（LT 公制轮胎）。参见附件 C。 Van (P-Metric Tires only). See Appendix D. 面包车（仅 P-公制轮胎）。参见附件 D。4.2.2.2.3 Method C. Cold inflatio

56、n pressure to be set as per tires intended placard release pressure. 方法 C。各条轮胎的冷充气压力须设定为标签上标注的压力。4.2.2.3 Test Wheels. The test tires shall be mounted on wheels suitable for the test vehicle and identified with markings according to their position on the vehicle. 试验轮胎。试验轮胎须装在适合试验车辆的车轮上，并按照其在车上的位置进行标记

57、。4.3 Instructions. 说明。4.3.1 Method A and C. Following the initial measurement of the new tire, intermediate measurements shall be performed after every 5000 km driven. 方法 A 和 C。在新胎初始测量之后，每行驶 5000km 须进行一次试验中期测量。4.3.2 Method B. See the measurement schedules in the appendices as listed below. 方法 B。参见以下

58、的测量计划。 Control System. See Appendix E. 控制系统。参见附件 E。 Passenger Car. See Appendix E. 轿车。参见附件 E。 Light Trucks (All Tires) and Vans (LT-Metric Tires). See Appendix F.轻卡（所有轮胎）和面包车（LT-公制轮胎）。参见附件 F。 Van (P-Metric Tires only). See Appendix G. 面包车（仅 P-公制轮胎）。参见附件 G。4.3.2.1 Vehicle alignments are to be performed as indicated on the measurement schedule for the appropriate test type. In gene