国际贸易实务总结1

1、Chapter 5 International Trade Terms1. FOB: Free on board (.named port of shipment)（装运港船上交货）n The risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when these goods pass over the ships rail at the named port of shipment.n The seller doesnt need to rent vessel. Althoug

2、h seller can accept the commission of buyer to rent vessel, buyer still need to be charge of the fee and risk.n Only suitable for marine traffic.n As the loading of the goods is a continuous process, it is hard to use ships rail as a point to divide responsibilities and costs. To avoid any dispute,

3、there are several derived terms.u FOB Liner Termsu FOB Under Tackleu FOB Stowedu FOB Trimmed2. CIF: Cost Insurance and Freight （成本、保险费加运费）n The risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when these goods pass over the ships rail at the named port of shipment.n

4、 The seller must pay the costs and freight from shipment to destination.n The seller is obliged to arrange marine insurance. (The seller arranges insurance only on minimum cover.)n CIF 属于象征性交货（Symbolic Delivery)，即卖方凭单交货，买方凭单付款n Suitable for marine traffic.n To stipulate clearly the responsibility an

5、d cost of unloading, CIF also has some derived terms:u CIF Liner Termsu CIF landedu CIF Ex Tackleu CIF Ex Ships Hold3. CFR: Cost and Freight（成本加运费价）n The risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer when these goods pass over the ships rail at the named port of

6、shipment.n The seller must pay the costs and freight from shipment to destination. .n The seller doesnt need to buy insurance. Under this condition, the seller should send shipping notice to the buyer. n Suitable for marine traffic.n To stipulate clearly the responsibility and cost of unloading, CIF

7、 also has some derived terms:u CFR Liner Termsu CFR landedu CFR Ex Tackleu CFR Ex Ships Hold4. FCA: Free Carrier （货交承运人）n The risk of loss of or damage to the goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer at the time the nominated carrier accepts them at the prescribed place.n If delivery occurs

8、 at the sellers premises, the seller is responsible for loading. If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading.5. CPT: Carriage Paid to （运费付至）n This term means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay

9、the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. n The buyer bears all risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.n The seller is responsible for signing the contract in designated place to carry and pay for related fee.6. CIP: Carriage and

10、Insurance Paid to （运费、保险费付至）n The buyer bears all risks and any other costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered.n The seller is responsible for signing the contract in designated place to carry and pay for related fee.n The seller must arrange the insurancen The seller arranges insuranc

11、e only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have the protection of greater cover, he would either need to agree as such expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements.7. EXW: Ex Works （工厂交货） The terms means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal

12、 of the buyer at the sellers premises or another named place not cleared for export and not loaded on any collecting vehicle. The sellers obligations cease when the buyer accepts the goods at the factory or warehouse. By using the term, the seller minimizes his obligations while the buyer obtains at

13、 the lowest possible price.8. FAS: Free Alongside Ship （装运港船边交货）n This term means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that moment.n The

14、buyer needs to give the seller prompt notice of the name of the vessel, loading berth and delivery dates.9. DAF: Delivered at Frontier （边境交货）This term means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport not unloaded, cleared for im

15、port at the named point and place at the frontier, and before the customs border of the adjoining country.10. DES: Delivered Ex Ship （目的港船上交货）n Seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship not cleared for import at the named port of destination. n The sell

16、er has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination before dischargingn This term can be used only when the goods are to be delivered by sea or inland waterway or multimodal transport on a vessel in the port of destination.11. DEQ: Delivered Ex Quay

17、 （目的港码头交货）n The seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer not cleared for import on the quay at the named port of destination. n The seller has to bear costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination and discharging the goods on the quay.

18、卖方要将货物卸到岸上，并承担卸货费12. DDU: Delivered Duty Unpaid （未完税后交货）n The seller delivers the goods to the buyer, not cleared for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. n The seller has to bear the cost and risks involved in bringing the goods thereto, o

19、ther than, where applicable, any “duty” for import in the country of destination. 13. DDP: Delivered Duty Paid （完税后交货）n The seller delivers the goods to the buyer, cleared for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. n The seller has to bear al

20、l the cost and risks involved in bringing the goods thereto, other than, where applicable, any “duty” for import in the country of destination. Summary for all items一、各组贸易术语（一）E组术语（启运术语，Departure）（二）F组术语（主运费未付术语，Main Carriage Unpaid)v F组术语的风险划分界限和费用划分界限不相分离v 象征性交货（FAS属于实际交货）v 属于装运合同（三）C组术语（主运费已付术语，M

21、ain Carriage Paid)v C组术语的风险划分界限和费用划分界限相分离v 属于装运合同。v 象征性交货（四）D组术语（到达术语，Arrival)v 以D组术语成交的合同属于到达合同。v D组术语中, 除DEQ下卖方负责卸货外,其余的术语下卖方均不负责卸货.二.重要术语概念及区别1. FOB 根据FOB术语买卖双方的风险界点在装运港的船舷，货物在装运港越过船舷以前的风险卖方承担，越过船舷以后的风险买方承担。2. CIF CIF合同典型象征性交货，即卖方凭单交货，买方凭单付款，只要卖方所提交的单据是齐全的、正确的，即使货物在运输途中灭失，买方仍需付款，不得拒付。 卖方只需投保最低的险别

22、，并由买方承担费用，但在买方要求时，可在买方承担费用的情况下，加保战争险。3. CFRCFR合同中卖方要及时发出装船通知(shipping advice)的义务，若未及时通知，会致风险推迟转移。4. FCA 买方负责订立运输契约，指定承运人到装运地点接货，买方可以委托卖方代办运输事项，但此项活动的风险和费用均由买方承担。所以如果卖方租不到船、订不到舱的风险应由买方承担。 5. CIP VS CIF相同：都包括保险费差别：CIF适合水上运输，交货地点在装运港，风险划分以船舷为界，卖方负责租船订舱、支付从装运港到目的港的运费，并办理水上运输险，支付保险费。 CIP适合各种运输方式，交互地点要根据运

23、输方式的不同由双方约定，风险是在承运人控制货物时转移。卖方要办理从交货地点到指定目的地的全程运输（而不仅仅是水上运输）。卖方办理的保险也要包括全程运输险（而不仅仅是水上运输险）。 6. FCA、CPT、CIP VS FOB、CFR、CIF相同点：都是象征性交货术语。不同点1、适合的运输方式不同ñ FOB 、CFR、CIF，适合单纯海运。 ñ FCA、CPT、CIP，适合多种运输。2、交货地点和风险转移点不同ª FOB 、CFR、CIF，交货地点均在装运港船上 ，风险均在越过船舷时从卖方转移给买方。ª FCA、CPT、CIP，交货地点也在出口地，但具体地点

24、根据不同的运输方式和不同的约定而定。货物灭失或损坏的风险，在买方或其代理人将货物交由承运人保管时，由卖方转移给买方。 3、装卸费用负担不同ª FOB 、CFR、CIF，因运输仅限于船舶运行，因此，在FOB合同中，要明确装船费用由何方负责；在CFR、CIF合同中则要明确卸货费用由何方承担ª FCA、CPT、CIP，如果涉及海洋运输兵使用租船装运，则买方将货物交给承运人所支付的运费（CPT、CIP）。或由买方支付的运费（FCA），已经包含了承运人接管货物后在装运港的装船费用和目的港的卸货费用。因此，FCA、CPT、CIP合同中不存在FOB 、CFR、CIF合同中的卸货费用由谁负

25、担的问题 4、运输单据不同ª FOB 、CFR、CIF，卖方一般向买方提交已装船的清洁提单ª FCA、CPT、CIP，如果在海运和内河运输方式下，卖方应提供海运单和内河运单；如果在铁路、公路、航空运输或多式联运方式下，则卖方要分别提供铁路运单、公路运单、航空运输单或多式联运提单Chapter 7 International Cargo TransportModes of Transportl Ocean Carriage/ Ocean Shipping/ Marine Transportationu Liner Transport 班轮运输或定期运输n Four fixed

26、 factors: regular line, regular port, regular timetable, comparatively fixed freightn Liner FreightConsist: à基本运费(Basic freight)+附加运费(surcharges) à 基本运费一般根据等级费率运价表计算。 à 等级费率运价表是由货物分级表和航线等级费率表构成。货物分级表将各种货物按一定方式分为120级，并表明计费方法，航线费率表规定不同航线上120级货物的单位费率。 à 附加费：燃油附加费、港口附加费、转船附加费、绕航附加费、超

27、长超重附加费、货币贬值附加费、变更卸货港附加费、直航附加费、选港附加费等。Formula: 运费总额=基本运费率X（1+附加费用率之和）X货物数量u Charter Transportn Modes of charter transportØ Voyage Charter 定程租船或航次租船Under a voyage charter, payment by the charter is usually based on an agreed rate per ton for a full and complete cargo.Ø Time Charter 定期租船Chart

28、er a ship for a certain time span. Ø Bare Boat Charter(BBC) 光船租船或净船期租All what a shipper charters is the vessel itself. The charter is responsible for crewing, provisioning and fuelling, maintaining and even paying different taxes or duties.Ø Time Charter on Trip Basis (TCT) 航次期租n Charter F

29、reightØ 定程租船运费的支付方式运费预付(Freight Prepaid)：CIF就是这种运费到付(Freight Collected)Ø Rate of freight（运费率）Ø Lump-sum freight（整船包价）Ø Loading and unloading charges under voyage charter（程租船的装卸费）船方负担装货费和卸货费（Gross Terms）船方管装不管卸（FO，Free Out）船方管卸不管装（FI，Free In）船方装和卸均不管（FIO，Free In and Out）l Rail Tra

30、nsportl Air Transportl Container Transportl International Multimodal Transportl Land Bridge Transportl Othersn Road Transportationn Inland Water Transportationn Parcel Post Transportn Pipeline TransportationClause of Shipmentl Time of shipment装运时间à Pay attention to: Time of Shipment 装运时间& T

31、ime of Delivery 交货时间l Port of Shipment and Port of Destination 装运港（地）和目的港（地）à Its suitable to Group F and Group Cl Shipping Advice 装运通知l Partial Shipment and Transshipment 分批装运和转运n Partial shipmentà 在不同时间将不同港口的货物装在同一航次、同一条船上，由于这条船上所在的货物同时到达目的港，故不能称其为分批装运。à Partial shipments allowed

32、24; Partial shipments prohibitedn Transshipmentà 买房出售的货物，如没有直达船驶往目的港或船期不固定或航次间隔时间太长，为了方便装运，买方往往要求在合同中增加允许转运的条款。l Lay time, Demurrage and Dispatch 装卸时间、滞期费和速遣费 à 这些术语只在程租船运输方式下才出现，而且实际业务中，负责装卸货物的不一定是租船人，而是买卖合同中的一方当事人，所以在买卖合同中要规定以上几项。n Lay time: is the time allowed for the completion of load

33、ing and unloading, and it is usually expressed by days or hours.Ø Days or Running Days 日: including bad weather days, Sundays or any other holidays, unfavorable to the shipper.Ø Weather Working Days of 24 Hours 累计24小时晴天工作日: excluding Sundays, holidays and rainy days, favorable for shipper

34、but unfavorable for shipowner.Ø Weather Working Days of 24 Consecutive Hours 连续24小时晴天工作日: excluding the bad weather time period, suitable for ports that operate day and night.n Demurrage: is an extra charge a shipper pays for detaining a freight car or ship beyond time permitted for loading or

35、unloading. 负责装卸的一方未按约定的装卸时间及装卸率完成装卸任务，应向船方支付一定的罚金。n Dispatch: is an amount paid by a vessels operator to a charter if loading or unloading is completed in less time than stipulated in the charter agreement. 提前完成装卸任务，可从船方领取一定的奖金à 一般情况下，速遣费是滞期费的一半。Ocean Bill of Lading B/LChapter 8 Cargo Insurance

36、1. Marine Insurance 海上保险Risk:l Perils of the Sea 海上风险Ø natural calamity 自然灾害Ø fortuitous accidents 意外事故: fire, explosion, vessel being stranded, grounded搁浅l Extraneous Risks 外来风险Ø General Extraneous: theft and pilferage, contamination, leakage, short deliveryØ Special Extraneous:

37、 war, strike, failure to deliver due to some special laws or regulationsLosses (average):l Total lossØ Actual Total LossØ Constructive Total Lossl Partial lossØ General Average 共同海损: ü all parties are bound together in the “adventure”.ü to save the ship and some of the cargo

38、, part of the cargo or vessel have to besacrificed.Ø Particular Average 单独海损ü damage part of the shippers cargo and no one elses cargo has to be sacrificed to save the voyage.ü the party who suffer the damage should take the responsibility. à Difference between GA and PA: 造成海损的原因

39、不同承担损失的责任方不同损失的内容不同Expenses: for the rescue of insured cargol Sue and Labor Expenses 施救费用l Salvage Charge/ Salvage 救助费用à Difference between SE and SC施救费用救助费用采取行为的主体不同由“被保险人及其代理人、雇佣人和受让人”采取行动所发生的费用。指保险人和被保险人以外的第三方救助者采取行动所应取得的救助报酬。保险人赔偿的前提不同无论施救行动是否取得效果，保险人对于合理支出的施救费用均予赔偿。是在救助行为取得效果的前提下，由保险人赔偿被保险

40、人所支付的救助报酬。保险人的赔偿限度不同保险人对施救费用可在赔偿保险货物本身的损失金额以外，最多再赔偿一个保险金额。是以不超过获救财产的价值为限，也就是说，救助费用与保险货物本身损失的赔偿金额两者相加，不超过货物的保险金额。是否是共同海损费用一般总是与共同海损相联系，因而救助费用往往是共同海损费用的一部分，是为了使保险财产及其他财产避免遭受共同危险而自愿且合理地支出的费用。往往仅仅是为了被保险人一方的利益。Scope of Insurance Coverage:l Basic coverage Ø FPA (Free from Particular Average) 平安险Ø

41、; WPA (With Particular average) 水渍险Ø All Risks 一切险-à 平安险只承保海上意外事故造成的全部和部分损失以及自然灾害造成的全部损失，对自然灾害造成的部分损失不负责；-à 水渍险承保海上风险造成的全部或部分损失。à 一切险在水渍险的基础上，再加上一般外来风险所造成的全部或部分损失。l Additional coverageØ General additional risksn 偷窃提货不着险（Theft, Pilferage and Non-Delivery:TPND）n 淡水雨淋险（Fresh Wa

42、ter and Rain Damage：FWRD）n 渗漏险（Risk of Leakage）n 短量险（Risk of Shortage）n 钩损险（Hook Damage）n 污染险（Risk of Contamination）n 碰损破碎险（Risk of Clash and Breakage）n 锈损险（Risk of Rust）n 串味险（Risk of Odour）n 受潮受热险（Damage Caused by Heating and Sweating）n 包装破裂险（Breakage of packing)Ø Special additional risksn 战争险

43、（War risk）：战争行为、敌对行为、武装冲突和海盗行为 仅限于水面危险，若不卸离海轮，则以货物到达目的港当日午夜起15天为限。n 罢工险（Risk of Strike,Riots and Civil Commotions:SRCC 罢工暴动民变险）：罢工险的保险责任期间是“仓至仓”；已投保战争险又加保罢工险时，一般不另行收费。n 交货不到险（Failure to deliver）n 进口关税险（Import duty risk）n 舱面险（On deck risk）n 拒收险（Rejection risk）n 黄曲霉素险（Aflatoxin risk）n 存仓火险责任扩展条款Commen

44、cement and termination of insurance duty under basic insurancel Definition of W/W clause(仓至仓条款)u 货物在目的港卸离海轮60天后，不论是否进入收货人仓库，保险责任均终止。u 货物在卸货港卸货后，如需运往保险单载明的某一地点分配或分派，则自货物运抵该分配或分派地点时，保险责任即终止。u 货物卸离海轮后，需转运到非保险单载明的目的地时，保险责任在转运开始时终止。l Commencement and termination of insurance duty under different trade te

45、rmsu CIF和CIP下，保险责任起讫期间是“仓至仓” CIF和CIP下，投保是卖方的合同义务，卖方拥有货物所有权，当然具有保险利益，卖方向保险公司投保， 保险合同在货物启运地启运后即生效，直到货物进入买方的货仓。u FOB、CFR条件下，保险责任起讫期间是：“船至仓” 凡是 FOB、CFR、FCA和CPT等价格条件达成的进出口合同的货物在装上船（或越过船舷）或交由承运人接管之前，只有卖方有保险利益，买方是没有保险利益的。买方投保取得的保险单尽管也载明适用于仓至仓条款，但保险公司的实际保险责任仅从货物在装运港装上海船或在发货地承运人接管时才开始，直到货物进入买方的货仓。Chapter 10

46、International Payment and Settlement1. Credit instruments 支付工具Bill of Exchange 汇票u Parties of B/E Drawer 出票人: draws the bill (exporter or bank) Drawee(payer)受票人或付款人: accept the instruction to pay the money (importer or bank) Payee受款人或受款人: the money is to be paid (importer or bank) à 付款人=受票人，收款人

47、=受款人u Essentials to B/El The word “Exchange”l An unconditional order in writingl Name and address of the draweel Drawers signaturesl Date and place of issuel Name or business entity of the payeel Tenorl Place of paymentl Amountl Acts of Bill of Exchangeu Classification of B/El Commercial draft Banke

48、rs draftl Sight(demand) draft 即期汇票（不需经过承兑步骤）Time(usance) bill 远期汇票l Clean draft 光票或净票、白票Documentary draft 跟单汇票u The acts of B/El To issuea restrictive payee are negotiable and transferableto order: requires endorsement when transferringto bearer: requires no endorsementl Endorsement 背书Ø Blank E

49、ndorsement (general endorsement) 空白背书（不记名背书）Shows an endorsers signature only and specifies no endorseeØ Special Endorsement 特别空白书（记名背书）Specifies an endorsee to whom or to whose order the draft is to be paid, in addition to the signature of an endorser.Ø Restrictive Endorsement 限制性背书Limits

50、 or narrows the negotiability of the bill.Ø Conditional Endorsement 条件背书A conditional endorsement transfers ownership subject to a specified term and condition.l Presentment/ presentation 提示The act of taking the bill to the drawee and demanding that he makes the payment or accept the billØ

51、 Presentation for acceptance 承兑提示Ø Presentation for payment 付款提示l Acceptance 承兑l Payment 付款l Dishonour and Recourse 拒付和追索 l Discounting 贴现Its a financing method performed in such a manner that a holder of an accepted bill sells the bill to a financial institution at a price less than its face v

52、alue before it reaches its maturity.Promissory Note 本票u Classification of P/Nl General P/NSight P/NTime P/Nl Bankers P/N (cashiers order)Its a sight P/Nà Difference between draft and promissory note（汇票和本票的区别）：l 基本当事人的数量不同 汇票是委付式票据，它是出票人签发的，委托付款人在规定时间无条件向收款人支付一定金额的票据。所以，汇票有三个基本当事人：出票人、收款人和付款人。 本

53、票是承诺式票据，它是由出票人承诺在持票人提示付款时无条件地由他本人向收款人支付一定金额的票据。所以，本票有两个基本当事人：出票人和收款人。本票的付款人就是出票人自己。l 是否要承兑不同 远期汇票必须经过承兑，才能确定付款人对汇票的付款责任。 本票的付款人既是出票人本身，出票人签发本票就等于承诺在持票人提示付款时付款，所以，本票无需承兑。Checque/ Check 支票u Classification of Check · Cheque to Order and Cheque to Bearer普通支票、现金支票与转帐支票 · Cross Cheque and Open C

54、heque划线支票与未划线支票 · Certified Cheque保付支票à Difference between draft and check（汇票和支票的区别）：l 付款人的身份不同。 汇票的付款人可以是银行，也可以是个人或工商企业。 支票的付款人限于具有一定资格的银行或者其他金融机构。l 付款期限不同。 汇票有即期和远期之分，其中，远期汇票需要承兑。支票则只能是即期的， 支票一经提示，付款人就应按照票面金额支付票款，因此，支票无需承兑。à 即期汇票、本票、支票无需承兑。2. Payment Methods 支付方式Remittance 汇付It refe

55、rs to transfer of funds from one party to another among different countries through banks.The Parties involved in Remittance Remitter-buyer 汇款人 Remitting bank 汇出行 Receiving bank 汇入行 Paying bank 解付行 Payee(beneficiary)-seller 收款人The Types of Remittance: l Mail transfer(M/T) 信汇l Telegraphic transfer (T

56、/T) 电汇l Demand draft (D/D) 票汇à Rate: T/T > M/T > D/Dà Payment: T/T > M/Tà汇付支付方式中，银行只提供服务而不提供信用，所以汇付属于商业信用（Commercial Credit）à汇付采用的是顺汇方式Collection 托收 The parties involved in collection Principal-seller (drawer) 委托人Remitting bank (at the place of the seller) 托收行Collecting

57、bank (at the place of the buyer) 代收行Presenting bank (drawee) 付款人 Principals representative in case of need 需要时的代理 Varieties of Collectionl Clean collection 光票托收l Documentary collection 跟单托收Ø Documents against payment (D/P) 付款交单ü D/P at sight 即期付款交单ü D/P after sight 远期付款交单Ø Documents against acceptance (D/A) 承兑交单à D/A只用于远期汇票的托收 à For exporter, the risk is: D/A>D/P after sight > D/P at sightLetter of credit 信用证A letter of credit is a payment ter